Transient Global Amnesia

Last updated: February 8, 2026Reviewed date: February 8, 2026Reading time: 12 min read
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Transient Global Amnesia (TGA) is a sudden, temporary episode of memory loss, where individuals forget recent events and can't form new memories for a short period. Although the condition can be alarming, it’s usually harmless and resolves within a few hours. During an episode of...

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Article Summary

Transient Global Amnesia (TGA) is a sudden, temporary episode of memory loss, where individuals forget recent events and can't form new memories for a short period. Although the condition can be alarming, it’s usually harmless and resolves within a few hours. During an episode of TGA, a person may not recognize where they are or what is happening around them but generally maintains awareness of...

Key Takeaways

  • This article explains Pathophysiology of Transient Global Amnesia in simple medical language.
  • This article explains Types of Transient Global Amnesia in simple medical language.
  • This article explains Causes of Transient Global Amnesia in simple medical language.
  • This article explains Symptoms of Transient Global Amnesia in simple medical language.
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Definition

Transient Global Amnesia (TGA) is a sudden, temporary episode of memory loss, where individuals forget recent events and can’t form new memories for a short period. Although the condition can be alarming, it’s usually harmless and resolves within a few hours. During an episode of TGA, a person may not recognize where they are or what is happening around them but generally maintains awareness of who they are.

Pathophysiology of Transient Global Amnesia

Structure, Blood, and Nerve Supply

  1. Brain Structure Involved:
    • The hippocampus, a part of the brain responsible for memory formation, plays a central role in TGA. This structure can become temporarily impaired during a TGA episode.
    • The cerebral cortex and other areas involved in memory consolidation may also be affected.
  2. Blood Supply:
    • The brain is supplied with blood via the carotid arteries. Any disruptions in blood flow (such as a temporary reduction in blood flow to the hippocampus) might contribute to TGA.
  3. Nerve Supply:
    • The brain’s nerve supply consists of neurons that communicate using electrical impulses. Disturbances in the function of these neurons, particularly in the areas responsible for memory, can result in amnesia.

Types of Transient Global Amnesia

  1. Classical TGA:
    • The most common form of TGA. Individuals experience a sudden onset of amnesia that typically resolves within 24 hours.
  2. Persistent TGA:
    • Rare and more severe, lasting longer than 24 hours. This form may require further medical intervention.
  3. Recurrent TGA:
    • Some individuals may experience multiple episodes of TGA over time.

Causes of Transient Global Amnesia

  1. Stress or Anxiety: Intense emotional reactions can trigger TGA.
  2. Head Injury or Trauma: Physical injuries to the head can lead to memory loss.
  3. Migraines: Some people may experience TGA during or after a pain, nausea, or light sensitivity. সহজ বাংলা: বারবার হওয়া বিশেষ ধরনের মাথাব্যথা।" data-rx-term="migraine" data-rx-definition="Migraine is a recurring headache disorder often with throbbing pain, nausea, or light sensitivity. সহজ বাংলা: বারবার হওয়া বিশেষ ধরনের মাথাব্যথা।">migraine.
  4. Physical Exertion: Excessive physical activity can cause temporary memory issues.
  5. Cold or Hot Water Immersion: Sudden immersion in very cold or hot water may trigger TGA.
  6. Heat Stroke or Overheating: A high body temperature can affect brain function.
  7. Sudden Emotional Shock: An unexpected shock or distressing event can cause TGA.
  8. Hypoglycemia (Low Blood Sugar): A sharp drop in blood sugar can impact memory.
  9. Cardiovascular Issues: Reduced blood flow to the brain may cause memory problems.
  10. Hypertension (High Blood Pressure): Elevated blood pressure can affect the brain’s blood supply.
  11. Sleep Deprivation: Lack of adequate sleep can contribute to cognitive issues.
  12. Alcohol Consumption: Heavy drinking or withdrawal can impair memory.
  13. Drug Use: Certain drugs or medications can cause memory issues.
  14. Epilepsy: Seizures or epilepsy may trigger TGA.
  15. Brain Infections: Infections like meningitis or encephalitis can cause amnesia.
  16. Vascular Disorders: Problems with the blood vessels in the brain.
  17. Hypoxia (Low Oxygen Levels): Insufficient oxygen can impair memory functions.
  18. Genetic Factors: In some cases, family history may play a role.
  19. Anxiety Disorders: Chronic anxiety can be linked to TGA episodes.
  20. Hormonal Changes: Hormonal imbalances, like during pregnancy, can trigger memory issues.

Symptoms of Transient Global Amnesia

  1. Sudden memory loss
  2. Difficulty recalling recent events
  3. Confusion about current time or place
  4. Inability to form new memories
  5. Repetitive questioning (asking the same question multiple times)
  6. Impaired short-term memory
  7. The ability to recall personal identity remains intact
  8. The person recognizes familiar faces
  9. No loss of awareness of who they are
  10. No significant cognitive impairments
  11. Complete memory loss for a few hours
  12. May not remember what caused the memory loss
  13. Normal behavior despite memory issues
  14. Mild disorientation
  15. Dizziness or lightheadedness may accompany the episode
  16. Loss of recent memories
  17. Ability to speak normally and understand language
  18. The person remains conscious and alert
  19. Loss of awareness of the environment
  20. Symptoms resolve within hours

Diagnostic Tests for Transient Global Amnesia

  1. Neurological Examination: To assess cognitive function.
  2. CT Scan of the Brain: To rule out brain injuries or stroke.
  3. MRI Scan: To detect any structural changes or damage to the brain.
  4. Electroencephalogram (EEG): To check for abnormal brain activity or seizures.
  5. Blood Tests: To measure blood sugar levels, hormones, and other factors.
  6. Echocardiogram: To assess heart function and detect any abnormalities in blood circulation.
  7. Carotid Ultrasound: To check blood flow to the brain.
  8. Glucose Tolerance Test: To detect any underlying issues with blood sugar regulation.
  9. Neuropsychological Tests: To assess memory and cognitive function.
  10. Brain MRI with Diffusion-Weighted Imaging (DWI): To identify areas of the brain affected by ischemia.
  11. Cerebral Angiography: To check blood flow in the brain’s arteries.
  12. MRI Angiography: Non-invasive technique to assess blood vessels in the brain.
  13. Functional MRI (fMRI): Measures brain activity in real time.
  14. Holter Monitor: A continuous heart rate monitor for 24–48 hours.
  15. Carotid Artery Doppler Ultrasound: Checks blood flow in carotid arteries.
  16. Cerebral Venography: To assess venous flow in the brain.
  17. Lumbar Puncture (Spinal Tap): In rare cases, used to test for brain infections.
  18. Thyroid Function Tests: To check for thyroid imbalances that may affect brain function.
  19. Neuroimaging with PET Scan: Can reveal brain abnormalities linked to memory issues.
  20. Electromyography (EMG): Used to check the function of muscles in the body.

Non-Pharmacological Treatments for TGA

  1. Rest and Recovery: Resting is important to allow the brain to recover.
  2. Stress Management Techniques: Practice yoga, deep breathing, or meditation.
  3. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): Helps with anxiety or stress management.
  4. Regular Sleep Schedule: Ensuring adequate and consistent sleep is important.
  5. Physical Exercise: Light physical activity can improve circulation and brain function.
  6. Hydration: Drinking enough water to maintain brain health.
  7. Balanced Diet: Nutritional foods that support brain health.
  8. Limiting Alcohol: Reducing alcohol consumption can help maintain cognitive function.
  9. Avoiding Drugs: Avoiding recreational drugs or medications that impact memory.
  10. Avoiding Stress: Stress reduction through relaxation techniques.
  11. Mindfulness Meditation: Helps with focus and mental clarity.
  12. Brain Training Games: Cognitive exercises to improve memory.
  13. Reducing Stimulants: Limiting caffeine or other stimulants that affect brain activity.
  14. Social Engagement: Keeping socially active to stimulate the brain.
  15. Music Therapy: Listening to or playing music can improve cognitive function.
  16. Acupuncture: May help reduce stress and improve brain health.
  17. Chiropractic Care: Some individuals find relief from headaches or stress through chiropractic adjustments.
  18. Biofeedback: Using monitoring devices to control bodily processes to reduce stress.
  19. Aromatherapy: Essential oils like lavender may help calm the mind.
  20. Massage Therapy: Helps reduce stress and promote relaxation.
  21. Tai Chi: A form of gentle exercise that may improve balance and mental clarity.
  22. Avoiding Excessive Screen Time: Reducing screen exposure can promote better brain health.
  23. Increasing Sunlight Exposure: Vitamin D from sunlight can improve brain function.
  24. Massage for Headaches: Light massage techniques can reduce stress and tension.
  25. Tai Chi or Qigong: Can improve blood flow and mental clarity.
  26. Regular Medical Checkups: Ensures any underlying conditions are monitored.
  27. Cognitive Rehabilitation: Special exercises or strategies to help improve memory.
  28. Positive Thinking: Encouraging optimism can improve overall mental health.
  29. Breathing Exercises: Helps to reduce anxiety and promote calmness.
  30. Journaling: Writing down thoughts to reduce anxiety and improve memory.

Drugs for Transient Global Amnesia

While no specific drugs are approved for TGA, certain medications may help manage symptoms or address underlying causes:

  1. Antianxiety Medications (e.g., Diazepam): To reduce anxiety or stress.
  2. Beta-blockers (e.g., Propranolol): Used for stress management.
  3. Antidepressants (e.g., Sertraline): To manage underlying anxiety or depression.
  4. Pain Relievers (e.g., Ibuprofen): For headaches or body pain.
  5. Blood Pressure Medications (e.g., Amlodipine): For high blood pressure management.
  6. Anticonvulsants (e.g., Lamotrigine): In case of seizure-related TGA.
  7. Antihistamines (e.g., Diphenhydramine): For allergy relief and calming effects.
  8. Cognitive Enhancers (e.g., Donepezil): May be used to boost cognitive function.
  9. Sedatives (e.g., Lorazepam): For calming and relaxation.
  10. Nootropics: Cognitive enhancers like modafinil.
  11. Corticosteroids (e.g., Prednisone): In case of infection, or irritation, often causing pain, swelling, heat, or redness. সহজ বাংলা: শরীরের প্রদাহ; ব্যথা, ফোলা বা লালভাব হতে পারে।" data-rx-term="inflammation" data-rx-definition="Inflammation is the body’s response to injury, infection, or irritation, often causing pain, swelling, heat, or redness. সহজ বাংলা: শরীরের প্রদাহ; ব্যথা, ফোলা বা লালভাব হতে পারে।">inflammation.
  12. Diuretics (e.g., Furosemide): To manage fluid balance.
  13. Blood Thinners (e.g., Warfarin): If there’s any risk of clotting.
  14. Antibiotics (e.g., Ciprofloxacin): If there’s an infection.
  15. insulin is low or not working well. সহজ বাংলা: রক্তে চিনি বেশি থাকার রোগ।" data-rx-term="diabetes" data-rx-definition="Diabetes is a condition where blood sugar stays too high because insulin is low or not working well. সহজ বাংলা: রক্তে চিনি বেশি থাকার রোগ।">Diabetes Medications (e.g., Insulin): For blood sugar management.
  16. Cholesterol-Lowering Drugs (e.g., Statins): For cardiovascular health.
  17. Thyroid Medications (e.g., Levothyroxine): If thyroid imbalance is suspected.
  18. Anti-pain, nausea, or light sensitivity. সহজ বাংলা: বারবার হওয়া বিশেষ ধরনের মাথাব্যথা।" data-rx-term="migraine" data-rx-definition="Migraine is a recurring headache disorder often with throbbing pain, nausea, or light sensitivity. সহজ বাংলা: বারবার হওয়া বিশেষ ধরনের মাথাব্যথা।">Migraine Medications (e.g., Sumatriptan): For nausea, or light sensitivity. সহজ বাংলা: বারবার হওয়া বিশেষ ধরনের মাথাব্যথা।" data-rx-term="migraine" data-rx-definition="Migraine is a recurring headache disorder often with throbbing pain, nausea, or light sensitivity. সহজ বাংলা: বারবার হওয়া বিশেষ ধরনের মাথাব্যথা।">migraine-related TGA.
  19. Vitamins (e.g., Vitamin B12): Essential for brain health.
  20. Acetaminophen: For general pain relief.

Surgeries for Transient Global Amnesia

Surgical interventions are rarely needed but may be considered if TGA is linked to a serious condition, such as:

  1. Brain Surgery: For structural issues like tumors or vascular malformations.
  2. Cerebral Angioplasty: To improve blood flow to the brain.
  3. Carotid Endarterectomy: To treat carotid artery blockages.
  4. Aneurysm Repair Surgery: If a brain aneurysm is identified.
  5. Craniectomy: In extreme cases where brain pressure needs to be relieved.
  6. Epilepsy Surgery: For individuals with recurrent seizures causing memory loss.
  7. Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt: To treat hydrocephalus, which may affect memory.
  8. Spinal Surgery: If head trauma leads to spinal issues affecting the brain.
  9. Deep Brain Stimulation: Used for certain neurological conditions.
  10. Brain Tumor Removal: In cases of tumors causing memory loss.

Preventive Measures for Transient Global Amnesia

  1. Managing Stress: Use relaxation techniques to reduce stress.
  2. Healthy Lifestyle: Regular exercise and a balanced diet.
  3. Limiting Alcohol and Drugs: Reducing consumption helps maintain brain health.
  4. Adequate Sleep: Ensure 7-8 hours of sleep for mental clarity.
  5. Avoiding Head Injuries: Be cautious with physical activities to avoid head trauma.
  6. Routine Medical Checkups: To monitor underlying conditions like hypertension.
  7. Mindfulness Practices: Incorporate meditation and relaxation into your daily routine.
  8. Brain Exercises: Engage in cognitive activities to keep your mind sharp.
  9. Hydration: Drink enough water to avoid dehydration, which can affect brain function.
  10. Avoiding Overexertion: Avoid physical activities that strain the body.

When to See a Doctor

  • If you experience sudden memory loss or confusion that lasts for several hours.
  • If memory loss is accompanied by other symptoms like difficulty speaking, weakness, or severe headache.
  • If you have a history of heart disease, stroke, or neurological conditions.
  • If episodes of memory loss are recurrent or frequent.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

  1. What is the primary cause of TGA? TGA is often triggered by stress, physical exertion, or a sudden emotional shock.
  2. Can TGA occur without any obvious cause? Yes, sometimes TGA occurs without any identifiable trigger.
  3. How long does TGA last? TGA typically lasts for several hours but resolves within 24 hours.
  4. Is TGA dangerous? No, TGA is usually harmless and doesn’t result in permanent memory loss.
  5. Can I drive during a TGA episode? It is best to avoid driving during an episode, as you may experience confusion or memory loss.
  6. What should I do if I experience TGA? Seek medical attention immediately to rule out other serious conditions.
  7. Can stress cause TGA? Yes, stress and anxiety can be triggers for TGA episodes.
  8. Is TGA hereditary? There is no clear evidence suggesting TGA is hereditary.
  9. Can TGA happen more than once? Some individuals may experience recurrent TGA episodes.
  10. Is there a treatment for TGA? There’s no specific treatment, but symptoms resolve on their own. Supportive care may help manage triggers.
  11. Can medications prevent TGA? Medications may manage underlying conditions but are not typically used to prevent TGA directly.
  12. Is TGA linked to brain injury? TGA can occur after head trauma but isn’t necessarily caused by it.
  13. How is TGA diagnosed? Diagnosis involves ruling out other conditions through tests such as MRI, CT scans, and neurological exams.
  14. Can TGA affect long-term memory? No, TGA typically does not affect long-term memory, and individuals fully recover after the episode.
  15. Is there a cure for TGA? There is no cure, but TGA typically resolves on its own without long-term effects.

This guide should provide a thorough, easy-to-understand explanation of Transient Global Amnesia, including its pathophysiology, causes, symptoms, diagnostics, treatments, and much more.

 

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The article is written by Team Rxharun and reviewed by the Rx Editorial Board Members

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Last Update: December 18, 2024.

 

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  • Do not delay emergency care because of home remedies.

Get urgent help if

  • Back pain with leg weakness, numbness around private area, loss of urine/stool control, fever, cancer history, or major injury needs urgent care.
Medicine names, dose, and timing must be decided by a qualified clinician or pharmacist after checking age, pregnancy, allergy, other diseases, and current medicines.

For rural patients and family caregivers

Patient health record and symptom diary

Write your symptoms, medicines already taken, test results, and questions before visiting a doctor. This note stays on your device unless you print or copy it.

Doctor to discuss: Orthopedic / spine specialist, physical medicine doctor, or qualified clinician
Tests to discuss with doctor
  • Neurological examination for leg power, sensation, reflexes, and straight leg raise
  • X-ray only if injury, deformity, long-lasting pain, or doctor suspects bone problem
  • MRI discussion if severe nerve symptoms, weakness, bladder/bowel problem, or persistent symptoms
Questions to ask
  • What is the most likely cause of my symptoms?
  • Which warning signs mean I should go to emergency care?
  • Which tests are really needed now?
  • Which medicines are safe for my age, pregnancy status, allergy, kidney/liver/stomach condition, and current medicines?
  • Is physiotherapy, posture correction, or activity modification needed?

Emergency warning signs such as chest pain, severe breathing difficulty, sudden weakness, confusion, severe dehydration, major injury, or loss of bladder/bowel control need urgent medical care. Do not wait for online information.

Safe pathway to proper treatment

Care roadmap for: Transient Global Amnesia

Use this simple roadmap to understand the next safe steps. It is educational and does not replace examination by a doctor.

Go to emergency care if you notice:
  • Severe or rapidly worsening symptoms
  • Breathing difficulty, chest pain, fainting, confusion, severe weakness, major injury, or severe dehydration
Doctor / service to discuss: Qualified healthcare provider; specialist depends on symptoms and examination.
  1. Step 1

    Check danger signs first

    If danger signs are present, seek emergency care and do not wait for online information.

  2. Step 2

    Record the symptom story

    Write when symptoms started, severity, medicines already taken, allergies, pregnancy status, and test results.

  3. Step 3

    Visit a qualified clinician

    A doctor, nurse, or qualified healthcare provider can examine you and decide which tests or treatment are needed.

  4. Step 4

    Do only useful tests

    Do tests after clinical assessment. Avoid unnecessary tests, random antibiotics, or repeated medicines without diagnosis.

  5. Step 5

    Follow up and return early if worse

    If symptoms worsen, new warning signs appear, or treatment is not helping, return for review quickly.

Rural patient practical tips
  • Take a written symptom diary and all previous prescriptions/test reports.
  • Do not hide medicines already taken, even herbal or over-the-counter medicines.
  • Ask which warning signs mean urgent referral to hospital.

This roadmap is for education. A real diagnosis and treatment plan requires history, examination, and clinical judgment.

RX Patient Help

Ask a health question safely

Write your symptom story. A health professional or site editor can review it before any answer is prepared. This box is not for emergency care.

Emergency first: Severe chest pain, breathing trouble, unconsciousness, stroke signs, severe injury, heavy bleeding, or rapidly worsening symptoms need urgent local medical care now.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is this article a replacement for a doctor?

No. It is educational content only. Patients should consult a qualified clinician for diagnosis and treatment.

When should I seek urgent care?

Seek urgent care for severe symptoms, rapidly worsening condition, breathing difficulty, severe pain, neurological changes, or any emergency warning sign.

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Open a focused A–Z pathway or continue with closely related indexed articles. These links are educational and do not replace personal medical care.

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Diseases A–Z

аренда квартир минск на сутки

Отеля случаются разные. То и дело качество сервиса в течение наших отелях умножается вместе от стоимостью,…

Diseases A–Z

然後很快，巨人王、矮人王等等，都做出了相近的動作。

彷彿會傳染一般。 接下來的一天裡，星空強者們挨個發呆、清理耳朵，好像在進行某種虔誠的儀式，將青海之王加斯頓·菲戈的名字，迎進耳中！ 恭迎星空間，新的至強者！「行了行了，你也別說那麼多了，反正我有文書，現在這地方是我的。」薛染香懶得繼續糾纏：「你讓我把明年的租金付了，那也不可能。 我一個子還沒掙呢，你先讓我掏銀子，我也掏不出。 你也看出來了，我就是一個尋尋常常的小姑娘，想做點小買賣糊口而已。 你就看著我這情況，你提個條件 《小神仙，請留步》第292回賴皮生病了…… 。 「我……我也不知道百靈是誰。」 劉偉撓著頭非常誠懇的說着，不過他的回答並不能得到秦曦倩的認同。 「那蘇夢菡是誰？」 「蘇夢菡？」劉偉想了想搖著頭說道，「不知道。」 「你又不知道？」秦曦倩站起身來到劉偉面前，她那女王般的氣場再一次展現在劉偉面前，「你和李子孝的關係應該很近吧？他是不是交代過你不準對我說實話？」 劉偉將頭轉向一旁不敢去直視秦曦倩，「秦老師你不要……」 「看着我的眼睛！」 秦曦倩突然厲聲道，這一聲嚇了劉偉一跳緊忙對上秦曦倩的雙眼，可是兩人的視線碰撞在一起沒有兩秒鐘劉偉又迅速移開了目光。…

Diseases A–Z

輕公主瞬間愣在了原地，清楚地感受到腦門傳來一陣輕微的疼痛，讓她獃獃的伸手捂住了額頭。

别是闲滋味 這個男人在究竟在做什麼？他竟然敢真的打自己？ 簡直不要命了？一時間眼底蓄滿了龐勃的怒意，惡狠狠地盯著蘇興思，恨不得將他千刀萬剮。 周圍的人也愣住了，這個男人竟然真的敢打輕公主，他是真的不要命了嗎？ 果然，他和那個土包子一樣，都是不怕死的主。 蘇興思被周圍的眼神看的十分不自在。 特別是當他注意到對面女人看著他的雙眼幾乎要冒火的模樣時，尷尬的再一次摸了摸鼻子，小聲道： 「這可不是我想打的，是你讓我打你的！」 他這樣做不過就是滿足她的要求罷了！ 再說了，他又沒有敢真打，就是摸摸她的腦袋。 別說，那公主雖然脾氣火爆，皮膚的觸感真是沒得說，摸起來還挺有感覺得。 話說，他現在的手還有點痒痒的，要不是看她如此生氣的模樣，他就真的動手了。 下一秒鐘，輕公主暴怒的聲音直接傳了過來：「你敢這樣對我……我要殺了你！」 她的小臉不知道是氣的還是羞的通紅，這一瞬間，蘇興思看著她鮮活的表情，再一次微微愣神。 別說，拋開這丫頭的脾氣不說，她長得還算是勉強入眼。 也就比他妹妹差那麼一丟丟吧！…

Diseases A–Z

然後他就看到了倆人自行車後座的一大包鹹魚，散發着誘人的腥味。

「你想搶嗎？」阿夏期待地看他。 「咱們都是好人，干不出來那種事。」趙華很明智地搖頭。 現在馬上就要度過不見陽光的日子了，讓他找到一塊地，他就能自給自足，犯不上冒任何險，只要這一推車的東西能保留，他有很大把握活下去。 「太陽快出來了。」他說。 「是呀，又度過一場災難。」陸安應道，這個世界真是多災多難。 「你們棉衣都脫掉了。」 「再過些日子毛衣應該也能脫掉，畢竟這好像是夏天來着。」 三個人在荒涼的高速路旁一邊搭話一邊收拾東西。 老鄉見老鄉，本就應該是這種場面。末世后第十二年，對於他們來說，所有一切人形生物都可以算作老鄉。 這傢伙好像不錯，陸安這樣覺得，長得也不恐怖，就是有點像劉皇叔，兩條胳膊有王者之氣，這要生活在古代，振臂一呼，說不定就能聚起個起義軍。 把工具互換，趙華研究自行車有什麼毛病，還能不能用，不然這對狗……好吧，現在不應該叫狗男女，他們兩個人貌似不錯，不然沒理由和他換，直接用搶。 陸安也在檢查小推車的輪子，看有沒有什麼暗傷，會不會快要損壞，免得阿夏坐上去忽然報廢，那他們就真的要把自行車搶回來了。 檢查完畢，把物資重新裝車，陸安讓阿夏坐到車上，他則拿着繩子放到肩上，試着往前拉動。 確實比自行車要好用。 阿夏縮在車上，坐着一堆衣服和被子，手裏拿着柴刀面朝身後，盯着趙華，然後小推車咕嚕咕嚕越走越遠。 趙華站在原地搔了搔頭，眼前一幕讓他心裏有點說不出的滋味。…

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