Boehmeria nivea, Ramie, Chinese grass, Chinese silkplant

China grass or Ramie has scientifically known as Boehmeria nivea is a flowering plant belonging to the nettle family Urticaceae. The plant is native to thickets, forest margins, and roadsides, often in rocky places, in southern China to the Himalayas of Bhutan, Sikkim, and Nepal, but is now cultivated in a number of tropical to subtropical climates around the world, including parts of the southeastern U.S. and California. Despite its strength, however, it has had limited acceptance for textile use in the U.S. In tropical Africa small-scale cultivation has taken place in Sierra Leone, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, DR Congo, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Mozambique, Madagascar, and the Mascarene Islands but it has not become successful and its present distribution in tropical Africa is unclear. Some of the popular common names of the plant includes Ramie, China-grass, Chinese grass, Chinese silk plant, Rhea-fibre, White ramie, Rhea, false nettle, Ramie blanche, zhu ma, ramie de Chine, namban kara mushi, rami, ortiga blanca and ramio. The word “ramie” is derived from the Malay word rami.

Genus name honors George Rudolf Boehmer (1723-1803), professor of botany and anatomy at Wittenberg, Germany. Specific epithet means snow-white in probable reference to the underside of the leaves. It is harvested from the wild for local use as a food and also for medicinal use. It is highly cultivated for its high quality fiber or as an ornamental plant. It is also used in preventing miscarriages during pregnancy. The leaves are used as treatment of fluxes and wounds while the roots are used in the treatment of threatened abortions, colic of pregnancy, hemorrhoids, leucorrhoea, impetigo, etc. The root is edible when peeled and boiled. It has a pleasant and sweet taste. The leaves are furthermore used in making cakes. Ramie is planted to prevent soil erosion. The inner bark is a source of the known longest fiber used in making paper.

China Grass Facts

Plant Description

China grass is an erect, branched, herbaceous, monoecious, perennial, flowering plant that normally grows from 50 – 300 cm tall, with stems up to 2 cm in diameter, however occasional plants up to 7 meters tall are recorded. The plant is found growing in forest margins, thickets, and moist places along streams, roadsides, often cultivated and rocky places. It is ideally grown in sandy loam, well drained or sandy soil with a moderate supply of water; it does not tolerate waterlogged conditions. It is best known for providing a textile fiber of excellent strength and quality from the inner bark of the stems. It was used to make mummy cloths in Egypt during the period of 5000-3000 BCE. It is used in soil stabilization projects and also occasionally cultivated for its fibre or as an ornamental plant in southern Europe. Stem is usually unbranched and hollow, 8–16 mm in diameter, initially green and hairy, turning brownish and woody.

Leaves

The simple leaves are arranged alternately along the stem and have long petioles. They are heart-shaped (cordate), broadly ovate, 7–15 cm (2.8–5.9 in) long and 6–12 cm (2.4–4.7 in) broad, with tapering pointed tip and have an accuminate leaf apex with finely serrated leaf margin. The upper surface of the leaves are green, roughened with few scattered hairs while the lower surface is white, except the nerves, and densely covered with appressed, matted, white hairs. This gives it a silvery appearance; unlike stinging nettles, the hairs do not sting. The true ramie or China grass is also called Chinese plant or white ramie.

Flower

The inflorescence is axillary, racemose, paniculate, 3–8 cm long, each branch bearing several crowded or well-separated flower clusters, mainly female with a few male branches towards the base. Male clusters are small, usually with 3–10 flowers while female clusters are larger, usually with 10–30 flowers. Flowers are unisexual; male flower shortly pedicelled, perianth 3–5-lobed, stamens as many as lobes and incurved with persistent rudiment of pistillode.  The female flower is sessile, perianth tubular, 2–4-lobed, and greenish-white to pinkish in color, pistil with 1-celled ovary with 1 ovule, style exserted, slender and hairy on one side, stigma filiform. Male and female flowers are found on the same plant. Flowering normally takes place between September to October.

Fruit

Fertile flowers are followed by a subglobose to ovoid achene about 1 mm in diameter, enclosed by the persistent perianth, hairy, crustaceous, brown-yellow. Seed is subglobose to ovoid, slightly less than 1 mm in diameter, and is dark brown colored.

China grass or Ramie is mostly used for fabric production. The outer bark is removed and then the fibrous inner bark is taken off and boiled before being spun into thread. Tensile strength is 7 times that of silk and 8 times that of cotton. It is often blended with cotton (55% ramie and 45% cotton).

Traditional uses and benefits of China grass

• The plant is Anti-phlogistic, demulcent, diuretic, febrifuge, hemostatic and vulnerary.
• It is used to prevent miscarriages and promote the drainage of pus.
• The leaves are astringent and resolvent.
• They are used in the treatment of fluxes and wounds.
• The root contains flavonoid rutin.
• It is anti-abortifacient, antibacterial, cooling, demulcent, diuretic, resolvent, and utero-sedative.
• It is used in the treatment of threatened abortions, colic of pregnancy, hemorrhoids, leucorrhoea, impetigo, etc.
• The fresh root is pounded into a mush and used as a poultice.
• In traditional medicine, in DR Congo the whole plant is crushed and soaked in water to obtain a maceration which is rubbed on the body for the treatment of rheumatism, leprosy, skin diseases, and wounds, instilled into the eyes to treat eye affections, instilled into the nose against rhinitis, and drunk for the treatment of diarrhea? and helminthiasis.
• In Malaysia ramie leaves are used to poultice boils and against flatulence.
• Decoction of roots and leaves is taken as a tonic in the case of dysentery and the root is applied on ulcers.
• In Indo-China, the roots and leaves are considered to be cooling, diuretic, emollient, and resolvent, and are prescribed in a number of disorders including pain? or burning during urination. সহজ বাংলা: প্রস্রাবে জ্বালা/ব্যথা।" data-rx-term="dysuria" data-rx-definition="Dysuria means pain or burning during urination. সহজ বাংলা: প্রস্রাবে জ্বালা/ব্যথা।">dysuria?, urogenital infection?, or irritation, often causing pain, swelling?, heat, or redness. সহজ বাংলা: শরীরের প্রদাহ; ব্যথা, ফোলা বা লালভাব হতে পারে।" data-rx-term="inflammation" data-rx-definition="Inflammation is the body’s response to injury, infection, or irritation, often causing pain, swelling, heat, or redness. সহজ বাংলা: শরীরের প্রদাহ; ব্যথা, ফোলা বা লালভাব হতে পারে।">inflammation?, and prolapse of the uterus.
• In China and Taiwan, the plant is used for diuretic, antipyretic and hepato-protective purposes.
• Ramie plants are used medicinally to relieve internal fevers and treat infections of the urethra.
• In addition, young leaves are used as fodder for silkworms.
• In China, roots are reputed to be quieting to the uterus and recommended in threatened abortion.
• Pounded fresh leaves may be used as a poultice for swelling? pains caused by sprains.
• It regulates placental movement, hemostatic; for cold fever?, urinary tract infection?, nephritic edema?, and edema among pregnant women, abnormal placental movements, and excessive menstrual flow: 15.6 to 31 Gms dried material in decoction.
• It is used for wounds from poisoned arrows, for snake and insect bites.
• In decoction, used as a local application in rectal disease.
• Leaves are used in wounds and fluxes as astringent.
• Decoction of roots and leaves is used as a tonic in cases of dysentery.
• In Taiwan, used in folk medicine for hepato-protection and hepatitis? treatment.
• Malays use the leaves for poulticing boils.
• It is used for the treatment of fluxes and wounds prevents miscarriages and promotes drainage of pus.
• Malays use roots for the treatment of foul ulceration (pekong) – fresh roots are mashed and used as a poultice.
• Roots are also used as hemostatic, anti-abortifacient, and utero-sedative; used for the treatment of leukorrhea, vaginal bleeding, and threatened abortion and for simple dysfunctional uterine bleeding, gastrointestinal bleeding, and piles.
• Leaves are combined with roots and used as a tonic for those suffering from dysentery.

Culinary Uses

• The leaves are used for making cakes.
• This report could refer to the plant’s use as a poultice.
• They are also used as a dye to make black rice cake.
• The leaf of this plant is used to make a dessert cake, at least in Korea.
• In Vietnam, ramie leaves are utilized in the preparation of a cake which is considered a delicacy.

Other Facts

• It is planted to prevent erosion in gullies.
• Fiber is obtained from the inner bark of the stem – of excellent quality, it is highly water-resistant and has greater tensile strength than cotton.
• It is used for textiles, linen etc. and is said to be moth-proof.
• It is best harvested as the female flowers open.
• The outer bark is removed and then the fibrous inner bark is taken off and boiled before being woven into thread.
• The fibers are the longest known in the plant realm.
• The tensile strength is 7 times that of silk and 8 times that of cotton; this is improved on wetting the fiber.
• Fiber is also used for making paper.
• The leaves are removed from the stems, the stems are steamed and the fibers stripped off.
• The fibers are cooked for 2 hours with lye, fresh material might require longer cooking, and they are then beaten in a Hollander beater before being made into paper.
• In China it has also been used for papermaking for many centuries.
• The fiber can be spun and the cloth is used for clothing, tablecloths, napkins, sheets, pillowcases, towels, handkerchiefs, masts, sails, etc.
• Ramie fiber is processed into a range of other products, including canvas, mosquito nets, fire-hoses, upholstery, filter cloths, gas mantles, shoelaces, marine packings, and carpet backing.
• In Brazil undegummed ramie serves as a substitute for jute, for instance in the production of sacks.
• Short fibers are used for the production of high-quality paper, such as banknotes and cigarette paper.
• Ramie fiber serves locally for the production of ropes, strings, fishing lines and nets, sewing thread, and fabrics.
• Ramie plants may be fed to cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, rabbits, and chickens.
• Leaves and tops are also applied as green manure.

Precautions

• Children with allergies should not consume China grass as it may increase the risk of itchiness and skin redness.
• Avoid consuming agar-agar when it is cold, as it may increase the risk of fever?.
• In some people, it may cause loss of appetite, weak digestion, and loose stools.
• While consuming China grass, make sure to consume plenty of fluids because the gelatinous substance expands in the alimentary canal and may cause blockage in the throat or esophagus, resulting in choking.

References