A zygomaticomaxillary fracture—often called a ZMC fracture or tripod/tetrapod fracture—is a break of the cheekbone where the zygoma (cheekbone) meets the ...
Dr. Kira Manusis MD - Ophthalmologist
“Eye zone of injury” describes how far back into the eye wall an injury has gone. Doctors divide the globe (the eyeball itself) into zones to quickly describe ...
Zinc optic neuropathy means damage to the optic nerve—the cable that carries visual signals from the eye to the brain—caused primarily by a lack of zinc in the ...
Eye Zika Virus means eye problems caused by infection with the Zika virus. Zika is a virus spread mainly by Aedes mosquitoes. It can also spread through sex, ...
Xerophthalmia is the medical name for eye disease caused by vitamin A deficiency. “Xero” means dry, and “ophthalmia” means a problem in the eyes. When the body ...
“Xen glaucoma” is not a separate disease. It usually means glaucoma that is being treated (or planned to be treated) with a XEN Gel Stent, or glaucoma that ...
Xanthelasma (often called xanthelasma palpebrarum) is a harmless, yellow, soft patch that grows on the eyelids, most often near the inner corner and along the ...
X-linked retinoschisis (XLRS) is a genetic eye condition that mostly affects boys and men. It causes the retina—the light-sensing “film” lining the back of the ...
The condition recognized in the medical literature is X-linked endothelial corneal dystrophy (XECD). Despite the word “anterior” in your prompt, XECD primarily ...
A Wolfring gland ductal cyst is a fluid-filled sac that forms in the tiny tear-making tubes (ducts) of the accessory lacrimal glands of Wolfring. These ...
Wolfram syndrome (often called WFS or DIDMOAD) is a rare, genetic, multi-system disorder that usually begins in childhood or the teen years. The nickname ...
Wipe-out, also called snuff-out, is a sudden, severe, and usually irreversible loss of the remaining central vision that can happen soon after glaucoma surgery ...
Kayser–Fleischer ring is a golden-brown to greenish ring seen at the edge of the cornea (the clear front window of the eye). It forms when excess copper in the ...
Wilson’s disease is a rare inherited condition where the body cannot handle copper properly. A gene change (ATP7B) disables a protein that should move extra ...
White-Eyed Blow-Out Fracture is a special kind of orbital blow-out fracture that usually happens in children and teenagers. The orbit is the bony socket that ...
A white cataract is a very dense, advanced cataract in which the normally clear lens of the eye has turned opaque and looks white when you shine light into the ...
West Nile retinopathy means inflammation and injury to the light-sensing layers at the back of the eye (the retina and choroid) caused by the West Nile virus ...
West African Crystalline Maculopathy is an eye condition where tiny, shiny, yellow-green crystals collect in the very center of the retina (the fovea, the part ...
West African Crystalline Retinopathy is a rare eye condition seen mostly in people of West African origin. Doctors see tiny, shiny, yellow-green “crystals” ...
A Wessely Immune Ring is a thin, gray-white ring that appears inside the clear part of the eye (the cornea). The ring sits within the corneal stroma (the ...
Wernicke Encephalopathy (WE) is a sudden brain disorder caused by a lack of vitamin B1 (thiamine). Thiamine is a small nutrient your body cannot store in large ...
Weill-Marchesani Syndrome (WMS) is a rare, inherited connective-tissue condition that affects the eyes, the skeleton (bones and joints), and sometimes the ...
Wallenberg syndrome happens when the side (lateral) part of the medulla—a small but vital area at the bottom of the brainstem—loses its blood supply, most ...
Waldenström Macroglobulinemia (WM) is a rare cancer of B-cells (a type of white blood cell). These cancer cells live mainly in the bone marrow and make a very ...
Waldenström macroglobulinemia is a rare type of slow-growing blood cancer. It starts in B-lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) inside the bone marrow. ...
Wagner syndrome is a rare, inherited eye condition that mainly affects the vitreous (the clear gel that fills the eye) and the retina (the light-sensitive ...
A Vossius ring is a round, brown-black circle that appears on the front surface of the eye’s natural lens (the anterior lens capsule) after blunt trauma to the ...
A vortex vein varix is a localized, balloon-like widening of a vortex vein, which is one of the large choroidal drainage veins inside the eye. The choroid is ...
Von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) syndrome is an inherited condition that raises the lifetime risk of developing multiple tumors and cysts in different organs. These ...
Vogt’s striae are very fine, straight, vertical lines that an eye doctor can see inside the clear front window of your eye (the cornea) when you have ...
Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada (VKH) disease is an autoimmune condition. “Autoimmune” means the body’s defense system gets confused and attacks its own cells. In VKH, ...
Vitreous Wick Syndrome is a problem that happens when strands of the eye’s vitreous (the clear, gel-like substance that fills the back of the eye) slip forward ...
Vitreous metastasis means cancer cells that started somewhere else in the body have traveled through the bloodstream and reached the vitreous (the clear gel ...
Vitreous hemorrhage means bleeding into the vitreous, the clear gel that fills most of the inside of the eye between the lens at the front and the retina at ...
A vitreous cyst is a small, round or oval sac filled with fluid that floats inside the vitreous (the clear gel that fills the back of your eye). Think of it ...
Vitreopapillary Traction Syndrome is a condition where the vitreous—the clear gel that fills the back of the eye—pulls abnormally on the optic nerve head, also ...
Vitreomacular Traction Syndrome means the clear gel that fills the eye—the vitreous—is pulling on the macula, which is the sharp-seeing center of the retina. ...
Visual vertigo / visually-induced dizziness means you feel dizzy, off-balance, or motion-sick mainly when your eyes see a lot of motion or busy patterns. Your ...
Visual Variant of Alzheimer’s Disease is a form of Alzheimer’s that mainly damages the back parts of the brain (the occipital, parietal, and occipito-temporal ...
Visual symptoms of Parkinson’s disease are problems with how the eyes move, how comfortable the eyes feel, and how the brain handles visual information. They ...
Visual snow is a neurological visual phenomenon where you see countless tiny, flickering dots—like “TV static”—across your entire field of view, all the time, ...
Visual neglect—often called hemispatial neglect or simply neglect—is a problem of attention and awareness, not a problem of eyesight itself. A person with ...
Vici syndrome is a very rare genetic condition that starts early in life and affects many organs at the same time. The condition is usually caused when a child ...
Vestibular disease rehabilitation is a therapeutic program that uses specific exercises and education to retrain how your balance system works. Your balance ...
Vertical gaze palsy means a person cannot move both eyes normally up or down on command. The problem is not in the eyeball muscles themselves—it is usually in ...
Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency (VBI) is reduced blood flow to the back of the brain that can cause dizziness, imbalance, double vision, slurred speech, ...
Vernal keratoconjunctivitis is a long-lasting (chronic), allergy-type inflammation of the front surface of the eye and the inner side of the eyelids. It mostly ...
The vasculature of the orbit means all blood vessels that bring blood to and take blood away from the tissues inside the eye socket. This includes the arteries ...
Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) is the virus that causes chickenpox the first time you catch it and shingles when it wakes up again later in life. After ...
Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) stromal keratitis is inflammation and injury in the middle layer of the cornea (the clear front window of the eye) caused by the ...
Valsalva retinopathy is a sudden bleed in front of the retina (a preretinal hemorrhage) that happens after an intense, brief strain—like a hard cough, ...
Uveitis–Glaucoma–Hyphema (UGH) syndrome is a problem that can happen after cataract surgery when an artificial lens or another device inside the eye rubs ...
Hyphema means blood inside the front chamber of the eye (the space between the cornea and the iris). The blood comes from tiny torn blood vessels in the iris ...
Uveitis masquerade syndromes are eye problems that look like uveitis (inflammation inside the eye) but are not true autoimmune uveitis. In other words, the eye ...
Uveitic cataract is a cataract (a clouding of the eye’s natural lens) that develops because of uveitis, which is inflammation inside the eye. The eye’s inner ...
Uveitis is inflammation inside the eye, focused on a layer called the uvea. The uvea is the eye’s middle coat and includes the iris (the colored ring that ...
Uveitic glaucoma is high pressure inside the eye that happens in a person who has uveitis (inflammation inside the eye). The uvea is the “middle coat” of the ...
A hypermature cataract is the end stage of a cataract. A cataract means the natural lens inside the eye has turned cloudy. In early stages, only part of the ...
Uveal pseudomelanoma means a spot or mass in the eye that looks like a uveal melanoma (a true eye cancer) but actually isn’t cancer. “Uveal” refers to the ...
Uveal lymphoma is a cancer of lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) that grows inside the uvea of the eye. The uvea is the middle layer of the eyeball and ...
Uveal Effusion Syndrome (UES) is a rare eye condition where fluid collects in the potential space around the uveal tissues—the choroid, the ciliary body, and ...
Usher syndrome is a genetic condition that a person is born with. It mainly affects hearing, vision, and sometimes the balance system of the inner ear. In ...
Neurodegenerative diseases are long-lasting conditions where nerve cells (neurons) in the brain and spinal cord are damaged or die earlier than they should. ...
Urrets-Zavalia syndrome is a rare complication after eye surgery where the black center of the eye (the pupil) becomes stuck in a large, round, and ...
Upper eyelid retraction means the upper lid sits too high on the eye. In normal, relaxed gaze, the upper lid usually covers the top 1–2 millimeters of the ...
Upper eyelid blepharopathy means “a disease or dysfunction of the upper eyelid,” most often showing up as eyelid margin inflammation (blepharitis), meibomian ...
Bilateral pigmentary retinopathy means that both eyes show abnormal pigment changes in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. The ...
Unilateral Pigmentary Retinopathy (UPR) describes a retina-degenerating condition in one eye that looks and behaves like retinitis pigmentosa (RP), but with ...
Bilateral coronal synostosis means both coronal sutures—the flexible seams running from ear to ear across the top of a baby’s skull—fuse too early. In a ...
Unilateral coronal synostosis means one of the baby’s two coronal sutures (the joints that run from ear to ear across the top of the skull, just behind the ...
Sudden visual loss means your eyesight drops quickly over minutes, hours, or a few days. You may notice a dark curtain, a gray shadow, foggy or blurred vision, ...
Ultramarathon-induced corneal edema is a temporary swelling of the clear front window of the eye (the cornea) that happens during or soon after very long, hard ...
TINU syndrome is a rare inflammatory disease that affects both the kidneys (specifically the tiny tubes and the tissue around them—this part is called ...
Tubulointerstitial Uveitis is known as tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis (TINU) syndrome—a disorder where the kidneys’ tubules/interstitium are inflamed ...
Tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN) is inflammation and injury that mainly affect the tubules (the tiny pipes that balance water, salt, acid–base, and waste) ...
Tuberculosis uveitis (often called ocular TB) is inflammation inside the eye that happens when your immune system reacts to germs from Mycobacterium ...
Trochleitis means inflammation around the trochlea, the tiny pulley of cartilage at the inner-upper corner of the eye socket where the superior oblique tendon ...
Trisomy 21, commonly called Down syndrome, is a genetic condition where a person has three copies of chromosome 21 in their cells instead of the usual two. ...
Trisomy 13—also called Patau syndrome—is a genetic condition in which a person has three copies of chromosome 13 in their cells instead of the usual two. ...
Trigeminal trophic syndrome is a rare skin and nerve disorder that appears after damage to the trigeminal nerve (the 5th cranial nerve that carries feeling ...
A trifocal intraocular lens (IOL) is a clear, foldable lens implant placed inside your eye during cataract surgery (or sometimes refractive lens exchange when ...
A trichofolliculoma is a benign (non-cancerous) tumor-like growth of a hair follicle. “Tricho” means hair, and “folliculoma” means a tumor or mass coming from ...
Trichoepithelioma is a benign (non-cancerous) skin tumor that grows from cells that normally form a hair follicle. Think of it as a tiny “copy” of a hair root ...
A trichilemmoma is a benign (non-cancerous) skin growth that comes from the outer root sheath of a hair follicle—the sleeve of cells around the hair inside the ...
Trichiasis means the eyelashes grow or point the wrong way and touch the eye surface. In simple words, the lashes that should point outward toward the air are ...
Triangle symbol on the eye is almost always a pterygium (pronounced tuh-RIJ-ee-um): a triangular, wing-shaped, fleshy growth that starts on the white part of ...
Trematode-Induced Uveitis (TIU) is eye inflammation caused by trematodes, which are parasitic flatworms (“flukes”). In certain regions, especially in rural ...
Treacher–Collins syndrome (TCS) is a genetic condition that mainly affects how the bones and soft tissues of the face grow before birth. The first and second ...
Traumatic Optic Neuropathy means damage to the optic nerve—the cable that carries visual signals from the eye to the brain—caused by injury. The injury can be ...
A traumatic motor neuropathy is an injury to a nerve that primarily carries motor signals—the messages that tell muscles to contract—caused by some form of ...
A traumatic macular hole is a small, round opening that goes through the full thickness of the central retina (the macula) after an injury to the eye. The ...
Traumatic lens dislocation means the natural lens of the eye has been knocked out of its normal position by an injury. The lens is a clear, flexible structure ...
Traumatic iritis means inflammation inside the front of the eye (mainly the colored ring called the iris, and sometimes the nearby ciliary body) after an ...
Traumatic Horner Syndrome happens when the “fight-or-flight” nerve supply to one eye and the same side of the face is interrupted somewhere along a long ...
Traumatic globe luxation means the eyeball is pushed or pulled out of its normal place in the bony eye socket after a force or injury. In a healthy eye, the ...
Traumatic glaucoma is high pressure inside the eye that happens after an eye injury. The injury can be a strong hit to the eye, a cut or puncture, a burn, or a ...
A traumatic cataract is a clouding of the eye’s natural lens that starts after an injury to the eye. The lens sits just behind the colored part of the eye (the ...
Smartphone Vision Syndrome is a group of symptoms that start or get worse during or after long smartphone use. It happens because our eyes, eyelids, and ...
“Smartphone blindness” is a popular phrase people use when they suddenly notice poor vision after looking at a phone. In most cases, it is not true, permanent ...
Transient smartphone blindness means a short-lasting loss or dimming of vision that happens after looking at a smartphone, most often while lying in bed in the ...
Trachoma is an eye infection caused by a tiny bacterium called Chlamydia trachomatis. Repeated infections over many years make the inside of the eyelids rough ...
Traboulsi syndrome is a very rare, inherited eye condition in which several things tend to happen together. People often have a distinct facial appearance ...
Toxoplasmosis is an infection caused by a tiny parasite called Toxoplasma gondii. This parasite lives in many warm-blooded animals, but cats are the main ...
Toxocariasis is an infection caused by the roundworms Toxocara canis (from dogs) and Toxocara cati (from cats). People get sick after swallowing the ...
Toxic optic neuropathy is a type of damage to the optic nerve that happens because a poison, a harmful drug, or a severe lack of key nutrients hurts the nerve ...
Toxic Anterior Segment Syndrome—usually shortened to TASS—is a sudden, sterile (non-infectious) inflammation inside the front part of the eye after eye ...
Townes-Brocks syndrome (TBS) is a rare, inherited condition that affects how several parts of the body form before birth. Doctors most often recognize TBS by a ...
Torpedo maculopathy is a rare, usually harmless birth-time change in the eye’s retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)—the thin support layer under the seeing cells ...
Topical anesthetic abuse keratopathy is a serious injury to the clear front window of the eye (the cornea) that happens when a person uses numbing eye drops ...
Tolosa–Hunt Syndrome is a rare cause of severe eye pain with weak or frozen eye movements. Doctors call this “painful ophthalmoplegia.” In most people it ...
Graves orbitopathy (also called thyroid eye disease) is an autoimmune eye condition that happens most often in people who have an overactive thyroid due to ...
Tobacco optic neuropathy is a problem of the optic nerve that happens in people who use tobacco for a long time. The optic nerve is the “cable” that carries ...
