Terebinth, Pistacia terebinthus, Terebinth, Turpentine tree

Terebinth scientifically known as Pistacia terebinthus is a deciduous tree species of the genus Pistacia and Sumac family (Anacardiaceae). The plant is native to the Canary Islands and the Mediterranean region from the western regions of Morocco and Portugal to Greece and western and southeastern Turkey. At one time terebinths growing on the eastern shores of the Mediterranean Sea (in Syria, Lebanon, Israel and the Palestinian territories) were regarded as a separate species, Pistacia palaestina, but these are now considered to be a synonym of P. terebinthus. Some of the popular common names of the plant are Tourist tree, Cyprus turpentine, Cyprus Turpentine, Terebinth, Turpentine tree, Cyprus turpentine tree, Terebinth tree, Eastern Turpentine Tree, and terebinth pistachio.

The terebinth extract consists of flavonoids, phenolics, triterpenoids, and essential oils. Terebinth is used to produce turpentine and baking bread, and its shoots are consumed as vegetables. Terebinth is rich in tannins and also contains a resinous substance. It has many medicinal and pharmacological uses as an antispasmodic, expectorant, antiseptic, cytostatic, and is also used to treat streptococcal infections and cancer. The plant is harvested from the wild for mainly local use as food, medicine, and a source of materials. It has occasionally been cultivated for its resin in the past and is often used as a rootstock for the cultivated pistachio nut.

Terebinth Facts

Plant Description

Terebinth is a small flowering, deciduous tree or large shrub that normally grows about 2 – 6 meters tall, occasionally reaching 12 meters. The plant is found growing in dry open woods, scrub, dry rock slopes, hillsides areas, pine forest, and maquis vegetation. The plant grows best in sandy to stony alkaline soil. Its bark is greyish or brown and cracks with age

Leaves

The oblong leaf is bright green, leathery, pinnate, its leaflets are sessile, limp, glabrous, and end in a long point. Each leaf has 4-6 pairs of leaflets, and usually another non-paired smaller leaflet at the tip of the leaf. The upper side of the leaflet is not shiny, the margin of the leaflets is entire. The axis of the leaf is cylindrical, without a margin. The leaves are alternate. In the winter the tree can be recognized by its large and pilose buds. They are generally larger and rounder than the leaves of the mastic, reminiscent of the leaves of the carob tree.

Flowers

Terebinth blooms in the months of March-April. The inflorescence is a panicle with dense racemes of tiny flowers. The female flowers have 2-5 sepals and no corolla. The pistil is short and cleft at its stigma. The ovary is superior. The male flowers have a sepal with 3-5 lobes, and they too do not have a corolla. They have 3-7 stamens with short filaments. The stamens and the stigmas are red and give the inflorescence its red color.

Fruit

Fertile flowers are followed by a single-seed spherical drupe with a diameter of 5 mm and a green pulp. Upon ripening it turns red to purple-blue. The red fruits are sterile. The fruits are edible. Their seeds are dispersed by birds. They appear in large groups which acquire a very eye-catching pink color when they ripen.

Generally, terebinth fruits are used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases including cough, eczema, asthma, diarrhea?, ulcers, and pain?, swelling?, stiffness?, or reduced movement. সহজ বাংলা: জয়েন্টের প্রদাহ।" data-rx-term="arthritis" data-rx-definition="Arthritis means joint inflammation causing pain, swelling, stiffness, or reduced movement. সহজ বাংলা: জয়েন্টের প্রদাহ।">arthritis?. They are also, used in cookies, additives for bread making, and preparation of various foods such as cooking oil. Moreover, fruits are evaluated as a raw material for making bıttım and turpentine soap and are also used in the production of different seasonings and spices. Also, terebinth fruits are processed roasting the terebinth coffee that has an extremely attractive color and smell. This coffee is one of the most consumed traditional coffees in Turkey and is generally cooked in milk.

Traditional uses and benefits of Terebinth

• The resin obtained from incisions in the bark is an antidote, infection?, or irritation, often causing pain?, swelling?, heat, or redness. সহজ বাংলা: শরীরের প্রদাহ; ব্যথা, ফোলা বা লালভাব হতে পারে।" data-rx-term="inflammation" data-rx-definition="Inflammation is the body’s response to injury, infection, or irritation, often causing pain, swelling, heat, or redness. সহজ বাংলা: শরীরের প্রদাহ; ব্যথা, ফোলা বা লালভাব হতে পারে।">inflammation?, pain, or swelling. সহজ বাংলা: প্রদাহ/ফোলা/ব্যথা কমায়।" data-rx-term="anti-inflammatory" data-rx-definition="Anti-inflammatory means reducing inflammation, pain, or swelling. সহজ বাংলা: প্রদাহ/ফোলা/ব্যথা কমায়।">anti-inflammatory?, antiseptic, antispasmodic, aphrodisiac, cytostatic, diuretic, expectorant, febrifuge, laxative, stimulant, and vulnerary.
• Externally, the resin is used to treat wounds, pain?, swelling?, stiffness?, or reduced movement. সহজ বাংলা: জয়েন্টের প্রদাহ।" data-rx-term="arthritis" data-rx-definition="Arthritis means joint inflammation causing pain, swelling, stiffness, or reduced movement. সহজ বাংলা: জয়েন্টের প্রদাহ।">arthritis?, gout, skin conditions including leprosy, scabies, and lice; sciatica?.
• It is taken internally in the treatment of asthma and chronic? bronchial infections, streptococcal, urinary and renal? infections, hemorrhage, gallstones, tapeworm, and rheumatism.
• It has also been used in the treatment of cancer.
• Resin is used for the treatment of Gout.
• Leaves of the plant are used as tea medicinally.
• The bark is an Antidote to rashes caused by Chechen trees.
• It reduces infection?, or irritation, often causing pain?, swelling?, heat, or redness. সহজ বাংলা: শরীরের প্রদাহ; ব্যথা, ফোলা বা লালভাব হতে পারে।" data-rx-term="inflammation" data-rx-definition="Inflammation is the body’s response to injury, infection, or irritation, often causing pain, swelling, heat, or redness. সহজ বাংলা: শরীরের প্রদাহ; ব্যথা, ফোলা বা লালভাব হতে পারে।">inflammation? and relieves pain.
• It increases libido in men and women.
• It helps in stops bleeding.
• It increases urination.
• They are used in the treatment of colds and flu, problems in the digestive system.
• It is also quite beneficial for liver, kidney, heart, and respiratory system disorders.
• The leaves are astringent, diuretic, and hypotensive.
• They are used in the treatment of insulin? is low or not working well. সহজ বাংলা: রক্তে চিনি বেশি থাকার রোগ।" data-rx-term="diabetes" data-rx-definition="Diabetes is a condition where blood sugar stays too high because insulin is low or not working well. সহজ বাংলা: রক্তে চিনি বেশি থাকার রোগ।">diabetes?, stomach aches, diarrhea?, and jaundice?.
• Terebinth primarily works on the mucus membranes of the kidneys and the urinary bladder.
• Homeopathic physicians usually prescribe this medication for treating pain? when an area is touched or pressed. সহজ বাংলা: চাপ দিলে ব্যথা।" data-rx-term="tenderness" data-rx-definition="Tenderness means pain when an area is touched or pressed. সহজ বাংলা: চাপ দিলে ব্যথা।">tenderness? and swelling? of the kidneys and the urethra.
• It is also used to treat cystitis (infection?, or irritation, often causing pain?, swelling?, heat, or redness. সহজ বাংলা: শরীরের প্রদাহ; ব্যথা, ফোলা বা লালভাব হতে পারে।" data-rx-term="inflammation" data-rx-definition="Inflammation is the body’s response to injury, infection, or irritation, often causing pain, swelling, heat, or redness. সহজ বাংলা: শরীরের প্রদাহ; ব্যথা, ফোলা বা লালভাব হতে পারে।">inflammation? of the urinary bladder) accompanied by fierce burning and drawing pains in the bladder, urethra and/ or the kidneys alongside unclear or dark urine that has a sweet odor.

Culinary Uses

• Seed can be consumed raw or cooked.
• It is sweeter and oilier than an almond.
• Edible oil is obtained from the seed.
• Immature fruits, including the stems, are preserved in vinegar and salt.
• Known as ‘atsjaar’, they are used as a relish to accompany wines served during meals.
• Young leaves can be cooked and used as a vegetable.
• Resin from the trunk is used as a vegetable and as chewing gum.
• The fruits are used in Cyprus for baking of specialty village bread.
• In Crete, where the plant is called tsikoudia, it is used to flavor the local variety of pomace brandy, also called tsikoudia.
• In the Northern Sporades, the shoots are used as a vegetable (called tsitsíravla).
• A coffee-like drink is made from fruit.

Other Facts

• Resin is mainly used medicinally in the treatment of cancer and also as a piece of chewing gum.
• The plant can be used as a rootstock for the pistachio nut, P. vera.
• The plant is a source of tannin.
• The whole plant emits a strong smell: bitter, resinous, or medicinal.
• Mild sweet-scented gum can be produced from the bark, and galls often found on the plant are used for tanning leather.
• Red dye is obtained from galls that are formed on the leaves as a result of aphid infestation.
• The brown wood is very attractive. It can be used for carpentry and cabinet making.

References