Translational Research in Hearing and Balance

Last updated: February 8, 2026Reviewed date: February 8, 2026Reading time: 13 min read

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Switch between simple English and easy Bangla patient notes. This is for education and does not replace a doctor consultation.

For severe symptoms, danger signs, pregnancy, child illness, or sudden worsening, seek urgent medical care.

বাংলা রোগী নোট এখনো যোগ করা হয়নি। পোস্ট এডিটরে “RX Bangla Patient Mode” বক্স থেকে সহজ বাংলা সারাংশ যোগ করুন।

এই তথ্য শিক্ষা ও সচেতনতার জন্য। এটি ডাক্তারি পরীক্ষা, রোগ নির্ণয় বা প্রেসক্রিপশনের বিকল্প নয়।

Article Summary

Educational health guideWritten for patient understanding and clinical awareness.

Reviewed content workflowUse writer and reviewer profiles for stronger trust.

Emergency safety firstUrgent warning signs are highlighted below.

Seek urgent medical care if you notice

These warning signs are general safety guidance. Local emergency numbers and clinical judgment should always come first.

Severe symptoms, breathing difficulty, fainting, confusion, or rapidly worsening illness.
New weakness, severe pain, high fever, or symptoms after a serious injury.
Any symptom that feels urgent, unusual, or unsafe for the patient.

Emergency now

Use emergency care for severe, sudden, rapidly worsening, or life-threatening symptoms.

See a doctor

Book a professional medical evaluation if symptoms persist, worsen, recur often, affect daily activities, or occur in a high-risk patient.

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Use this article to understand possible causes, tests, treatment options, prevention, and questions to ask your clinician.

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Definition

All individuals had been pre-assigned to one of four discussion groups focusing on differing areas of research pertinent to translational research in hearing and balance (Molecular Diagnostic/Therapeutics, Bridging Basic Science to Clinical Science, Clinical Studies, Introduction and Emergence into Clinical Practice). Pre-meeting discussion among participants was encouraged. On the first day of the workshop, in conjunction with several invited NIH speakers, each of the 4 groups presented issues and discussion that had emerged from the pre-meeting teleconferences. On the second day, each group then presented research needs and opportunities for action. The agenda with links to presentations from both the first and second days can be found at the website above.

The workshop began with an introductory presentation by Amy Donahue, Ph.D. The history, organization, definitions and scientific portfolio coding strategy used for the purpose of the workshop was provided. Dr. Donahue also provided some overview information on the NIH Roadmap. Thomas Miller, Ph.D., from the National Institute on Neurological Disease and Stroke (NINDS), and Bruce Cuthbert, Ph.D., National Institute on Mental Health (NIMH), presented translational research programs for which they are responsible within their own NIH Institute. Jochen Schacht, Ph.D. presented a case history of translational research experiences and obstacles as related to aminoglycoside-induced HL and antioxidants.

Following this introductory session, the panel on Molecular Diagnostic/Therapeutics presented their considered issues and ideas, followed by the panel on Bridging Basic Science to Clinical Science. After lunch, Katherine Woodbury Harris, Ph.D., presented information on a NIDCD preliminary clinical studies program. Presentations from the panel on Clinical Studies and the panel on Introduction and Emergence into Clinical Practice ended the first day. Each panel reconvened in the evening for additional discussion and formulation of recommendations.

On the second morning, Katherine Zoon, Ph.D. National Cancer Institute presented on FDA requirements necessary to move from a newly identified molecule to human testing. Each of the four panels then presented their recommendations/suggested actions, during which there was considerable and active group discussion.

Following are the abbreviated recommendations:

Panel 1: Molecular Diagnostic/Therapeutics, Lauren Bakaletz, Ph.D. (Chair)

Overall goal: Capitalize on the uniqueness of NIDCD (i.e. many of our disorders are preventable) to develop a model for the creation of an evidence based medicine rationale for TR. To achieve this goal: Establish stepwise developmental milestones for TR, thus providing both guidelines for, as well as a mechanism to demonstrate, forward progress/success (to be conducted in a sequential or parallel manner depending on relative state of development): epidemiological studies, development of animal models, studies of molecular mechanisms, pharmacokinetics and pathophysiology, and conduct of clinical studies.

Support a Framingham-type epidemiological study (or fund add-on outcome measures to an existing/planned study) to specifically address sensory disorders (natural history, prevalence, treatment effectiveness, disease parameters).
Support the establishment of an NIH-based Clinical Trials Center (e.g. TR Center) that is open to all institutes to review existing ‘basic’ and pre-clinical data in consultation with PIs, identify missing or gaps in data needed for progression to clinic, develop necessary investigation device documents, provide resources for good manufacturing practices product development, and to provide design for and conduct all needed clinical trials.
Support mechanisms to disseminate/communicate positive results of trials conducted by the Clinical Trials Center or any other clinical recommendations.
NIDCD should take a leadership position in mobilizing the public community/ developing public awareness of sensory disorders as a public health issue as a mechanism to provide much-needed patient advocacy in support of initial and continuing TR initiatives (toxic noise, presbyacusis, vaccines for otitis media, aminoglycoside-induced ototoxicity).
Continue to support goal-oriented ‘basic’ TR initiatives via the issuance of an RFA/PAR with a focus on the following areas of research related to sensory disorders (e.g. systems for delivery of substances to the inner and middle ear, pharmacology (toxicity), pharmacokinetics, pathophysiology). [This recommendation is not intended to exclude/subvert the R01 process but rather serve as an adjunct to this mechanism; goal could perhaps also be achieved via rapidly-reviewed ‘TR supplements” to existing R01s].

Panel 2: Bridging Basic Science to Clinical Science, Joe Miller, Ph.D. (Chair)

Define TR: The creation of new technologies (broadly defined) from basic research discoveries to improve health care and quality of life, including clinical and outcome research.
Create new and effective funding mechanisms for TR (especially the early phase) with special review committee (e.g., R21, R24, R01 (or P50); R03, R01; SBIR from phase 1 to phase 2).
Establish review criteria and mechanism for identifying promising TR with high potential socio-economic and health benefits’.
Disseminate information about funding and merits of TR (PAs, RFAs, RFPs, workshops (i.e., ARO)).
Based upon the identification of promising basic science, encourage basic research (BR) scientists to engage in TR and interdisciplinary collaborative research (including multi-institutional) activities.
Encourage academia-industrial collaboration/partnership (invite industry input into TR mechanism that would encourage participation and cost sharing).
Educate Center for Scientific Review (CSR), study section members and academic leaders in the importance of TR.
Continue to build regional core facilities (P30).
Continue mentoring awards for young faculty (e.g., specific TR training, facilitate transition into TR project).
Collaborate with other institutions to develop comprehensive epidemiological data base in hearing/balance disorders.
Maintain a healthy level of funding for BR; minimize direct competition between BR and TR (varying opinions on whether there should be a special allocation for TR vs. no special allocation for TR).

Panel 3: Clinical Studies, Bruce Gantz, M.D. (Chair)

Invigorate the Clinical Research Initiative.
Clinical Research Planning Grant Mechanism with NIDCD Review.
Multi-institutional Clinical Research Infrastructure Grants with NIDCD Review
Develop Clinical Research Supplement for RO1.
Foster the development of a Clinical Research Data Base that could be used across institutions.
Homogenize Regulatory Mechanisms across institutions.
Develop practice-based research networks.
Promote translational research using mechanism that rewards clinical research-basic science research collaboration.
Increase the number of qualified clinical investigators (MD and PhD Audiologists, PhD’s in other disciplines).
Make it more attractive for young faculty to enter clinical research (i.e., use training (T) and career development (K) mechanisms to promote Clinical Research Track; provide a transition period of support following completion of K).
Support Shadow Programs (e.g., basic scientist would spend a short period of time in a clinical setting and a clinician scientist would spend a short period of time in a basic science setting).
Identify successful clinical clinician/scientist and develop programs to teach mentoring.
Create an Advisory Committee of experienced clinicians to advise NIDCD on clinical studies/trial development (could formulate relevant clinical questions, suggest RFA’s for new clinical trials, and study and make recommendations for expanded NIDCD clinical research focus- Develop Strategic Plan).
Encourage the NIDCD to have an expanded workshop devoted to clinical research and clinical trials.

Panel 4: Emergence into Clinical Practice, Mary Pat Moeller, Ph.D. (Chair)

Increase NIDCD’s role in the dissemination of research evidence (i.e., promote systematic reviews of evidence, and identify evidence needs in priority areas).
Foster collaborations with related agencies focused on outcomes/dissemination.
Increase evidence-based training opportunities (mentorship, cross-disciplinary study, promoting the use of evidence-based medicine tools).
Develop reporting standards (MOOSE, CONSORT) to improve the usefulness of published data to guide science and policymakers.
Promote the use of participatory research methods (i.e., alignments with advocacy groups, and technical support from experienced R25s).
Identify and re-evaluate priority areas, selecting outcomes with broad health impact.
Sponsor conferences with TR focus (should be cross-disciplinary and include communication research).
Define the ideal role/components of TR Centers.
Continue to support the NIDCD dissemination function.
Continue to support research in health communication.
Continue to support efforts in epidemiology.

References

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¹www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/statistics/quick-statistics

² Collins, JG. (1997) Prevalence of selected chronic conditions: United States 1990-1992. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 10(194).

³www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/statistics/text-description-use-hearing-aids-2006

⁴ Davis, A, Smith, P, Ferguson, M, Stephens, D, and Gianopoulos, I, (2007). Acceptability, Benefit, and Costs of Early Screening for Hearing Disability: A Study of Potential Screening Tests and Models. Health Technol Assess. Oct; 11(42): 1-294.

⁵ Senate Report 110-410, page 111, Report of the Committee on Appropriations, U.S. Senate, on S. 3230 (making appropriations to the Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, and Related Agencies Appropriation Bill, 2009).

⁶ http://www.healthypeople.gov/hp2020/

⁷http://www.census.gov/prod/2009pubs/p95-09-1.pdf

⁸http://www.statistics.gov.uk/pdfdir/iahi0809.pdf

⁹ Kochkin, S. (2007). MarkeTrak VII: Obstacles to Adult Non-User Adoption of Hearing Aids. Hearing Journal. Vol. 60, No. 4: 24-50.

¹⁰http://www.hearingreview.com/2005/09/why-are-hearing-instruments-so-expensive/ Source for the second statistic is no longer available online (verified January 2019).

¹¹ Kochkin, S. (2009). MarkeTrak VIII: 25-Year Trends in the Hearing Health Market. Hearing Review. Vol. 16, No. 11: 12-31.

¹² Kirkwood, D. (2009). Despite Challenging Economic Conditions, Practitioners in the Survey Remain Upbeat. Hearing Journal. Vol. 62, No. 4: 28-31.

¹³http://www.consumerreports.org/health/healthy-living/home-medical-supplies/hearing/hearing-aids/overview/hearing-aids-ov.htm

¹⁴https://www.maaudiology.org/

¹⁵www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/statistics/quick-statistics

¹⁶ US Census Bureau figures; link no longer available.

¹⁷ Davila, EP, Caban-Martinez, AJ, Muennig, P, Lee, DJ, Fleming, LE, Ferraro, KF, LeBlanc, WG, Lam, BL, Arheart, KL, McCollister, KE, Zheng, D, and Christ, SL, (2009). Sensory Impairment among Older U.S. Workers. Am J Public Health, 99:1378–1385. doi:10.2105/ AJPH.2008.141630

¹⁸http://www.ahrq.gov/QUAL/qrdr08.htm#toc

¹⁹http://www.ahrq.gov/QUAL/qrdr08.htm#toc

²⁰ Margolis RH, Saly GL, Le C, Laurence J. (2007). Quand: A method for assessing the accuracy of automated tests. J Am Acad Audiol 18, 78-89.

²¹ Smits C, Houtgast T (2006). Results from the Dutch speech-in-noise screening test by telephone. Ear Hear 26, 89-95

²² Davis, A, Smith, P, Ferguson, M, Stephens, D, and Gianopoulos, I, (2007). Acceptability, Benefit, and Costs of Early Screening for Hearing Disability: A Study of Potential Screening Tests and Models. Health Technol Assess. Oct; 11(42): 1-294.

²³ Estimated from Davis, A, Smith, P, Ferguson, M, Stephens, D, and Gianopoulos, I, (2007). Acceptability, Benefit, and Costs of Early Screening for Hearing Disability: A Study of Potential Screening Tests and Models. Health Technol Assess. Oct; 11(42): 1-294; Personal communication, Howard Weinstein, August 2009.

²⁴ http://www.hearingreview.com/issues/articles/2007-04_01.asp

²⁵ Krumm, M. (2007). Audiology telemedicine. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare,13 (5), 224-229.

²⁶ Margolis RH, Morgan DE (2008). Automated pure-tone audiometry: an analysis of capacity, need, and benefit. Am J Audiol 17, 109-113

²⁷ Mehrotra, A, Liu, H, Adams, JL, Wang, MC, Lave, JR, Thygeson, NM, Solberg, LI and McGlynn, EA (2009). Comparing Costs and Quality of Care at Retail Clinics with that of Other Medical Settings for 3 Common Illnesses. Annals Internal Medicine. 151: 321-328.

²⁸ Nachtegaal, J, Smit, J, Smits, C, Bezemer, P, van Beek, J, Festen, J, and Kramer, S. (2009). The Association between Hearing Status and Psychosocial Health Before the Age of 70 Years: Results From an Internet-Based National Survey on Hearing. Ear & Hearing, Vol. 30, No. 3, 302–312.

Safety note: This is not a prescription or diagnosis. For severe symptoms, pregnancy danger signs, children with serious illness, chest pain, breathing difficulty, stroke-like weakness, or major injury, seek urgent care.

Which doctor may help?

Start with a registered doctor or the nearest qualified health center.

What to tell the doctor

Write when the problem started and how it changed.
Bring old prescriptions, investigation reports, and current medicines.
Write allergies, pregnancy status, diabetes, kidney/liver disease, and major past illnesses.
Bring one family member if the patient is weak, elderly, confused, or a child.

Questions to ask

What is the most likely cause of my symptoms?
Which danger signs mean I should go to hospital quickly?
Which tests are necessary now, and which can wait?
How should I take medicines safely and what side effects should I watch for?
When should I come for follow-up?

Tests to discuss

Vital signs: temperature, pulse, blood pressure, oxygen saturation
Basic physical examination by a clinician
CBC, urine test, blood sugar, or imaging only when clinically needed

Avoid these mistakes

Do not use antibiotics, steroid tablets/injections, or strong painkillers without proper medical advice.
Do not hide pregnancy, kidney disease, ulcer, allergy, or blood thinner use.
Do not delay emergency care when danger signs are present.

Medicine safety and first-aid guide

This section is for patient education only. It does not replace a doctor, pharmacist, or emergency care.

Safe first steps

Avoid heavy lifting, sudden bending, and prolonged bed rest.
Use comfortable posture and gentle movement as tolerated.
Discuss physiotherapy, X-ray, or MRI only when clinically needed.

OTC medicine safety

For mild back pain, pain-relief medicine may be discussed with a doctor or pharmacist.
Avoid repeated painkiller use if you have kidney disease, stomach ulcer, uncontrolled blood pressure, or are taking blood thinners.

Avoid these mistakes

Do not start antibiotics without a proper medical decision.
Do not use steroid tablets or injections casually for quick relief.
Do not delay emergency care because of home remedies.

Get urgent help if

Back pain with leg weakness, numbness around private area, loss of urine/stool control, fever, cancer history, or major injury needs urgent care.

Medicine names, dose, and timing must be decided by a qualified clinician or pharmacist after checking age, pregnancy, allergy, other diseases, and current medicines.

For rural patients and family caregivers

Patient health record and symptom diary

Write your symptoms, medicines already taken, test results, and questions before visiting a doctor. This note stays on your device unless you print or copy it.

Doctor to discuss: Doctor / qualified healthcare provider

Tests to discuss with doctor

Basic vital signs: temperature, pulse, blood pressure, oxygen level if needed
Relevant blood, urine, imaging, or specialist tests only after clinical assessment

Questions to ask

What is the most likely cause of my symptoms?
Which warning signs mean I should go to emergency care?
Which tests are really needed now?
Which medicines are safe for my age, pregnancy status, allergy, kidney/liver/stomach condition, and current medicines?

Emergency warning signs such as chest pain, severe breathing difficulty, sudden weakness, confusion, severe dehydration, major injury, or loss of bladder/bowel control need urgent medical care. Do not wait for online information.

Go to emergency care if you notice:

Severe or rapidly worsening symptoms
Breathing difficulty, chest pain, fainting, confusion, severe weakness, major injury, or severe dehydration

Doctor / service to discuss: Qualified healthcare provider; specialist depends on symptoms and examination.

Step 1
Check danger signs first

If danger signs are present, seek emergency care and do not wait for online information.
Step 2
Record the symptom story

Write when symptoms started, severity, medicines already taken, allergies, pregnancy status, and test results.
Step 3
Visit a qualified clinician

A doctor, nurse, or qualified healthcare provider can examine you and decide which tests or treatment are needed.
Step 4
Do only useful tests

Do tests after clinical assessment. Avoid unnecessary tests, random antibiotics, or repeated medicines without diagnosis.
Step 5
Follow up and return early if worse

If symptoms worsen, new warning signs appear, or treatment is not helping, return for review quickly.

Rural patient practical tips

Take a written symptom diary and all previous prescriptions/test reports.
Do not hide medicines already taken, even herbal or over-the-counter medicines.
Ask which warning signs mean urgent referral to hospital.

This roadmap is for education. A real diagnosis and treatment plan requires history, examination, and clinical judgment.

RX Patient Help

Ask a health question safely

Write your symptom story. A health professional or site editor can review it before any answer is prepared. This box is not for emergency care.

Emergency first: Severe chest pain, breathing trouble, unconsciousness, stroke signs, severe injury, heavy bleeding, or rapidly worsening symptoms need urgent local medical care now.

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Frequently Asked Questions

Is this article a replacement for a doctor?

No. It is educational content only. Patients should consult a qualified clinician for diagnosis and treatment.

When should I seek urgent care?

Seek urgent care for severe symptoms, rapidly worsening condition, breathing difficulty, severe pain, neurological changes, or any emergency warning sign.

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