Senna siamea, Blackwood Cassia, Bombay Blackwood, Cassod

Senna siamea, also known as Siamese cassia, kassod tree, cassod tree, and cassia tree, is a legume in the subfamily Caesalpinioideae and Fabaceae / Leguminosae (Pea family). The plant is native to the Indian Sub-continent (i.e. India and Sri Lanka) and south-eastern Asia (i.e. Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, and possibly also Malaysia) although its exact origin is unknown. It has been introduced to other humid tropical countries. Apart from the Cassod tree, it is popularly known as Blackwood Cassia, Bombay Blackwood, Cassod, Cassod Tree, Iron Wood, Kassod Tree, Pheasant Wood, Siamese Cassia, Siamese Senna, Siamese Shower, Thai Cassia, Thai Copper Pod, Thailand Shower, Yellow Cassia, Cassia Tree, Khilek, Mezali, kassod, minjri, muong and siamese tree senna.

It is commonly used as a shade tree in plantations, as a windbreak, or as hedgerows. The plant consists of Barakol, a compound with sedative and anxiolytic effects, which contributes to its medicinal values. It is used against intestinal worms and scabies. Plant parts such as leaves, pods, and seeds are all edible but have to be thoroughly boiled first prior to eating. Flowers and young fruits are used in curries. Leaves are used as green manure. All plant parts can be used for tanning. Wood is used for joinery, cabinet making, inlaying, handles, sticks, and other decorative uses. In addition, it can be made into charcoal of excellent quality.

Cassod Tree Facts

Plant Description

Cassod tree is a medium-sized, evergreen, much-branched perennial tree that normally grows about 10- to 12 meters high, occasionally reaching 20 meters and in exceptional circumstances up to 30 m. The trunk is straight, up to 30 cm in diameter, with a rounded and dense crown. The bark is light grey or brown, smooth in young trees, becoming slightly cracked and rough with age. The root system consists of a few thick roots, growing to a considerable depth, and a dense mat of rootlets in the top 10-20 cm of soil, which may reach a distance of 7 m from the stem in 1 year and eventually a distance up to 15 m. The plant is found growing in invaded forests near towns and is spreading along river banks on the lower Cape York Peninsula. It grows best on deep, well-drained soil rich in organic matter, but will succeed on degraded, lateritic soils provided drainage is not impeded. It grows poorly on infertile, poorly drained podzolic soils. It is not tolerant of salinity but is reasonably tolerant of acid soil conditions.

Leaves

Leaves are alternate and pinnate, 23–33 cm long, and made up of 5–14 pairs of lanceolate, oblong or ovate-elliptic leaflets, 3–7 cm long and 12–20 mm wide, abaxially finely pubescent, adaxially smooth and glabrous; base rounded and apex obtuse, borne on 25–40 mm long, terete petioles with caducous, minute subulate stipules. The upperside is dark green and shining while the underside is dull-green and shortly haired.

Flowers

Flowers occur in many-flowered, axillary or terminal, 40 cm long, racemose panicles. The flower is 3 cm across, pedicellate, bisexual, zygomorphic, pentamerous, hypogynous. Sepals are imbricate, suborbicular, obtuse at the apex, pubescent outside. Petals are sub-equal, broadly obovate, bright yellow, and shortly clawed. Stamens are 10, accrescent toward the abaxial side of the flower. Filaments are straight and not more than twice as long as the anthers. The ovary is superior, sessile, pubescent, linear, and slightly curved.

Fruits

Fertile flowers are followed by numerous pendants, linear, and often slightly curved pods that are long, narrow about 5-25 cm long, and 12-20 mm broad, flat, dehiscent, and compressed between seeds. They are green ribbon-like when young turning to brown when mature. The seeds are subglobose to ovate, numerous (20-30), bean-shaped, shiny, dark brown, and 8 mm long, with distinct areole. There are 35,000 to 41,000 seeds per kilogram.

Traditional uses and benefits of Cassod tree

• It is also used to prevent blood from pooling in organs or in the genito-urinary tract.
• The plant has excellent tranquilizer and calming properties that help counter the effects of stress and anxiety.
• Decoction using Cassia Siamea is used to treat scabies and rhinitis in Cambodia.
• It is considered a first-class psycho-pharmaceutical.
• The leaves are used to treat malaria.
• Fruit is used to treat intestinal worms and prevent convulsions in children in Ayurvedic medicines.
• Fresh and dried leaves can be decocted and enjoyed with lemon juice to treat malaria and liver disorders.
• Leaves are picked, cleaned, and chewed with the liquid being swallowed to treat abdominal pains in Uganda.
• Prepared leaves are taken in capsule form as a laxative and sleep aid in Thailand.
• Macerated roots are used with other herbs to treat snake bites and insulin? is low or not working well. সহজ বাংলা: রক্তে চিনি বেশি থাকার রোগ।" data-rx-term="diabetes" data-rx-definition="Diabetes is a condition where blood sugar stays too high because insulin is low or not working well. সহজ বাংলা: রক্তে চিনি বেশি থাকার রোগ।">diabetes? in Kenya.
• Small repetitive doses of decocted roots are used to treat angina and malaria in Ivory Coast.
• Seeds are used to treat intestinal worms and scorpion bites.
• Decoction of the leaves and stems is enjoyed as an aperitif and to counter arthritic swelling? in China.
• The plant is commonly used in traditional medicine to treat hypertension?, malaria, and insulin? is low or not working well. সহজ বাংলা: রক্তে চিনি বেশি থাকার রোগ।" data-rx-term="diabetes" data-rx-definition="Diabetes is a condition where blood sugar stays too high because insulin is low or not working well. সহজ বাংলা: রক্তে চিনি বেশি থাকার রোগ।">diabetes? Mellitus.
• Decoction of the leaves with lemon juice is used for the treatment of fevers in Burkina Faso.
• A tree is very popular for its local usage in the treatment of typhoid fever? in Northern Nigeria.
• Hardwood decoction is used against scabies in Kampuchea.
• Fruit and seeds have been used to treat intestinal worms.
• In Thailand, the leaves and flowers are used as a remedy for insomnia, as laxatives for constipation? and as appetite stimulants and digestive stimulants.
• Flower and root decoctions are used to treat anxiety, nervousness, and stress, and wood decoction for fever?.
• Flowers are used to treat insomnia and asthma in traditional medicine.
• It is used against intestinal worms and scabies.
• Fruit is used to charm away intestinal worms and to prevent convulsions in children in traditional medicine.
• This medicinal plant has been used successfully over thousands of years to treat anxiety disorders, mild panic attacks, and stress- and sleep disorders in traditional Thai medicine.
• Leaves, stems, roots, seeds, and flowers are used for the treatment of malaria.
• In Burkina Faso, a decoction of fresh and dried leaves, stem bark, and flowers are used to treat malaria and liver disorders.
• Decoction of stem bark drunk for insulin? is low or not working well. সহজ বাংলা: রক্তে চিনি বেশি থাকার রোগ।" data-rx-term="diabetes" data-rx-definition="Diabetes is a condition where blood sugar stays too high because insulin is low or not working well. সহজ বাংলা: রক্তে চিনি বেশি থাকার রোগ।">diabetes?.
• In Cote d’Ivoire, a decoction of leaves drunk for cough, stomach pains, and malaria.
• In India daily dose of 150 ml leaf decoction with honey is taken 3 times a day for anemia? and fever?.
• Decoction of leaves and stems mixture is used as an aperitif, anti-rheumatic, and for swelling? in China and Pakistan.
• Decoction of leaves and stems used for periodic fever? and malaria in Congo.
• It is used for the treatment of syphilis, herpes, swine fever?, typhoid fever, jaundice?, abdominal pain?, menstrual pain in Nigeria.
• Fresh leaves are used to repel or kill insects i.e., termites, bed bugs, and mosquitoes.
• Leaves are used as antimalarial; fruits are used to treat intestinal worms and to prevent convulsions in children in Cameroon.
• Leaves are used in the treatment of leucorrhoea.
• Decoction of leaves is administered orally for treating cough, stomach pains, and malaria in Côte d’Ivoire.
• Leaves decoction is drunk against constipation? and hypertension? and is inhaled in toothache.
• Root decoction is used against fever?, constipation?, hypertension?, and insomnia in Benin.
• Infusion, decoction or maceration of a mixture of the roots is used as an antidote for snake bites in Kenya.
• A decoction is used against scabies, urogenital diseases, herpes, and rhinitis in Cambodia.

Culinary Uses

• Young fruits and leaves are eaten as a vegetable and the flowers and young fruits are used in curries.
• Leaves are occasionally called caper leaves because the young flower buds look like caper berries, and are a common ingredient in Thai curries dishes.
• Young leaves have a bitter taste; young tender pods and inflorescences are edible.
• Young leafy shoots and young inflorescences are bundled and sold in markets as vegetables.
• Leaves and flowers are commonly used in soups and in the Thai curry dish known as ‘Kaeng khi-lek’ which is prepared with and without coconut milk.
• Fresh young leaves are boiled with water 2–3 times to get rid of the bitterness and to reduce the toxic Karakol content before the boiled mush is used for the curry.
• They are also pickled in brine.
• In the Burmese full moon day of Tazaungmon, buds are picked and used in a soup or to prepare a salad called mezali phu thokke.

Other Uses

• In Thailand, it is the provincial tree of Chaiyaphum Province, and some places in the country are named after it.
• It is often used as a shade tree in cocoa, coffee, and tea plantations.
• It is cultivated as windbreaks, shelterbelts, live fences, boundary markers, ornamental in parks and gardens, wayside trees,s and shade trees for tea, cocoa, and coffee plantings.
• The tree is also used for erosion control, for land reclamation in former tin/aluminum mining sites, and in alley cropping systems in agroforestry, largely because of its coppicing ability and high biomass production shade besides also for its nitrogen-fixing capability.
• In India, it is used as a host for semi-parasitic sandalwood.
• In China, it has been cultivated as fuelwood by the Dai people since 400 years ago and as a host plant for lac insects.
• Its foliage is rich in nitrogen and organic matter and is used as green manure.
• Foliage can be used as browse or fodder for cattle, sheep, and goats but are toxic to poultry and swine.
• The flower is an important nectar source for bees.
• Tree afford a hard, heavy, dense, durable, dark blackish-brown and termite-resistant wood that is used in joinery, cabinet making, furniture, inlaying, tool handles, walking sticks, posts, bridges, mine poles and beams and other decorative carvings.
• All parts of the tree including the bark can be used for tanning.
• It can be made into charcoal of excellent quality.
• It starts flowering and fruiting at the age of 2-3 years.

Different Uses

Food

In Thailand, young fruits and leaves are eaten as a vegetable. During preparation, the cooking liquid is replaced 3 times to remove toxins. In Sri Lanka, flowers and young fruits are used in curries.

Fodder

The tree is widely grown for fodder, but the trees can be browsed. Alkaloids and other secondary plant compounds in the leaves, flowers, and pods are extremely toxic to non-ruminants, such as pigs and poultry, and these animals should be kept away from S. siamea plantations.

Fuel

Dense, dark-colored wood of makes good fuel, although it produces some smoke when burning. The energy value of the wood is 22 400 kJ/kg, and the density is 600-800 kg/m³. The wood was formerly preferred for locomotive engines. Its charcoal is also of excellent quality.

Timber

The tree yields a medium-weight to heavy hardwood with a density of 600-1010 kg/m³ at 15% mc. Heartwood is black-brown with paler streaks, sharply demarcated from the 6-cm wide, pale sapwood; the grain is interlocked and occasionally straight; the texture is slightly coarse but even. Shrinkage of the wood during seasoning is moderate to high but it seasons with little degradation. Wood is hard to very hard, resistant to termites, strong, durable, and difficult to work, with a tendency to pick up in planning and it takes a high polish. Sapwood is permeable to pressure impregnation.

Tannin or dyestuff

All parts of the plant can be used for tanning. The concentrations of tannin vary slightly from 17% in the leaves to 9% in the bark and 7% in the fruits.

Medicine

In traditional medicine, the fruit is used to charm away intestinal worms and to prevent convulsions in children. The heartwood is said to be a laxative, and in Cambodia, a decoction is used against scabies.

Poison

Sawdust may cause some irritation to the nose, throat, and eyes.

Other products

The plant is used in China as a host plant for the lac insect.

Erosion control

When used as a hedgerow, it effectively increases topsoil infiltration, reducing runoff and combating soil erosion.

Shade or shelter

The plant is grown as a shade tree along roads and in cocoa, coffee, and tea plantations. It is also planted as a dense windbreak and shelterbelt.

Reclamation

It is used extensively for the rehabilitation? of degraded land, for example, to re-vegetate aluminum mine tailings.

Soil improver

Leaves are used as green manure, and a well-grown tree can yield 500 kg/year of fresh leaves. It forms ectomycorrhizae and provides very useful mulch, especially in alley-cropping systems.

Ornamental

It is often planted as an ornamental for its abundant yellow flowers.

Boundary or barrier or support

It is pruned into hedgerows and used as a live fence around food crops.

Intercropping

Although not a nitrogen-fixing tree, it has been increasingly used in alley cropping systems, largely because of its coppicing ability and high biomass production.

Other services

In India, it is used as a host for sandalwood, a parasitic tree producing the well-known aromatic.

References