Anisometropic amblyopia, often called “lazy eye” caused by unequal refractive error, is a vision development disorder in which the brain favors one eye over the other. In this condition, a significant difference in focusing power (refractive error) between the two eyes leads the brain to suppress the blurrier image from the worse eye. Over time—typically during the critical visual development period in early childhood—the neural pathways linking the brain to the affected eye fail to mature properly, resulting in reduced visual acuity that cannot be corrected by glasses alone. This suppression-driven underdevelopment affects depth perception, binocular vision, and overall visual function, making early detection and treatment essential for optimal outcomes.
Types of Anisometropic Amblyopia
Hypermetropic Anisometropic Amblyopia
This type arises when one eye is significantly more farsighted (hyperopic) than the other. The more hyperopic eye cannot focus clearly on near objects, causing chronic blur. The brain learns to ignore its input and relies on the clearer eye, leading to underdevelopment of visual processing pathways for the hyperopic eye.Myopic Anisometropic Amblyopia
Here, one eye is markedly more nearsighted (myopic). The myopic eye produces a blurred image at all distances without correction. Persistent blur in the myopic eye triggers cortical suppression, preventing normal visual development in that eye—even if corrective lenses are eventually worn.Astigmatic Anisometropic Amblyopia
Significant differences in astigmatism (the eye’s focusing power varies by meridian) between eyes can induce blur of vertical, horizontal, or oblique lines. The brain suppresses the eye with higher astigmatism, leading to amblyopia centered on the uncorrected meridian(s).Mixed Anisometropic Amblyopia
In mixed forms, one eye may be hyperopic and the other myopic, or combinations of spherical and astigmatic differences. The brain suppresses whichever eye produces the blurriest image at any given viewing distance, compromising overall binocular development.Meridional Anisometropic Amblyopia
A subtype of astigmatic amblyopia, meridional amblyopia occurs when the axes of astigmatism differ substantially between eyes. The brain favors spatial frequencies aligned with the more sharply focused meridian, resulting in amblyopia along the blurriest axis of the other eye.
Causes of Anisometropic Amblyopia
Unequal Refractive Error in Childhood
The single most common cause is a significant difference in refractive error (e.g., >1 diopter) between the two eyes during early development. Without corrective lenses, the brain suppresses the blurrier eye, preventing normal visual maturation.High Hyperopia in One Eye
Extremely farsighted eyes (+3.00 D or more difference) struggle to focus near and distance. Chronic blur drives the brain to ignore that eye’s input, causing amblyopia if uncorrected.High Myopia in One Eye
When one eye is much more nearsighted (≥−3.00 D difference), distant images remain unfocused. Persistent uncorrected myopia leads the brain to suppress that eye’s signals.Significant Astigmatic Disparity
Differences of ≥1.50 D in astigmatism between eyes blur lines along specific orientations. The suppressed eye’s neural pathways for those orientations under-develop, producing anisometropic amblyopia focused in affected meridians.Congenital Ocular Media Opacities
Early-life cataracts, corneal opacities, or dense ptosis in one eye increase blur and anisometropia, predisposing to amblyopia if not surgically managed.Corneal Scarring or Irregularities
Trauma or infection-induced corneal scars can create irregular astigmatism and refractive disparities, leading to unilateral amblyopia.Intraocular Lens Power Mismatch
Post–cataract surgery patients may receive different lens powers between eyes, inducing anisometropia and amblyopia if uncorrected in children.Ocular Trauma During Critical Period
Injuries altering lens or corneal shape can abruptly induce refractive differences, prompting cortical suppression of the injured eye.Ptosis-Induced Visual Deprivation
A drooping eyelid covering the visual axis can indirectly lead to refractive changes and anisometropia, triggering amblyopia.Genetic Predisposition to Anisometropia
Family history of unequal refractive errors can predispose siblings to similar anisometropic differences and subsequent amblyopia.Premature Birth and Low Birth Weight
Prematurity is associated with irregular ocular development and higher rates of refractive error asymmetry, increasing amblyopia risk.Neurological Developmental Disorders
Central nervous system anomalies can impair ocular growth symmetry, leading to anisometropia and amblyopia.Failure of Early Vision Screening
Missing critical preschool eye exams allows uncorrected anisometropia to persist and amblyopia to develop unnoticed.Inadequate Compliance with Spectacle Wear
Even if corrected, inconsistent use of prescribed glasses prevents the brain from receiving clear images in the amblyopic eye.Environmental Visual Deprivation
Living in low-light or visually unstimulating environments during early childhood may compound the suppressive effects of anisometropia, accelerating amblyopia.
Symptoms of Anisometropic Amblyopia
Reduced Monocular Visual Acuity
The amblyopic eye consistently reads fewer letters on a standard eye chart, even when corrective lenses are worn.Blurred Vision in One Eye
Children may report that one eye seems “foggy” or “unclear,” particularly at certain distances.Squinting or Eye Closing
To see clearly, a child might narrow or close one eye, habitually favoring the better-seeing eye.Head Tilting or Turning
Leaning the head to one side can momentarily reduce blur in the amblyopic eye, creating a compensatory posture.Eye Strain and Discomfort
Prolonged reading or near work leads to aching around the amblyopic eye due to extra effort in trying to focus.Headaches After Visual Tasks
Frontal or periocular headaches often follow periods of reading or screen time, signaling unseen amblyopia.Poor Depth Perception
Difficulty catching balls, climbing steps confidently, or playing 3D video games indicates compromised binocular vision.Avoidance of Close Work
Disinterest in reading, puzzles, or crafts may reflect frustration with sustained near-vision tasks.Difficulty Judging Distances
Misreaching for objects or bumping into furniture can result from unilateral suppression of spatial cues.Monocular Preference
Children may unconsciously favor one eye when covering tests are performed, revealing habitual reliance on the non-amblyopic eye.
Diagnostic Tests
Below are key tests—grouped by category—used to identify anisometropic amblyopia. Each test helps pinpoint refractive differences, visual suppression, and neural underdevelopment.
I. Physical Examination
Visual Acuity Testing
Using standardized eye charts (e.g., Snellen or LEA symbols), the clinician measures each eye’s clarity of vision at various distances. Differences greater than two lines between eyes raise suspicion of amblyopia.Ocular Alignment and Motility Exam
The examiner observes eye movements in all directions, looking for strabismus or limited motility that could accompany or mimic anisometropic amblyopia.Cover–Uncover Test
Alternately covering each eye reveals latent eye turns or fixation shifts. A normal eye remains steady; a suppressed eye may jump to pick up fixation when uncovered.Hirschberg Corneal Light Reflex Test
A light source reflected off the corneas helps assess alignment. If the reflex is decentered in one eye, subtle misalignment related to anisometropic suppression may be present.Slit-Lamp Examination
Detailed inspection of the cornea, lens, and anterior chamber rules out media opacities (e.g., early cataract, corneal scars) that could cause refractive disparity.
II. Manual and Objective Refraction Tests
- Retinoscopy
In a dim room, the practitioner shines light into the eye and observes the reflection (reflex) off the retina while moving the light back and forth. Neutralizing the reflex with lenses determines the eye’s refractive error accurately—even in non-cooperative children. Autorefraction
The automated device projects light into the eye and calculates refractive power quickly. It provides a starting point for further manual refinement.Cycloplegic Refraction
By administering eye drops (e.g., cyclopentolate), accommodation is paralyzed for a precise measurement of refractive error, crucial in hyperopic anisometropia where children may “over-accommodate.”Prism Cover Test
With prisms of increasing strength placed before one eye, the examiner quantifies the angle of deviation when the amblyopic eye is forced to fixate, distinguishing refractive amblyopia from strabismic amblyopia.Stereoacuity Testing (e.g., Randot or Titmus Tests)
Specialized printed or polarized-glasses tests measure depth perception and binocular fusion. Reduced stereoacuity confirms diminished binocular function due to anisometropia.
III. Laboratory and Pathological Tests
- Genetic Screening for Refractive Error Predisposition
Though not routine, research settings may analyze genes linked to myopia or hyperopia (e.g., PAX6, RASGRF1) to understand familial anisometropia risk. Basic Metabolic Panel
Blood tests (glucose, electrolytes) help rule out systemic conditions like diabetes that can affect vision, ensuring no concurrent cause of visual impairment in one eye.Tear Film Analysis (Schirmer’s Test)
Poor tear quality can blur vision unevenly. Measuring tear production with filter paper strips assesses whether dry eye contributes to functional anisometropia.Chromatic Pupillometry
By measuring pupil responses to colored light flashes, this test evaluates retinal and optic nerve function, ruling out hidden pathology mimicking amblyopia.
IV. Electrodiagnostic Tests
- Visual Evoked Potential (VEP)
Electrodes on the scalp record brain waves in response to visual stimuli. Reduced amplitude or delayed responses from the amblyopic eye confirm cortical underdevelopment. Electroretinography (ERG)
Recording retinal electrical activity ensures the retina itself functions normally, distinguishing amblyopia from retinal disorders.Multifocal VEP (mfVEP)
This advanced version maps cortical responses across the visual field, pinpointing localized areas of suppression in the amblyopic eye.
V. Imaging Tests
- Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)
High-resolution cross-sectional images of retinal layers verify that retinal structure is intact and equal between eyes, excluding organic causes of vision loss. Fundus Photography
Color fundus images document the optic nerve and macula, ensuring symmetric retinal health and ruling out macular pathology that could mimic anisometropic blur.Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of Brain and Orbits
In atypical or resistant cases, MRI evaluates the visual pathways and ocular structures for neurological lesions or structural abnormalities contributing to unequal vision.
Non‐Pharmacological Treatments
Below are twenty evidence‐based, non‐drug approaches—grouped into Exercise Therapies, Mind‐Body Strategies, and Educational Self‐Management—that support visual development, enhance neural plasticity, and encourage use of the amblyopic eye.
Occlusion Therapy (Eye Patching)
Description & Purpose: A patch covers the stronger eye for prescribed hours, forcing the amblyopic eye to work harder.
Mechanism: By depriving the brain of input from the good eye, synaptic strength for the weaker eye’s pathways improves through use‐dependent plasticity.Binasal Occlusion Strips
Description & Purpose: Translucent strips on the nasal side of each lens allow peripheral fusion but penalize central vision of the better eye.
Mechanism: Reduces central suppression while permitting binocular peripheral cues, promoting alignment and neural engagement of both eyes.Digital Vision Therapy Games
Description & Purpose: Interactive computer or tablet games designed to stimulate the amblyopic eye.
Mechanism: High‐contrast targets and game tasks reward use of the weaker eye, enhancing cortical responsiveness through repetitive, engaging exercises.Balance Board Exercises
Description & Purpose: Performing physical balance tasks while wearing vision‐modifying lenses.
Mechanism: Integrates vestibular and visual input, improving binocular coordination and encouraging use of the amblyopic eye in motion contexts.Saccadic Eye Movement Drills
Description & Purpose: Practicing rapid, targeted eye movements between visual markers.
Mechanism: Strengthens neural circuits controlling ocular motor function, indirectly boosting visual attention and acuity in the amblyopic eye.Convergence Exercises
Description & Purpose: Focus on near targets that move toward the nose.
Mechanism: Engages medial rectus muscles and associated visual pathways, improving convergence and binocular focus.AIM (Anti‐Suppression Inducing Module) Therapy
Description & Purpose: Wearable goggles that intermittently block the better eye.
Mechanism: Creates alternating deprivation that counters suppression with timed occlusion, fostering balanced cortical input.Mindfulness‐Based Visual Attention Training
Description & Purpose: Guided meditation focusing on visual sensations from the weaker eye.
Mechanism: By cultivating sustained, nonjudgmental attention to subtle visual input, neural circuits for the amblyopic eye gain strength through increased awareness.Progressive Muscle Relaxation with Visual Focus
Description & Purpose: Sequential tensing/relaxing of muscles while fixating with the amblyopic eye.
Mechanism: Lowers general tension and stress, which can interfere with visual processing, thereby improving the brain’s ability to attend to weaker‐eye input.Guided Imagery for Vision
Description & Purpose: Visualization exercises where patients “see” clear images with the amblyopic eye.
Mechanism: Activates visual cortical areas in the absence of external stimuli, reinforcing neural pathways despite low external clarity.Educational Workshops on Eye Care
Description & Purpose: Group classes teaching parents and children about amblyopia management and compliance.
Mechanism: Improves adherence to treatment regimens by boosting understanding and motivation, indirectly enhancing therapy effectiveness.Self‐Monitoring Diaries
Description & Purpose: Daily logs of patching hours, visual tasks completed, and difficulties encountered.
Mechanism: Encourages accountability and allows clinicians to adjust plans based on real‐world compliance data.Goal‐Setting Counseling
Description & Purpose: Short‐term, measurable goals (e.g., “Complete 15 minutes of vision games daily”).
Mechanism: Structures treatment into achievable steps, leveraging behavioral psychology to solidify habits that benefit the amblyopic eye.Peer Support Groups
Description & Purpose: Regular meetings (in‐person or virtual) for families managing amblyopia.
Mechanism: Social encouragement and shared strategies bolster long‐term adherence and reduce treatment fatigue.Motivational Interviewing for Children
Description & Purpose: One‐on‐one coaching tailored to a child’s interests and concerns.
Mechanism: Enhances intrinsic motivation to comply with patching and vision tasks through empathetic communication.Parental Training Sessions
Description & Purpose: Teach caregivers how to reinforce therapy in daily routines.
Mechanism: Extends therapeutic “teachable moments” throughout the day, increasing total visual stimulation time for the weak eye.Behavioral Token Economies
Description & Purpose: Reward systems (stickers, privileges) for completing vision tasks.
Mechanism: Applies operant conditioning to increase the frequency of therapeutic activities that strengthen the amblyopic eye.Interactive Compliance Apps
Description & Purpose: Mobile reminders and progress tracking for patching and exercises.
Mechanism: Utilizes notifications and gamification to turn treatment into an engaging, self‐driven routine.Adaptive Home Vision Kits
Description & Purpose: Portable toolkits (lenses, charts, digital devices) customized for the child’s prescription and therapy plan.
Mechanism: Facilitates consistent therapy regardless of location, preventing missed sessions.Tele-Vision Therapy
Description & Purpose: Real-time remote guidance by therapists via video call.
Mechanism: Ensures correct technique and provides immediate feedback, improving the quality and safety of home‐based vision exercises.
Pharmacological Treatments
Though glasses, patching, and vision exercises are first‐line, several pharmacological agents have been studied to augment plasticity and visual recovery:
Atropine 1% Eye Drops
Class & Time: Antimuscarinic cycloplegic; once daily in better eye.
Dosage & Mechanism: 1 drop for penalization; blurs near vision in good eye, encouraging amblyopic eye use by paralyzing accommodation and dilating pupil.
Side Effects: Photophobia, glare, systemic anticholinergic effects (rare).Levodopa/Carbidopa Oral
Class & Neurostimulant; daily for 4–12 weeks in conjunction with patching.
Dosage & Mechanism: 0.5–1 mg/kg per dose; boosts dopamine in visual cortex, enhancing synaptic plasticity during therapy.
Side Effects: Nausea, headache, dyskinesia at higher doses.Citicoline (CDP-Choline) Oral
Class & Neuroprotective; 500 mg twice daily.
Dosage & Mechanism: Promotes phospholipid synthesis in neuronal membranes; supports neurotransmitter levels and visual recovery.Fluoxetine (Prozac)
Class & SSRI; 20 mg once daily.
Dosage & Mechanism: May reopen critical‐period plasticity via serotonergic modulation; used off‐label in adult amblyopia adjunctively.Methylphenidate (Ritalin)
Class & Stimulant; 5–10 mg once daily (children).
Dosage & Mechanism: Increases catecholamines, improving attention during visual tasks; studied for enhancing training compliance.Memantine
Class & NMDA antagonist; 5 mg daily, titrated to 10–20 mg.
Dosage & Mechanism: Modulates glutamatergic transmission, potentially enhancing synaptic plasticity in visual cortex.Piracetam
Class & Nootropic; 400 mg three times daily.
Dosage & Mechanism: May facilitate neuronal membrane fluidity and neurotransmission, supporting visual learning.Valproic Acid
Class & Anticonvulsant; 10–20 mg/kg per day.
Dosage & Mechanism: Histone deacetylase inhibition may promote plasticity; used experimentally in refractory amblyopia.D-Cycloserine
Class & Antibiotic/Partial NMDA agonist; 50 mg before therapy sessions.
Dosage & Mechanism: Enhances NMDA receptor‐mediated learning, potentially boosting outcomes of vision training.Transdermal Nicotine Patch
Class & Nicotinic agonist; 7–14 mg patch during therapy.
Dosage & Mechanism: Stimulates cholinergic pathways involved in attention and plasticity; experimental use in adult amblyopia.
Dietary Molecular Supplements
These supplements support neuronal health, reduce oxidative stress, and may enhance visual rehabilitation:
Omega-3 Fatty Acids (DHA/EPA)
Dosage: 500 mg DHA + 200 mg EPA daily.
Function & Mechanism: Incorporates into neuronal membranes, improving fluidity and anti‐inflammatory signaling.Lutein & Zeaxanthin
Dosage: 10 mg lutein + 2 mg zeaxanthin daily.
Function & Mechanism: Concentrated in retina’s macula; filters blue light and reduces photooxidative damage.Vitamin A (Retinyl Palmitate)
Dosage: 5,000 IU daily.
Function & Mechanism: Essential for rhodopsin regeneration; supports photoreceptor function.Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
Dosage: 500 mg twice daily.
Function & Mechanism: Potent antioxidant; regenerates other antioxidants, protecting neural tissue.Vitamin E (α-Tocopherol)
Dosage: 400 IU daily.
Function & Mechanism: Lipid‐soluble antioxidant, protects cell membranes from peroxidation.Zinc
Dosage: 25 mg daily.
Function & Mechanism: Cofactor for antioxidant enzymes; supports photoreceptor metabolism.Magnesium
Dosage: 250 mg daily.
Function & Mechanism: NMDA‐receptor antagonist at synapses; may modulate excitotoxicity and support plasticity.Alpha-Lipoic Acid
Dosage: 300 mg twice daily.
Function & Mechanism: Regenerates antioxidants and chelates metal ions, reducing oxidative stress.N-Acetylcysteine (NAC)
Dosage: 600 mg twice daily.
Function & Mechanism: Precursor to glutathione, boosts intracellular antioxidant defenses.Phosphatidylserine
Dosage: 100 mg three times daily.
Function & Mechanism: A phospholipid in neuronal membranes; supports neurotransmitter release and synaptic function.
Advanced Therapeutic Agents
These cutting‐edge treatments are under investigation or limited clinical use for enhancing amblyopia recovery:
Alendronate (Bisphosphonate)
Dosage: 35 mg weekly.
Function & Mechanism: Though primarily bone‐targeted, bisphosphonates may modulate microglial activation, supporting neuroinflammation control in visual cortex.RGFP966 (HDAC3 Inhibitor)
Dosage: Experimental oral protocol.
Function & Mechanism: Epigenetic modulation to reopen critical‐period plasticity through histone deacetylase 3 inhibition.Viscosupplementation (Hyaluronic Acid Eye Drops)
Dosage: 1 drop three times daily.
Function & Mechanism: Improves tear film and ocular surface health, reducing discomfort that can interfere with compliance to visual tasks.Autologous Platelet‐Rich Plasma (PRP) Eye Drops
Dosage: Prepared from patient’s blood; instilled 4 times daily.
Function & Mechanism: Growth factors in PRP may support retinal and neural repair processes.Intravitreal Mesenchymal Stem Cell–Derived Exosomes
Dosage: Single injection protocol.
Function & Mechanism: Exosomes carry neurotrophic factors that could enhance synaptic connectivity in visual pathways.Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC)–Based Therapy
Dosage: Experimental intravenous or intravitreal infusion.
Function & Mechanism: Aims to replace or support dysfunctional retinal neurons and restore cortical input.
Surgical Interventions
Surgery is rare for pure anisometropic amblyopia but may address secondary issues affecting alignment:
Strabismus Surgery
Procedure: Recess/resect extraocular muscles to align eyes.
Benefits: Proper alignment fosters binocular cooperation and may enhance amblyopia therapy outcomes.Laser In Situ Keratomileusis (LASIK)
Procedure: Corneal reshaping to correct high anisometropic refractive errors.
Benefits: Reduces dependence on thick spectacles, improving image clarity and comfort.Phakic Intraocular Lens Implantation
Procedure: Implant iris‐supported lens in front chamber.
Benefits: Corrects large refractive differences in patients too young or with corneas unsuitable for LASIK.Refractive Lens Exchange
Procedure: Replace natural lens with intraocular lens.
Benefits: Corrects high hyperopia or myopia to equalize refractive status between eyes.Botulinum Toxin Injection
Procedure: Temporarily weakens extraocular muscle.
Benefits: Induces harmless ocular misalignment that may force use of amblyopic eye for weeks to months.
Prevention Strategies
Early Vision Screening by age 3 to detect refractive differences.
Regular Pediatric Eye Exams, especially if risk factors (family history).
Prompt Prescription of Corrective Lenses for any refractive error.
Adherence to Spectacle Wear, particularly in children.
Educating Parents on signs of amblyopia (squinting, head tilt).
Monitoring Vision Progress every 6–12 months in at‐risk kids.
Avoid Over‐Penalization that reduces binocular function.
Balanced Near Activities (limit screen time to 1–2 hours/day).
Encourage Outdoor Play (increases dopamine release, beneficial for eye growth).
Nutritionally Adequate Diet rich in eye‐healthy nutrients (leafy greens, fish).
When to See a Doctor
Seek evaluation if a child:
Has unequal vision on kindergarten vision screening or fails cover test.
Squints, tilts head, or covers one eye to see.
Exhibits poor coordination when reaching for objects.
Reports blurred or double vision.
Shows developmental delays in hand‐eye coordination.
Early ophthalmologic assessment ensures refractive errors or amblyopia are caught during the brain’s plastic period, maximizing treatment success.
What to Do & What to Avoid
Do: Wear prescribed glasses full‐time.
Do: Follow patching/atropine schedule strictly.
Do: Engage in daily vision therapy exercises.
Do: Keep treatment logs and share with your doctor.
Do: Ensure balanced nutrition rich in antioxidants.
Avoid: Skipping or shortening patching sessions.
Avoid: Overreliance on penalization without vision tasks.
Avoid: Self‐adjusting drop dosage without consultation.
Avoid: Excessive screen time without breaks.
Avoid: Ignoring signs of discomfort or redness during therapy.
Frequently Asked Questions
What age is too late to treat anisometropic amblyopia?
Treatment is most effective before age 7–9, though recent studies show adults can gain modest improvement with intensive therapy.Can simply wearing glasses cure it?
Mild cases may improve with glasses alone, but moderate to severe amblyopia usually needs penalization and vision exercises.How many hours daily should the stronger eye be patched?
Depending on severity, 2–6 hours daily is typical; your ophthalmologist will tailor the regimen.Are there risks to long-term patching?
In rare cases, the patched eye can develop deprivation amblyopia if over‐patched; proper follow-up prevents this.Is atropine better than patching?
Both are comparable; atropine offers better compliance in some children but may cause light sensitivity.Will my child’s vision always be perfect after treatment?
Most achieve within one line of normal acuity; some have residual mixing blur requiring ongoing monitoring.Can video games help?
Specialized binocular video games have shown promise in research settings when supervised by a clinician.How long does treatment usually last?
Anywhere from 3 to 12 months, depending on severity and compliance.Are there side effects to levodopa?
Yes—nausea, fatigue, mood changes; it’s used adjunctively under specialist supervision.Does amblyopia recur?
Rarely, but periodic vision checks post‐treatment are advised to detect regression early.Can adults benefit?
Adults can gain visual improvements, though gains are generally smaller and require intensive training.Is surgery ever first line?
No; surgery corrects alignment or refraction but does not directly treat neural suppression.How important is parent involvement?
Critical—parent support and monitoring greatly increase treatment success.Are there genetic factors?
Family history of strabismus or amblyopia raises risk, so early screening is vital.What if my child won’t tolerate therapy?
Discuss alternatives—atropine penalization, motivating patch designs, or digital therapies to improve compliance.
Disclaimer: Each person’s journey is unique, treatment plan, life style, food habit, hormonal condition, immune system, chronic disease condition, geological location, weather and previous medical history is also unique. So always seek the best advice from a qualified medical professional or health care provider before trying any treatments to ensure to find out the best plan for you. This guide is for general information and educational purposes only. Regular check-ups and awareness can help to manage and prevent complications associated with these diseases conditions. If you or someone are suffering from this disease condition bookmark this website or share with someone who might find it useful! Boost your knowledge and stay ahead in your health journey. We always try to ensure that the content is regularly updated to reflect the latest medical research and treatment options. Thank you for giving your valuable time to read the article.
The article is written by Team RxHarun and reviewed by the Rx Editorial Board Members
Last Updated: July 12, 2025.
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