Megalopapilla means the optic disc (the “plug-in” point where the optic nerve enters the eye) is bigger than usual from birth. It’s a congenital (present at birth) variation, not a disease by itself. Many people with megalopapilla have normal eye pressure, healthy optic nerve tissue (neuro-retinal rim), and no loss of vision. The challenge is that a very large disc can look like glaucoma (which also has a large “cup” in the disc), so careful testing is important to avoid a mistaken diagnosis. In many references, a disc surface area larger than ~2.5 mm² or a disc diameter over ~2.1 mm is considered “megalopapilla.” NCBIWikipediaSpringerLink
Megalopapilla means the optic disc (the “head” of the optic nerve that you see on a retinal photo) is bigger than usual from birth. Doctors usually define it by disc area > 2.5 mm² (or a diameter > 2.1 mm) with otherwise normal appearance and pressure in the eye. It is benign (not a disease by itself), but it can look like glaucoma because big discs often have big cups. That resemblance is the main reason megalopapilla matters—people can be misdiagnosed with glaucoma if disc size isn’t considered. SpringerLinkPMCEyeWikiOrpha
To picture it: imagine the optic disc as a round “port” on the back of the eye. In megalopapilla, the port itself is bigger. A larger port often comes with a larger central hollow (cup), which can mimic glaucoma—but the tissue around the cup (the rim) is usually healthy, and visual function is typically stable. EyeWikiEyes On Eyecare
In the general population, the average optic disc area (measured with modern scans) is roughly 2.1–2.4 mm². Discs much larger than this are sometimes called macrodiscs and overlap with the idea of megalopapilla. Knowing the normal range helps doctors decide whether a disc is truly “large.” PMC+1
Types of megalopapilla
Doctors often describe two practical types. This is a clinical shorthand, not a rigid rulebook:
Type 1 (more common):
Usually in both eyes (bilateral).
Disc looks evenly enlarged in all directions.
Cup-to-disc ratio can be big, but the rim tissue is normal and visual fields are stable.
This type most often “looks like glaucoma” on a quick look, but testing says otherwise. WikipediaSpringerLink
Type 2:
Often in one eye (unilateral).
The cup is shifted upward (superiorly), sometimes making the upper rim look thin or absent in one sector.
The overall disc shape can look oval rather than round. WikipediaiCliniq
Why this matters: both types can mimic glaucoma, but true glaucoma shows progressive rim thinning and matching visual-field loss over time, while megalopapilla generally does not progress. PMC
Causes
Strictly speaking, megalopapilla is a congenital size variant of the optic disc. There isn’t a single “disease cause.” But there are reasons and associations that help explain why a disc may be (or look) large, or why someone might be labeled with megalopapilla. Each item below explains the idea in simple terms.
Normal developmental variation
Some people are simply born with a bigger optic disc just like people are born with larger or smaller hands. This is the most common explanation.Family tendency
Large discs can run in families. If close relatives have big discs or were told they have a “large cup,” you might, too.Bigger eye size (axial myopia)
People with longer eyeballs (often those with moderate–high nearsightedness) tend to have larger-looking discs. The back of the eye is stretched, and the disc can look big or slightly oval. (This can overlap with “macrodisc.”) PMCScienceDirectEthnic/biometric differences
Average disc size varies between populations, so what counts as “large” can shift slightly depending on the group being studied. Ophthalmology TimesBenign large physiologic cup
Some people have a naturally big cup inside a big disc with normal rim tissue and normal eye pressure—a healthy variant that can be mislabeled as glaucoma. Eyes On EyecarePeripapillary anatomy differences
The sclera (white coat) and lamina cribrosa (support grid for nerve fibers) can vary in shape and size from person to person. These structural differences can make the disc look larger.Peripapillary atrophy in myopia
Areas of thinning next to the disc (peripapillary atrophy) can make the border look expanded, so the disc appears larger than it truly is.Tilted disc configuration
A disc that enters the eye at an angle (a tilted disc) can look horizontally wide, mimicking megalopapilla, even though the true disc size is not extremely large.Measurement artifacts on imaging
Automated machines sometimes over-outline the disc edge or mis-center the measurement, making the disc area seem larger. This is why clinicians confirm by multiple methods. PMCOut-of-range “normative database” comparisons
OCT devices compare your measurements to a built-in reference database. If your anatomy isn’t well represented (e.g., very large discs, high myopia), the machine may flag “abnormal” when your eye is actually healthy for you. EyeWikiPMCUnilateral developmental asymmetry
One disc may simply develop larger than the other. This can create an asymmetry that triggers extra testing even when both eyes function normally.Association with congenital glaucoma (rare overlap)
A few reports note megalopapilla in people with congenital glaucoma, but most individuals with megalopapilla do not have glaucoma. The key is careful evaluation. EyeWikiAssociation with other congenital anomalies (rare)
Case reports mention links with conditions like basal encephalocele or pulverulent cataract, but these are rare and not the usual situation. EyeWikiLarge blind spot by design
A larger disc often means a larger natural blind spot on field testing. That can be misread as a problem when it’s actually normal for a big disc. WikipediaPMCBenign asymptomatic variant discovered on screening
Many people find out they have megalopapilla only during routine eye exams for glasses; they feel fine.Pregnancy-related eye checks (incidental)
Pregnant patients sometimes undergo comprehensive checks; a large disc is incidental and unrelated to pregnancy.Contact lens wear or dryness leading to extra visits
Extra clinic visits for unrelated reasons (like contact lens comfort) sometimes uncover a large disc.School vision programs
Children flagged for refractive errors (nearsightedness/astigmatism) occasionally get retinal exams and are found to have large discs without disease.Imaging for headaches (incidental)
People scanned for headaches or dizziness sometimes get eye exams too; a big disc is noted but doesn’t cause the headache.Confusion with other true disc anomalies
Some other conditions (e.g., optic disc coloboma) look large but are different entities. Sorting these out is part of the doctor’s job.
Symptoms
Most people with megalopapilla have no symptoms. When symptoms do appear, they’re usually due to refractive error (like myopia) or misinterpretation of tests rather than the large disc itself. Here’s what people might report or what doctors look for:
No symptoms at all
Very common. Many discover megalopapilla during a routine eye exam.Blurry distance vision
Often due to nearsightedness that happens to coexist, not from the disc size itself.Headaches or eyestrain
Usually related to un-corrected glasses power or screen time, not the large disc.Glare or halos at night
Typically from refractive error or dry eye; the large disc is not the culprit.Normal color vision
In megalopapilla, color vision is generally normal; reduced color vision suggests another problem.Normal contrast sensitivity
If contrast sensitivity drops, doctors will look for other causes.Normal central vision (acuity)
Some people show slightly reduced acuity, but many see 20/20 with proper glasses. WikipediaPMCLarge blind spot on field testing (not noticed in daily life)
Field machines can detect a bigger blind spot, a normal result of a larger disc. Most people don’t notice this during everyday activities. WikipediaStable visual fields over time
Stability is key. If fields worsen over time, that points away from megalopapilla and toward something like glaucoma that needs treatment. PMCNormal eye pressure
Eye pressure (IOP) readings are usually in the normal range. Eyes On EyecareNo pain
Megalopapilla itself does not hurt.No flashes or floaters from the disc
Flashes/floaters come from vitreous or retina changes, not from a large disc.No red eye
A large disc does not cause redness.No double vision
Double vision is unrelated to disc size; if present, doctors look for other causes.Occasional worry after “abnormal” machine printout
People sometimes worry when an OCT printout shows “outside normal limits.” With large discs, this can be a false alarm: the database may not fully represent large-disc eyes. EyeWikiPMC
Diagnostic tests
Doctors group tests into basic examination, hands-on (manual) tests, lab/pathology (rarely needed), electrodiagnostic tests, and imaging. A typical work-up aims to confirm the disc is simply large but healthy, check that vision is normal, and make sure this is not glaucoma or another optic nerve problem.
A) Physical exam
Detailed history
The doctor asks about family eye disease, prior eye pressure readings, changes in vision, and headaches. Family patterns can hint at large, healthy discs. A lack of progressive symptoms supports a benign variant.Visual acuity (letter chart)
Measures sharpness of sight. Many people with megalopapilla see well with the right glasses. If vision is unexpectedly low, the doctor looks for other reasons.Pupil exam (RAPD test)
A swinging flashlight test checks for a relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD). No RAPD fits a healthy optic nerve; an RAPD suggests true optic nerve disease (not megalopapilla).Color vision testing (e.g., Ishihara)
Most people with megalopapilla have normal color vision. Color loss points elsewhere.
B) Manual/clinical tests
Direct ophthalmoscopy
Using a handheld light and lens, the doctor looks directly at the disc to judge size, color, cup, and rim. In megalopapilla, the rim is present and healthy; the cup can be large but proportionate.Slit-lamp biomicroscopy with a fundus lens (78D/90D)
This gives a magnified, 3-D view of the optic disc to assess true rim tissue, disc edge, and peripapillary area.Applanation tonometry (Goldmann)
Measures eye pressure precisely. Normal IOP supports megalopapilla rather than glaucoma. Eyes On EyecareGonioscopy
A special lens checks the drainage angle of the eye. This matters if glaucoma is suspected; a normal open angle with a healthy rim leans toward megalopapilla rather than disease.
C) Lab and pathological tests
There are no blood tests that diagnose megalopapilla. Labs are ordered only if red flags suggest another optic nerve problem (inflammation, infection, nutrition issues). Examples:
CBC, ESR/CRP
Looks for inflammation or systemic illness if the optic nerve looks damaged (not the usual megalopapilla case).Syphilis serology (VDRL/FTA-ABS)
Rules out infectious optic neuropathy if the disc appearance or vision is unusual.Thyroid function tests
Screens for thyroid eye disease if there are motility or eyelid signs.Vitamin B12/folate
Checks for nutritional optic neuropathy in selected cases.
(Again, these are not routine for megalopapilla; they are for other optic nerve diseases when the story does not fit.)
D) Electrodiagnostic tests
These tests measure how well the retina and optic nerve carry visual signals. They’re not always needed but can help in unclear cases.
Visual evoked potentials (VEP)
Measures the brain’s response to a visual pattern. A normal VEP supports a healthy optic pathway.Pattern electroretinogram (PERG)
Checks ganglion cell function (the cells that form the optic nerve). Helps separate optic nerve problems from retinal problems.Multifocal ERG (mfERG)
Maps function in many small areas of the macula and near-peripheral retina. Useful if field defects are odd or don’t match the disc picture.Electro-oculography (EOG)
Assesses retinal pigment epithelium function. Rarely needed, but can help exclude macular disease masquerading as optic nerve trouble.
E) Imaging tests
Fundus photography (stereo photos)
High-quality photos document disc size and rim so doctors can compare over time. Lack of progressive changes supports megalopapilla and argues against glaucoma. PMCOptical coherence tomography (OCT) of the optic nerve head and RNFL/GCC
OCT measures rim tissue and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness around the disc. In megalopapilla, the rim volume is typically normal even if the cup is large. Doctors interpret results carefully because normative databases may not perfectly fit very large discs or highly myopic eyes. SpringerLinkEyeWikiPMCOCT-Angiography (OCTA)
Shows tiny capillaries around the disc (the radial peripapillary capillary network). In megalopapilla, flow is generally normal; loss of flow density could hint at true glaucoma or optic neuropathy.MRI of brain and orbits (when red flags appear)
Not routine. Used only if vision is dropping, color vision is reduced, the pupil test is abnormal, or the disc structure looks truly atypical—to rule out compressive or inflammatory causes.
Non-pharmacological treatments
These are risk-reduction and monitoring steps. They do not “shrink” the disc. They help avoid missing real glaucoma and support optic-nerve health.
Baseline documentation — high-quality photos and OCT now, so future you can be compared to past you. Purpose: detect change. Mechanism: objective structural tracking. Glaucoma Today
Regular follow-up (e.g., yearly or as advised) with fields + OCT. Purpose: catch true change early. Mechanism: longitudinal trend detection. e-igr.com
Know your disc size — have the area recorded (> 2.5 mm² supports megalopapilla). Purpose: avoid mislabeling as glaucoma. Mechanism: size-adjusted interpretation. SpringerLink
Aerobic exercise (moderate) like brisk walking unless contraindicated. Purpose: lower average IOP a little and improve ocular blood flow. Mechanism: short-term IOP drop, better perfusion. PMC+1
Avoid prolonged head-down postures (e.g., long headstands). Purpose: prevent pressure spikes. Mechanism: inverted positions acutely raise IOP. PMC
Sleep hygiene & treat sleep apnea if present. Purpose: stabilize nocturnal perfusion and IOP swings. Mechanism: better oxygenation/pressure stability.
Manage blood pressure carefully (especially at night if on antihypertensives). Purpose: protect optic-nerve perfusion. Mechanism: avoid nocturnal hypotension.
Don’t overuse steroids (drops, inhalers, skin creams) without supervision. Purpose: avoid steroid-induced IOP rise. Mechanism: steroids can reduce trabecular outflow.
Limit large caffeine loads (especially if you’re sensitive or genetically prone to high IOP). Purpose: reduce transient IOP bumps. Mechanism: caffeine can raise IOP short-term in some. AAO JournalMount Sinai Health System
Eye-safe yoga (upright poses, avoid long inversions). Purpose/Mechanism: avoid IOP spikes. PLOS
Stop smoking. Purpose: improve vascular health to the nerve.
Healthy diet rich in leafy greens. Purpose: support nitric-oxide pathways and vascular health; associated with lower glaucoma risk. Mechanism: dietary nitrates → NO → perfusion. PubMedPMC
Omega-3–rich foods (fish, flax). Purpose: general vascular/anti-inflammatory support.
Protect eyes from trauma (sports goggles). Purpose: avoid secondary optic-nerve injury.
Manage diabetes and lipids. Purpose: reduce microvascular stress on the optic nerve.
Adequate hydration (steady, not excessive). Purpose: smooth IOP fluctuations.
Ergonomics & breaks at screens (20-20-20 rule). Purpose: reduce eye strain/dry eye that confuses symptom tracking.
Sun/UV protection outdoors. Purpose: general retinal health.
Stress management (breathing, mindfulness). Purpose: better blood-pressure and sleep patterns.
Family awareness — relatives get periodic eye exams (glaucoma risk is heritable; disc size varies in families). Purpose: early detection in family members. American Academy of Ophthalmology
Medicine options
There is no medicine to change disc size. Drops below are glaucoma treatments (choose by your doctor, often one at a time; dosing shown for typical adults—your regimen may differ).
Prostaglandin analogs (e.g., latanoprost 0.005% 1 drop nightly). Purpose: first-line IOP lowering. Mechanism: ↑ uveoscleral outflow. Side effects: redness, lash growth, iris/skin darkening. NCBI
Beta-blockers (e.g., timolol 0.5% once-twice daily). Purpose: add-on or alternative. Mechanism: ↓ aqueous production. Side effects: fatigue, low pulse, bronchospasm (avoid in asthma/COPD unless instructed). EyeWiki
Alpha-agonists (e.g., brimonidine 0.2% 2–3×/day). Purpose: extra IOP control. Mechanism: ↓ production, ↑ uveoscleral outflow. Side effects: dry mouth, allergy, drowsiness. Mayo Clinic
Topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (dorzolamide 2% 2–3×/day). Purpose: ↓ production. Side effects: stinging, bitter taste, rare blood effects. EyeWiki
Rho-kinase inhibitor (netarsudil 0.02% nightly). Purpose: add-on in resistant cases. Mechanism: ↑ trabecular outflow, ↓ episcleral venous pressure. Side effects: redness, cornea verticillata; rare epithelial edema. American Academy of OphthalmologyEyeWiki
Fixed combinations (e.g., timolol + dorzolamide, brimonidine + timolol). Purpose: convenience, synergy. Mechanism: combined above. EyeWiki
Oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (acetazolamide, short courses). Purpose: temporary pressure lowering. Side effects: tingling, fatigue, kidney stones—doctor-supervised.
Bimatoprost implant (Durysta) (clinician-delivered). Purpose: sustained prostaglandin effect. EyeWiki
Brinzolamide (similar to dorzolamide). Purpose/Mechanism/SE: as above. EyeWiki
Latanoprostene bunod (Vyzulta). Purpose: prostaglandin + NO donor for extra outflow. Side effects: similar redness. American Academy of Ophthalmology
Your doctor will individualize choices and target a pressure, often ~20–30% below baseline if glaucoma is present. American Academy of Ophthalmology
Surgeries
Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty (SLT) — clinic laser that nudges the drainage meshwork to work better. Why done: first-line or add-on to lower IOP; drop-sparing. Evidence: RCTs and guideline updates support SLT as an effective option. NCBIAAO JournalJAMA Network
Trabeculectomy — creates a tiny new drain (“bleb”). Why: when very low target IOP is needed or meds/laser aren’t enough. American Academy of Ophthalmology
Glaucoma drainage implants (tubes) — shunt fluid to a plate. Why: advanced/refractory glaucoma, or when trabeculectomy isn’t ideal. American Academy of Ophthalmology
MIGS (e.g., XEN gel stent, trabecular bypass) — micro-stents or canal work. Why: modest IOP reductions with quicker recovery in selected patients. EyeWiki
Cyclo-photocoagulation — laser to the ciliary body to lower fluid production (reserved for tough cases).
Dietary / molecular supplements
Evidence for supplements in glaucoma is mixed/limited. None treats megalopapilla. Some have small studies suggesting possible benefit in glaucoma; most need larger trials. Doses below reflect common study ranges.
Nicotinamide (vitamin B3) 1–3 g/day in studies. Function: supports retinal ganglion cell metabolism. Mechanism: boosts NAD⁺; RCTs show short-term functional improvements. Caution: high doses can affect liver—medical oversight needed. PubMed+1JAMA Network
Ginkgo biloba extract 120–160 mg/day. Function: microcirculation/antioxidant. Mechanism: vasoregulation; small NTG trials suggest field benefits. Caution: bleeding risk. PubMedAOA
Citicoline 500–1000 mg/day oral or topical 2% drops in studies. Function: neurotrophic support. Mechanism: phospholipid precursor; mixed evidence. PMC+1
Coenzyme Q10 (± vitamin E) 100–200 mg/day. Function: mitochondrial antioxidant. Mechanism: may protect RGCs; early clinical signals. PMC+1ScienceDirect
Melatonin 1–5 mg at night (varies). Function: sleep/circadian support; may modulate IOP rhythms. Mechanism: receptors in ciliary body/retina. Evidence evolving. Lippincott JournalsPubMed
Omega-3 (EPA/DHA) ~1 g/day. Function: vascular/anti-inflammatory support.
Lutein + Zeaxanthin 10 mg + 2 mg/day. Function: antioxidant macular pigment; diet quality marker.
Resveratrol 100–250 mg/day. Function: antioxidant pathways; limited ocular data.
Alpha-lipoic acid 300–600 mg/day. Function: antioxidant/mitochondrial cofactor.
Magnesium 200–400 mg/day. Function: vasodilation; limited glaucoma data.
Vitamin D per deficiency correction. Function: neuro-immune modulation.
B-complex (low dose) if dietary insufficiency.
Anthocyanins (bilberry) ~80–160 mg/day extract. Function: vascular antioxidant.
N-acetylcysteine 600 mg/day. Function: glutathione precursor.
Beetroot (dietary nitrates) as food or juice. Function: nitric-oxide source; leafy greens linked to lower glaucoma risk in cohorts. PubMedPMC
Always check with your clinician: interactions (e.g., ginkgo + anticoagulants), liver/kidney history, pregnancy, and surgery timing.
“Regenerative / stem-cell / neuroprotective” drugs
There is no approved regenerative or stem-cell therapy for glaucoma or megalopapilla. Research is active; clinics advertising cures should be avoided. Glaucoma Research Foundation
Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) implant (NT-501, encapsulated cell therapy) — small device releases CNTF inside the eye; phase II trials are ongoing for glaucoma. Goal: protect retinal ganglion cells. Status: investigational. Clinical TrialsClinicalTrials.gov
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) approaches — animal models show neuroprotection; human safety/efficacy unproven, and unregulated injections have caused harm. Status: experimental, not standard. PMCNew England Journal of Medicine
Citicoline/CoQ10 “neuroprotective” strategies — pharmacologic (not stem cell) but often studied as neuro-support; evidence mixed/early. Status: adjunct research. Frontiers
Rho-kinase pathway — approved netarsudil lowers IOP; separate neuro-regeneration effects are preclinical. Status: pressure-lowering approved; neuroregeneration unproven. EyeWiki
Gene-based neuroprotection — preclinical; no clinical approval for glaucoma yet.
Retinal ganglion cell replacement — concept-stage; many barriers (connecting to the brain). Bottom line: Do not pursue outside monitored trials. TVST
Prevention tips
Get a documented baseline (photos/OCT/fields). Glaucoma Today
Keep regular reviews (usually yearly unless advised otherwise). e-igr.com
Stay active (moderate); avoid long inversions. PMC+1
Mind caffeine surges if you’re sensitive. AAO Journal
Avoid steroid overuse without supervision.
Control BP, diabetes, lipids.
Treat sleep apnea if present.
Eat leafy greens regularly (dietary nitrates). PubMed
Don’t smoke.
Use eye protection in risky activities.
When to see a doctor
Routine: If you were told you have large cups/discs but vision/pressure are normal—schedule periodic OCT + visual fields.
Sooner: New blur, patch of missing vision, eye pain/redness, halos, frequent headaches with eye symptoms, or a family history of glaucoma with any change in vision.
Urgent: Sudden vision loss, severe eye pain, halos with nausea/vomiting, or a new pupil/eyelid problem.
What to eat and what to avoid
Eat more: dark leafy greens (spinach, kale), colorful veg/fruit (berries, peppers), fish (omega-3), nuts/seeds (vitamin E), whole grains, and beetroot/greens for dietary nitrates. These patterns are associated with better vascular health and lower glaucoma risk in cohort studies (they do not treat megalopapilla). PubMedPMC
Go easy on: large caffeine boluses (multiple strong coffees close together), high-salt ultra-processed foods (BP spikes), and avoid long head-down yoga poses. Alcohol and smoking harm vascular health; cutting back/cessation helps. AAO JournalPMC
FAQs
Is megalopapilla a disease?
No. It’s a normal variant: a big optic disc from birth. It’s important mainly because it can mimic glaucoma. SpringerLinkWill it make me lose vision?
By itself, no. Vision is usually normal; the blind spot can be a bit bigger. WikipediaWhy did my doctor mention glaucoma?
Because big discs have big cups; that can look like glaucoma if disc size isn’t considered. Review of OphthalmologyWhat tests confirm it?
Dilated exam, disc area measurement (OCT/HRT), RNFL/GCIPL on OCT, and visual fields over time. SpringerLinkGlaucoma TodayCan eye pressure be normal and I still have glaucoma?
Yes—normal-tension glaucoma exists; that’s why follow-up and fields/OCT are important even with normal IOP. EyeWikiDo I need drops?
Only if there’s proven glaucoma or progression. Megalopapilla alone needs no drops. American Academy of OphthalmologyIs laser (SLT) right for me?
Maybe—only if you have glaucoma that needs treatment. It’s an effective non-incisional option. AAO JournalAre there vitamins to fix this?
No vitamin changes disc size. Some supplements are being studied for glaucoma support; discuss safety with your doctor. PubMedCan exercise help?
Moderate aerobic exercise can lower IOP briefly and helps overall health. Avoid long head-down poses. PMC+1Does caffeine matter?
Large doses can cause small, short-term IOP rises in some people; moderation is reasonable. AAO JournalIs it hereditary?
Disc size can run in families, and twin reports exist, but there’s no single known “megalopapilla gene.” PMCWhat about stem-cell cures?
Not approved; clinical trials are ongoing. Avoid commercial clinics offering injections. Glaucoma Research FoundationCan OCT be “fooled” by big discs?
Yes—scan geometry and normative databases can mislead; that’s why expert interpretation matters. PMCHow often should I be checked?
Commonly once a year if stable; more often if any risk/features suggest glaucoma—follow your clinician’s plan. e-igr.comWhat’s the bottom line?
Megalopapilla is a big, healthy disc in most people. Get a baseline, keep regular follow-up, live heart-healthy, and treat glaucoma only if it’s actually present.
Disclaimer: Each person’s journey is unique, treatment plan, life style, food habit, hormonal condition, immune system, chronic disease condition, geological location, weather and previous medical history is also unique. So always seek the best advice from a qualified medical professional or health care provider before trying any treatments to ensure to find out the best plan for you. This guide is for general information and educational purposes only. Regular check-ups and awareness can help to manage and prevent complications associated with these diseases conditions. If you or someone are suffering from this disease condition bookmark this website or share with someone who might find it useful! Boost your knowledge and stay ahead in your health journey. We always try to ensure that the content is regularly updated to reflect the latest medical research and treatment options. Thank you for giving your valuable time to read the article.
The article is written by Team RxHarun and reviewed by the Rx Editorial Board Members
Last Updated: August 12, 2025.
