Anophthalmia is a rare congenital condition characterized by the complete absence of one or both eyes (the globe) and all associated ocular tissues within the ...

Anomalous Retinal Correspondence (ARC) is a sensory adaptation in which the brain learns to fuse images from two misaligned eyes by remapping the extra-foveal ...

Ankyloblepharon is a medical condition characterized by the adhesion or fusion of the edges of the upper eyelid with those of the lower eyelid, either ...

Anisometropic amblyopia, often called “lazy eye” caused by unequal refractive error, is a vision development disorder in which the brain favors one eye over ...

Aniseikonia is a binocular vision disorder in which the images perceived by each eye differ in size or shape. In simple terms, an object viewed by one eye ...

Aniridic Fibrosis Syndrome is a rare, sight-threatening complication that arises in patients with congenital aniridia—an eye condition marked by partial or ...

Aniridia is a rare eye condition characterized by the complete or near-complete absence of the iris, the colored muscular ring that regulates how much light ...

Angle Recession Glaucoma (ARG) is a form of secondary open-angle glaucoma that develops after blunt injury to the eye. In this condition, trauma causes a ...

Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia (ALHE), also called epithelioid hemangioma, is a rare, benign vascular proliferation characterized by the growth of ...

Angioid streaks are irregular fissures or crack-like breaks in Bruch’s membrane, a thin, elastic layer that lies between the retina and the choroid. These ...

Angelman syndrome is a rare neuro-genetic disorder caused by the loss of function of the maternal UBE3A gene on chromosome 15. In most healthy individuals, ...

Amiodarone‐associated optic neuropathy (AAON) is a rare, drug‐induced damage to the optic nerve that occurs in patients receiving amiodarone for cardiac ...

Amblyopia, commonly known as “lazy eye,” is a vision development disorder in which an eye fails to achieve normal visual acuity—sharpness—even with ...

Transient vision loss (TVL) refers to a temporary loss of vision, either partial or complete, in one or both eyes, lasting from a few seconds up to 24 hours. ...

Amaurosis fugax is a transient, painless loss of vision in one or both eyes, typically lasting from seconds to minutes before returning to normal. It occurs ...

Amantadine-induced corneal edema is a rare but recognized toxic reaction in which the drug amantadine damages the inner cell layer of the cornea (the ...

Alpha-Gal Syndrome (AGS) is a potentially life-threatening, IgE-mediated allergic condition in which the body reacts to the carbohydrate ...

Alice in Wonderland Syndrome (AIWS) is a rare neurological condition that makes a person’s perceptions of their own body or the world around them feel ...

Alexia without agraphia, often called pure alexia or word blindness, is a rare neurological condition in which a person loses the ability to read printed text ...

Alagille syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that primarily affects the liver and heart, but can also involve the eyes, skeleton, kidneys, and blood vessels. ...

Akinetopsia, often called “motion blindness,” is a rare neurological disorder in which a person cannot perceive motion in their visual field. Instead of seeing ...

Aicardi syndrome is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder primarily affecting females, characterized by the absence of the corpus callosum, distinctive retinal ...

Ageism in Neuro-Ophthalmology refers to the stereotypes, prejudices, and discriminatory practices that affect older (and sometimes younger) patients when they ...

Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is a chronic eye condition that gradually destroys sharp, central vision, essential for activities like reading, ...

Advancing wavelike epitheliopathy (AWE) is a chronic or recurrent disorder of the corneal epithelium characterized by well-demarcated, wavelike plaques of ...

Adult-Onset Asthma with Periocular Xanthogranuloma (AAPOX) is a rare, multisystem inflammatory disorder characterized by the combination of new-onset asthma in ...

Adie pupil—also called Adie’s tonic pupil—is a neurological condition in which one or both pupils are abnormally dilated (larger than normal) and react poorly ...

Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the lacrimal gland is a rare but aggressive malignant tumor that arises from the secretory epithelial cells of the tear-producing ...

Adaptive optics (AO) is an advanced technology used to improve the clarity and resolution of images taken through systems that suffer from optical distortions. ...

ADAMTSL4-related eye disorders are rare autosomal recessive conditions characterized by lens displacement (ectopia lentis), often with pupillary displacement ...

Acute Zonal Occult Outer Retinopathy (AZOOR) is a rare retinal disease first described by J. Donald Gass in 1992. It is classified within the “white dot ...

Krill’s disease, commonly known as Acute retinal pigment epitheliitis (ARPE), is a rare, idiopathic, self-limiting inflammatory disorder of the macula first ...

Acute Retinal Pigment Epitheliitis (ARPE), sometimes called Krill’s disease, is a rare, self‐limiting inflammation of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). The ...

Acute Retinal Pigment Epitheliitis (ARPE), also known as Krill’s disease, is a rare, idiopathic, self-limiting inflammatory disorder affecting the macula of ...

Acute retinal necrosis (ARN) is a rare but serious inflammatory condition of the eye characterized by rapid, full-thickness death of retinal tissue, typically ...

Acute Posterior Multifocal Placoid Pigment Epitheliopathy (APMPPE) is a rare, acute, inflammatory chorioretinal disorder classified among the “white dot ...

Acute Macular Neuroretinopathy (AMN) is a rare eye condition that affects the macula, the central part of the retina responsible for sharp, detailed vision. It ...

Acute Idiopathic Blind Spot Enlargement (AIBSE) Syndrome is a rare, self-limiting disorder of the outer retina first described by Fletcher and Imes in 1988. It ...

AEPVM is an uncommon retinal disorder first delineated by Gass et al. in 1988. It presents bilaterally with multiple, yellow-white lesions at the level of the ...

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a rare, autoimmune, demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system characterized by a sudden, widespread ...

Acute corneal hydrops is a sudden, sight-threatening complication of corneal ectatic disorders—most commonly keratoconus—characterized by an abrupt rupture in ...

Acute anterior uveitis (AAU) is a sudden inflammation of the front part of the uvea, specifically the iris (colored ring of the eye) and the ciliary body ...

Actinic keratosis (AK) is a common precancerous skin lesion characterized by rough, scaly patches that develop on sun-exposed areas of skin. These lesions ...

Acquired supranuclear ocular motor paresis (ASOMP) is a neurological condition characterized by a selective inability to initiate or control voluntary eye ...

An acquired retinal macroaneurysm (RAM) is a focal, abnormal dilation of a retinal arteriole wall, typically between 100 and 250 μm in diameter, occurring ...

Acquired oculomotor nerve palsy is a non-congenital condition in which the third cranial nerve (oculomotor nerve) becomes damaged after birth, leading to ...

Acquired ectropion uveae (AEU) is a condition in which the pigmented posterior layer of the iris—normally hidden on the back surface—becomes adherent to and ...

Achromatopsia is a rare, inherited vision disorder that causes a complete or partial inability to see color. People with achromatopsia rely almost entirely on ...

Accommodative esotropia is a common form of childhood strabismus in which one or both eyes turn inward (esodeviation) because of excessive focusing ...

Acanthamoeba keratitis is a rare but potentially sight-threatening corneal infection caused by the free-living amoeba Acanthamoeba, which is found ubiquitously ...

Ablepharon-Macrostomia Syndrome (AMS) is an extremely rare, autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized principally by absent or underdeveloped eyelids ...

Abducens nerve palsy, also called sixth cranial nerve palsy, is a condition where the sixth cranial nerve (the abducens nerve) stops sending proper signals to ...