Polyarteritis nodosa is a disease where the body’s immune system attacks medium-sized and some small arteries. These arteries become inflamed and damaged. The damage can narrow the vessel, block it, or make tiny bulges (micro-aneurysms). When blood flow is reduced, the organs those arteries feed do not get enough oxygen, and they can hurt or fail. PAN does not usually inflame the very tiny vessels (capillaries, venules, arterioles), and it is not linked to ANCA antibodies the way some other vasculitis diseases are. This “pattern” helps doctors tell PAN apart from similar illnesses. iacld.comPubMed
Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) is an autoimmune disease that causes inflammation of medium-sized arteries. These arteries are like small pipes that carry blood to your organs. When the pipe wall gets inflamed, it becomes swollen and weak. Blood can’t flow well, so tissues don’t get enough oxygen. That can lead to pain, ulcers, nerve damage, high blood pressure, belly pain, or organ injury. PAN usually does not involve the lungs and is not linked to ANCA antibodies, which helps doctors tell it apart from some other vasculitis types. NCBI
In everyday words: PAN is body-wide artery inflammation that chokes off blood to tissues. It tends to involve the kidneys, nerves, gut, skin, muscles and joints. The lungs are usually spared, and kidney problems are due to artery damage rather than classic “glomerulonephritis.” Merck Manuals
When an artery wall is inflamed, it gets weak and rough inside. Rough walls catch platelets and clotting proteins, so clots can form. The wall can also thin and balloon out, forming a micro-aneurysm that can leak or rupture. Because arteries are “supply lines,” any organ downstream can suffer from pain, sores, bleeding, or loss of function. That is why PAN can look different from person to person—because different arteries can be involved. Medscape
Types of PAN
Classic / systemic PAN – Body-wide disease of medium-sized arteries with symptoms in many organs (kidney, nerve, gut, skin, heart). Medscape
Cutaneous (skin-limited) PAN – Mostly affects the skin and tissue under the skin. It causes painful nodules, livedo (net-like purple skin), and sometimes ulcers. It usually has a more benign course and rarely progresses to systemic PAN. DermNet®PubMed
Hepatitis B–associated PAN – Same artery pattern but triggered by active hepatitis B virus (HBV). It needs antiviral therapy; short courses of steroids and plasma exchange may be used in severe cases. Medscape+1PMC
Childhood-onset PAN – Similar vessel pattern in children; often cutaneous-predominant and sometimes linked to recent streptococcal infection. DermNet®
Monogenic PAN-like disease (DADA2) – A genetic condition (ADA2 gene) that can mimic PAN, especially in children, with livedo rash, strokes, and medium-vessel inflammation. NCBI
Single-organ vasculitis with PAN pattern – The PAN pattern confined to one organ, such as testis or gut; doctors still watch closely to ensure it is not a first sign of systemic disease. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology
Drug-associated, malignancy-associated, or “secondary” PAN-like vasculitis – A PAN pattern can rarely follow certain medicines (for example, long-term minocycline) or occur with some cancers (for example, hairy cell leukemia). PubMedCleveland ClinicPMC
Causes
Important: Many cases are idiopathic (no clear cause). But doctors always look for triggers because treatment can change.
Idiopathic (no known cause) – Most adult cases.
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) – A classic, well-proven trigger via immune complexes. Medscape
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) – Less common and more debated than HBV, but reported; can look severe. PMCMDPI
HIV infection – Occasionally associated. DermNet®
Parvovirus B19 – Reported link; some cases improved with IVIG. New England Journal of Medicine
Group A streptococcal infection – A frequent trigger for cutaneous PAN, especially in children. DermNet®
Minocycline (long-term use) – Can cause a PAN-like medium-vessel vasculitis, often with atypical ANCA. PubMedCleveland Clinic
Other drugs (rare) – Reports with hydralazine, allopurinol, and propylthiouracil in the wider vasculitis literature. Mayo Clinic
DADA2 (ADA2 gene mutation) – Inherited condition producing a PAN-like vasculitis in children/young adults. NCBI
Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF)–related PAN pattern – PAN-like vasculitis described with FMF. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology
Hairy cell leukemia – Rare association; vasculitis sometimes improves with cancer treatment. PMCMDPI
Other hematologic cancers – Very uncommon but reported in vasculitis series. PMC
Solid tumors (rare) – Occasional case links in vasculitis reviews. PMC
Post-streptococcal immune response – Especially in pediatric cutaneous PAN. PMC
Immune complex–mediated injury from infections – Mechanism established in HBV-PAN; suspected in some others. MDPI
Auto-inflammatory dysregulation (genetic) – DADA2 is the main example; more genes are being studied. Frontiers
Recent viral vaccinations – Not shown to cause PAN; in fact, HBV vaccination prevents HBV-PAN by preventing infection. Institute for Vaccine Safety
Co-existing autoimmune disease (association, not cause) – Rare PAN-like patterns noted alongside other autoimmune diseases. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology
Unknown environmental triggers – Suspected in idiopathic adult cases; evidence is incomplete.
Mixed or multiple hits – A genetic susceptibility plus an infection or drug exposure may act together in some patients. PMC
Common Symptoms
Fever – Ongoing or on-and-off fever due to body-wide inflammation.
Fatigue and weakness – Low energy because the body is fighting inflammation.
Weight loss and poor appetite – Long-standing inflammation blunts appetite.
Muscle aches and tenderness – Inflamed arteries in muscles can cause pain.
Joint pains – Non-specific aches without major swelling can occur.
Skin nodules – Painful, firm lumps under the skin following artery tracks.
Livedo reticularis – Net-like purple or blue skin pattern from patchy blood flow.
Skin ulcers – Poor blood flow can lead to sores, mostly on the legs.
Nerve problems – Numbness, burning pain, or weakness in a patchy, asymmetric pattern (mononeuritis multiplex) when the blood supply to nerves is injured. PMC
Belly pain – Especially after meals, from gut ischemia; can progress to bleeding or perforation in severe cases. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Nausea or vomiting – When the gut is irritated or ischemic.
High blood pressure – From reduced kidney artery flow (renal ischemia). Merck Manuals
Blood in stool or black stools – From gut ulcers or bleeding.
Testicular pain or tenderness – From artery inflammation in the testes (a classic but uncommon clue). PMC
Chest pain or breath shortness – Less common; may reflect heart vessel involvement. (The lungs themselves are usually not inflamed in PAN.) Merck Manuals
Diagnostic Tests
Doctors combine the story, the exam, basic labs, tissue biopsy, and imaging of arteries to confirm PAN and to rule out close mimics, like microscopic polyangiitis (an ANCA-associated small-vessel disease).
A) Physical examination (what the doctor does in the room)
Full vital signs – Looks for fever and high blood pressure (kidney artery disease can raise BP). Merck Manuals
Skin inspection – Checks for livedo, nodules, tender plaques, or ulcers typical of cutaneous involvement. DermNet®
Neurologic exam – Maps out sensory loss and muscle weakness to spot mononeuritis multiplex. PMC
Abdominal exam – Assesses tenderness, guarding, or signs of bowel ischemia. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Peripheral pulse check – Compares pulses and looks for tenderness along medium arteries in the limbs.
Genitourinary exam (as indicated) – Notes testicular tenderness that can point toward PAN. PMC
B) “Manual” bedside tests (simple, hands-on measurements)
Blood-pressure measurement in both arms – Screens for new or severe hypertension from renal artery disease. Merck Manuals
Ankle–brachial index (ABI) – A cuff-based bedside ratio; reduced values suggest limb artery narrowing.
Capillary refill time and skin temperature – Quick clues to poor blood supply in the limbs.
Manual muscle testing and sensory mapping – Rates strength and sensation to track nerve involvement over time. PMC
C) Laboratory & pathological tests (blood, urine, tissue)
Inflammation markers (ESR, CRP) – Usually elevated in active disease.
Complete blood count & chemistry – Looks for anemia, high white cells, and kidney function changes from renal artery disease.
Urinalysis – Can show mild protein or blood from kidney ischemia (without classic glomerulonephritis of small-vessel vasculitis). Merck Manuals
Viral screens – Tests for hepatitis B (and often HCV and HIV), because finding a viral trigger changes treatment. Medscape
Autoantibodies – ANCA is typically negative in PAN; a positive ANCA suggests a different vasculitis (e.g., MPA) or drug-induced mimics. iacld.comCleveland Clinic
Tissue biopsy (skin, nerve, or muscle) – The most direct way to show necrotizing medium-artery vasculitis and confirm the diagnosis when accessible. (Diagnosis is made by biopsy or angiography.) Merck Manuals
D) Electrodiagnostic tests (to document nerve injury)
Nerve conduction studies (NCS) – Show reduced signal in affected nerves, often in an asymmetric, patchy pattern. Practical NeurologyMedscape
Electromyography (EMG) – Detects muscle denervation from nerve ischemia; helps choose the best nerve or muscle to biopsy. MedscapeMerck Manuals
E) Imaging tests (to “see” vessel damage)
CT/MR angiography of abdomen/pelvis (and other beds as needed) – Looks for classic strings of micro-aneurysms and areas of narrowing in renal and mesenteric arteries. MedscapeRadiopaedia
Catheter angiography – More sensitive for small-vessel changes; used when non-invasive imaging is unclear and biopsy is not possible. radiographics.rsna.org
Non-pharmacological treatments
These support medical treatment. They do not replace medicines your doctor prescribes.
Structured rest during flares; gentle return to activity
Purpose: reduce stress on inflamed tissues; prevent deconditioning.
Mechanism: lowers oxygen demand of muscles while arteries heal.Heat/ice for localized pain
Purpose: short-term pain relief.
Mechanism: alters nerve signaling and local blood flow.Wound/ulcer care & off-loading
Purpose: help leg/foot ulcers heal and prevent infection.
Mechanism: protects ischemic skin; reduces pressure and bacterial growth.Physical therapy (PT)
Purpose: rebuild strength and balance after weakness or nerve injury.
Mechanism: graded exercises improve muscle function and blood flow.Occupational therapy (OT)
Purpose: adapt daily tasks; protect numb/weak hands or feet.
Mechanism: splints, tools, and pacing reduce strain and injury risk.Neuropathy care (foot checks, protective shoes, fall-prevention)
Purpose: prevent injuries and falls in people with numb feet.
Mechanism: compensates for lost sensation and proprioception.Pain self-management (CBT, relaxation, paced breathing, mindfulness)
Purpose: reduce pain amplification and stress.
Mechanism: retrains brain pain pathways; lowers stress hormones.Blood-pressure control at home
Purpose: protect kidneys/heart and reduce artery wall stress.
Mechanism: regular checks + low-salt diet/supports medication plans.Smoking cessation
Purpose: improve circulation and wound healing.
Mechanism: nicotine cessation reduces vasoconstriction and oxidative stress.Vaccinations (influenza, pneumococcal, shingles as appropriate)
Purpose: reduce infections while on steroids/immunosuppressants.
Mechanism: primes immune memory to prevent severe infections. Vasculitis FoundationHand hygiene & food safety
Purpose: lower infection risk on immunosuppressants.
Mechanism: reduces exposure to pathogens.Nutrition pattern for inflammation & pressure control
Purpose: support healing; protect kidneys/heart.
Mechanism: balanced protein; less salt; plenty of fruits/vegetables; adequate calories.Bone protection habits
Purpose: counter steroid-related bone loss.
Mechanism: weight-bearing exercise, sunlight exposure, and (if prescribed) calcium/vitamin D.Sleep hygiene
Purpose: better pain tolerance and immune balance.
Mechanism: deeper restorative sleep reduces inflammatory signals.Stress reduction & counseling
Purpose: manage a chronic illness; reduce flares triggered by stress.
Mechanism: lowers sympathetic drive and cortisol swings.Medication safety plan
Purpose: avoid harmful mixes and missed doses.
Mechanism: single pharmacy, med list, alarms; ask before adding OTC/herbals.Regular monitoring plan
Purpose: catch relapse early; watch drug side effects.
Mechanism: scheduled labs, BP logs, and symptom diaries; follow imaging when needed. Vasculitis FoundationPlasma exchange (therapeutic plasma exchange) in HBV-PAN
Purpose: quickly remove immune complexes and circulating HBV-related factors in severe cases.
Mechanism: filters plasma; often paired with antivirals and short steroid course. MedscapeKidney support (early nephrology input; dialysis if needed)
Purpose: protect kidney function during active disease.
Mechanism: manages fluids, electrolytes, and blood pressure carefully.Pregnancy planning/contraception counseling
Purpose: time pregnancy for disease control; avoid teratogenic drugs.
Mechanism: coordinates rheumatology/obstetric care for safest options.
Drug treatments
Doses below are typical adult ranges used in vasculitis care; your clinician tailors them to you (organ function, infections, pregnancy plans).
Glucocorticoids (prednisone; methylprednisolone pulses)
Dose: Prednisone ~1 mg/kg/day; in life-threatening disease, IV methylprednisolone 500–1,000 mg daily for 3 days, then oral taper.
Purpose: rapid inflammation control.
Mechanism: broad immune suppression of cytokine signaling.
Side effects: weight gain, mood/sleep changes, high sugar/BP, infection, osteoporosis. Vasculitis FoundationCyclophosphamide (alkylating immunosuppressant)
Dose: Common regimens include monthly IV pulses (e.g., ~0.5–1 g/m²) or daily oral dosing; duration is short for induction.
Purpose: add to steroids for severe, organ- or life-threatening PAN.
Mechanism: suppresses rapidly dividing immune cells.
Side effects: low blood counts, infections, bladder toxicity, infertility risk; requires close lab monitoring. Vasculitis FoundationAzathioprine (maintenance immunosuppressant)
Dose: ~1.5–2.5 mg/kg/day.
Purpose: keep remission once PAN is controlled; steroid-sparing.
Mechanism: purine synthesis blocker dampening lymphocyte activity.
Side effects: low blood counts, liver test changes; TPMT testing may guide dosing. Vasculitis FoundationMethotrexate (maintenance immunosuppressant)
Dose: ~15–25 mg weekly (oral or subcutaneous) + folic acid.
Purpose: maintenance/steroid-sparing in non-severe PAN.
Mechanism: anti-folate immunomodulation at low weekly doses.
Side effects: mouth sores, liver enzyme rise, low counts; avoid in pregnancy. Vasculitis FoundationMycophenolate mofetil
Dose: often 1–3 g/day in divided doses.
Purpose: alternative maintenance when AZA/MTX not suitable.
Mechanism: inhibits lymphocyte purine pathway (IMPDH).
Side effects: GI upset, infections; contraception needed. Vasculitis FoundationAntivirals for HBV-PAN (e.g., entecavir, tenofovir; sometimes pegylated interferon alfa)
Dose: standard HBV dosing schedules per hepatology.
Purpose: stop the viral trigger; essential in HBV-PAN.
Mechanism: blocks HBV replication; allows immune clearance.
Side effects: vary by drug (renal effects with some agents; flu-like symptoms with interferon). In HBV-PAN, combine with short steroids and often plasma exchange; avoid routine cyclophosphamide. MedscapeRituximab (anti-CD20 biologic; off-label for refractory PAN)
Dose: common regimens 375 mg/m² weekly ×4 or 1 g day 1 & 15.
Purpose: considered in refractory cases or if cyclophosphamide cannot be used.
Mechanism: depletes B-cells.
Side effects: infusion reactions, low immunoglobulins, infections; HBV reactivation risk (screen first). Vasculitis FoundationPMCTocilizumab (IL-6 blocker; off-label)
Dose: IV 8 mg/kg monthly or SC 162 mg weekly/biweekly (regimen individualized).
Purpose: case-based option in refractory PAN.
Mechanism: blocks IL-6 signaling to reduce inflammation.
Side effects: infections, liver enzyme elevation, lipid changes. BioMed CentralTNF inhibitors (e.g., infliximab, etanercept)—especially DADA2
Dose: infliximab typically 3–5 mg/kg at weeks 0, 2, 6 then every 8 weeks; etanercept 50 mg weekly.
Purpose: DADA2 vasculitis or selected refractory cases.
Mechanism: blocks TNF-α, a key inflammatory cytokine.
Side effects: infections (TB reactivation risk), injection reactions. MedscapeSupportive prevention meds (examples): TMP-SMX for Pneumocystis prophylaxis during high-risk steroid/cyclophosphamide therapy; bone protection (vitamin D, calcium ± bisphosphonate) with longer steroid courses; ACE inhibitor/ARB for hypertension/kidney protection when appropriate.
Purpose: reduce treatment complications and protect organs. Medscape
Guideline anchor: For new, severe systemic PAN, experts recommend cyclophosphamide plus glucocorticoids to induce remission, then switch to safer maintenance; imaging and biopsy help confirm diagnosis and scope. Vasculitis Foundation+1
Dietary “molecular” supplements
Always clear supplements with your clinician to avoid drug interactions.
Folic acid (esp. with methotrexate) — 1 mg/day or per doctor: lowers mouth sores and liver irritation by replenishing folate pathways.
Vitamin D3 (typical 800–2,000 IU/day) — supports bone with steroids; immune modulation.
Calcium (goal ~1,000–1,200 mg/day from diet ± supplement) — bone health with steroids.
Omega-3 (EPA/DHA) (~1–3 g/day) — mild anti-inflammatory effect on cytokines.
Coenzyme Q10 (100–200 mg/day) — mitochondrial support; may help statin users.
Magnesium (200–400 mg/day) — muscle cramps/restless legs from deconditioning; check kidneys first.
Probiotic foods (yogurt/kefir) — gut balance; prefer food over pills while immunosuppressed.
Soluble fiber (oats, psyllium) — supports heart and bowel regularity; gentle on gut during flares.
Curcumin (turmeric extract 500–1,000 mg/day) — mild cytokine modulation; avoid with blood thinners.
Protein targets (not a pill; 1.0–1.2 g/kg/day if safe) — supports healing and muscle recovery.
These do not treat PAN; they support overall health while medical therapy controls the disease.
Advanced” immunomodulatory / regenerative options
(used only in special, refractory, or HBV-related situations; many are off-label in PAN—discuss risks/benefits with specialists)
Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) — 1–2 g/kg per cycle; occasional benefit in cutaneous or refractory cases and vasculitic ulcers; effect is immune-modulating (Fc-receptor and autoantibody neutralization). PubMedPMC
Rituximab — B-cell depletion; dosing as above; case reports show responses in refractory PAN. PMC
Tocilizumab — IL-6 blocker; pediatric and adult case reports of success in severe refractory PAN. BioMed Central
Infliximab / 5) Etanercept — TNF-α inhibitors; especially effective in DADA2 vasculitis; sometimes tried in refractory PAN. Medscape
Hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) — rare, rescue-level option for severe, refractory systemic vasculitis; evidence mainly cases/series; significant risks; done in experienced centers only. PMCSpringerLink
Surgeries and procedures
Endovascular coil/embolization of dangerous aneurysms (e.g., cerebral, visceral): to prevent rupture/bleeding by blocking the weak bulge. Medscape
Angioplasty/stenting of severely narrowed renal or mesenteric arteries: to restore blood flow and reduce hypertension or bowel ischemia.
Bowel surgery (resection/repair) for infarction or perforation from intestinal ischemia: lifesaving when the bowel is dying or has torn. Medscape
Cholecystectomy or appendectomy if ischemia causes acute gallbladder or appendix inflammation: removes the failing organ to stop infection and pain. Medscape
Vascular bypass/repair for large, accessible aneurysms or occlusions when endovascular options aren’t suitable: to re-route blood around damaged segments.
Prevention tips
Get vaccinated for hepatitis B (unless already immune) — this lowers risk of HBV-PAN. Medscape
Practice safe sex and never share needles to prevent HBV/HCV.
Treat hepatitis B promptly if diagnosed; stay in liver-specialist care. Medscape
Stop smoking to protect blood vessels.
Control blood pressure, cholesterol, and diabetes to protect organs.
Keep vaccines up-to-date (flu, pneumococcal, shingles as appropriate) while on immunosuppression. Vasculitis Foundation
Follow your monitoring schedule (labs, blood pressure, imaging when ordered) to catch relapse early. Vasculitis Foundation
Avoid NSAIDs without asking if kidneys or gut are involved.
Use a single pharmacy and carry your med list to prevent dangerous interactions.
Practice food safety (fully cook meats; avoid unpasteurized foods) to reduce infection risk on immunosuppressants.
When to see a doctor urgently
New, severe belly pain, black stool, or vomiting blood (possible gut ischemia/bleeding).
Sudden weakness, numbness, or foot drop, new severe headache, or confusion (possible nerve or brain involvement).
Chest pain or breathlessness.
Very high blood pressure, new swelling of legs/face, or much less urine.
Fever/chills while on steroids or immunosuppressants.
Painful enlarging skin ulcers or red streaks and pus.
Any sudden relapse of earlier PAN symptoms.
(Regular follow-up is essential because PAN can relapse.) Vasculitis Foundation
What to eat and what to avoid
What to eat
Plenty of plants (vegetables, fruits, legumes, whole grains) for fiber and micronutrients.
Lean proteins (fish, eggs, tofu, poultry; modest red meat) to maintain muscle during recovery.
Omega-3-rich fish (e.g., salmon, sardines) 2–3×/week to support heart and a mild anti-inflammatory pattern.
Low-salt choices (aim <2 g sodium/day if your clinician agrees) to help blood pressure and kidneys.
Calcium & vitamin D sources (dairy or fortified alternatives; safe sunlight) to protect bones on steroids.
What to limit/avoid
- Alcohol (or keep very light) — especially if on methotrexate or with liver issues.
- Grapefruit if you ever receive interacting drugs (ask your pharmacist).
- High-risk foods while immunosuppressed (raw eggs/fish, unpasteurized dairy/juices, deli meats unless reheated).
- Ultra-processed, very salty snacks that worsen blood pressure.
- Unsupervised herbals (St. John’s wort, high-dose turmeric, etc.) that can interact with medicines—always ask first.
Frequently asked questions
1) Is PAN curable?
There’s no permanent “cure,” but many people reach remission with the right treatment and careful follow-up.
2) Can PAN come back?
Yes, relapses can happen; regular checkups catch problems early. Vasculitis Foundation
3) What’s the outlook?
Outcome depends on which organs are involved and how quickly treatment starts. Severe, untreated disease can be life-threatening; treated early, many do well. Vasculitis Foundation
4) Is PAN the same as ANCA-associated vasculitis?
No. PAN typically is not ANCA-positive and spares the lungs, which differentiates it from AAV. NCBI
5) Why do I need angiography or biopsy?
They help prove the diagnosis and see the extent of disease to guide treatment. Vasculitis Foundation
6) How long will I need steroids?
Often months; the dose tapers as inflammation settles and other medicines take over to keep remission. Vasculitis Foundation
7) Are biologic drugs used?
Sometimes for refractory cases or DADA2 (TNF inhibitors). Evidence is case-based; decisions are individualized. Medscape
8) What if I have hepatitis B?
Antivirals are essential, often with plasma exchange and a short steroid course; your team will avoid drugs that worsen viral replication. Medscape
9) Can I get pregnant with PAN?
Yes, but plan it when disease is quiet and meds are safe for pregnancy. Coordinate with rheumatology and obstetrics.
10) Do diet or supplements fix PAN?
No. They support health, but medication controls the disease.
11) Will I always have nerve pain or weakness?
Many improve with disease control plus PT/OT, though nerve healing is slow and may be incomplete.
12) Do I need infection prevention?
Yes—vaccines, hygiene, and quick evaluation of fevers are important on immunosuppressants. Vasculitis Foundation
13) Can surgery cure PAN?
Surgery treats complications (like aneurysms or bowel injury) but does not cure the immune disease. Medications are still needed.
14) What’s the difference between cutaneous and systemic PAN?
Cutaneous PAN mainly affects the skin (sometimes local nerves/muscles). Systemic PAN involves internal organs and is more dangerous. NCBI
15) How often should I follow up?
Early on: frequently (weeks). Once stable: every few months. Your schedule depends on organs involved and medicines used. Vasculitis Foundation
Disclaimer: Each person’s journey is unique, treatment plan, life style, food habit, hormonal condition, immune system, chronic disease condition, geological location, weather and previous medical history is also unique. So always seek the best advice from a qualified medical professional or health care provider before trying any treatments to ensure to find out the best plan for you. This guide is for general information and educational purposes only. Regular check-ups and awareness can help to manage and prevent complications associated with these diseases conditions. If you or someone are suffering from this disease condition bookmark this website or share with someone who might find it useful! Boost your knowledge and stay ahead in your health journey. We always try to ensure that the content is regularly updated to reflect the latest medical research and treatment options. Thank you for giving your valuable time to read the article.
The article is written by Team RxHarun and reviewed by the Rx Editorial Board Members
Last Updated: August 14, 2025.
