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Pioglitazone is an orally-active thiazolidinedione with antidiabetic properties and potential antineoplastic activity. Pioglitazone activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma), a ligand-activated transcription factor, thereby inducing cell differentiation and inhibiting cell growth and angiogenesis. This agent also modulates the transcription of insulin-responsive genes, inhibits macrophage and monocyte activation, and stimulates adipocyte differentiation.
Pioglitazone is a medication belonging to the thiazolidinedione class of drugs that are used as adjuncts to diet, exercise, and other insulin is low or not working well. সহজ বাংলা: রক্তে চিনি বেশি থাকার রোগ।" data-rx-term="diabetes" data-rx-definition="Diabetes is a condition where blood sugar stays too high because insulin is low or not working well. সহজ বাংলা: রক্তে চিনি বেশি থাকার রোগ।">diabetes medications to manage type 2 diabetes mellitus. The thiazolidinedione class of medications exerts its pharmacological effect primarily by promoting insulin sensitivity and the improved uptake of blood glucose. Following entry into fat cell nuclei, pioglitazone selectively binds to the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma (PPARγ)
Mechanism of action of Pioglitazone
Pioglitazone acts as a selective agonist at Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Gamma (PPARγ) in target tissues for insulin action such as adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and liver. Activation of PPAR-gamma receptors increases the transcription of insulin-responsive genes involved in the control of glucose production, transport, and utilization. In this way, pioglitazone both enhances tissue sensitivity to insulin and reduces the production of glucose via the liver (hepatic gluconeogenesis). Thus, insulin resistance associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus is improved without an increase in insulin secretion by pancreatic β cells.
or
Thiazolidinediones reduce insulin resistance not only in type 2 diabetes but also in non-diabetic conditions associated with insulin resistance such as obesity. The mechanism of action involves binding to the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)gamma, a transcription factor that regulates the expression of specific genes especially in fat cells but also in other tissues. It is likely that thiazolidinediones primarily act in adipose tissue where PPARgamma is predominantly expressed. Thiazolidinediones have been shown to interfere with expression and release of mediators of insulin resistance originating in adipose tissue (e.g. free fatty acids, adipocytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha, resistin, adiponectin) in a way that results in net improvement of insulin sensitivity (i.e. in muscle and liver). Nevertheless, a direct molecular effect in skeletal muscle cannot be excluded.
or
Pioglitazone, a full peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma agonist, improves insulin sensitivity by increasing circulating adiponectin levels. However, the molecular mechanisms by which pioglitazone induces insulin sensitization are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated whether pioglitazone improves insulin resistance via upregulation of either 2 distinct receptors for adiponectin (AdipoR1 or AdipoR2) expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Glucose uptake was evaluated by 2-[(3)H] deoxy-glucose uptake assay in 3T3-L1 adipocytes with pioglitazone treatment. AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 mRNA expressions were analyzed by qRT-PCR. /The investigators/ first confirmed that pioglitazone significantly increased insulin-induced 2-deoxyglucose (2-DOG) uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Next, we investigated the mRNA expression and regulation of AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 after treatment with pioglitazone. Interestingly, pioglitazonesignificantly induced AdipoR2 expression but it did not affect AdipoR1 expression. In addition, adenovirus-mediated PPARgamma expression significantly enhanced the effects of pioglitazone on insulin-stimulated 2-DOG uptake and AdipoR2 expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. These data suggest that pioglitazone enhances adiponectin’s autocrine and paracrine actions in 3T3-L1 adipocytes via upregulation of PPARgamma-mediated AdipoR2 expression. Furthermore, we found that pioglitazone significantly increased AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation in insulin-stimulated 3T3-L1 adipocytes, but it did not lead to the phosphorylation of IRS-1, Akt, or protein kinase C?/?. … Pioglitazone increases insulin sensitivity, at least partly, by PPARgamma-AdipoR2-mediated AMPK phosphorylation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In conclusion, the upregulation of AdipoR2 expression may be one of the mechanisms by which pioglitazone improves insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
Indications of Pioglitazone
- Type 2 insulin is low or not working well. সহজ বাংলা: রক্তে চিনি বেশি থাকার রোগ।" data-rx-term="diabetes" data-rx-definition="Diabetes is a condition where blood sugar stays too high because insulin is low or not working well. সহজ বাংলা: রক্তে চিনি বেশি থাকার রোগ।">Diabetes Mellitus
- insulin is low or not working well. সহজ বাংলা: রক্তে চিনি বেশি থাকার রোগ।" data-rx-term="diabetes" data-rx-definition="Diabetes is a condition where blood sugar stays too high because insulin is low or not working well. সহজ বাংলা: রক্তে চিনি বেশি থাকার রোগ।">Diabetes, Type 2
- Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Drug Indication FDA Level
- insulin is low or not working well. সহজ বাংলা: রক্তে চিনি বেশি থাকার রোগ।" data-rx-term="diabetes" data-rx-definition="Diabetes is a condition where blood sugar stays too high because insulin is low or not working well. সহজ বাংলা: রক্তে চিনি বেশি থাকার রোগ।">Diabetes, Type 2
- Pioglitazone is indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 insulin is low or not working well. সহজ বাংলা: রক্তে চিনি বেশি থাকার রোগ।" data-rx-term="diabetes" data-rx-definition="Diabetes is a condition where blood sugar stays too high because insulin is low or not working well. সহজ বাংলা: রক্তে চিনি বেশি থাকার রোগ।">diabetes mellitus
- Pioglitazone is indicated as second or third line treatment of type 2 insulin is low or not working well. সহজ বাংলা: রক্তে চিনি বেশি থাকার রোগ।" data-rx-term="diabetes" data-rx-definition="Diabetes is a condition where blood sugar stays too high because insulin is low or not working well. সহজ বাংলা: রক্তে চিনি বেশি থাকার রোগ।">diabetes mellitus as described below, asmonotherapy in adult patients (particularly overweight patients) inadequately controlled by diet and exercise for whom metformin is inappropriate because of contraindications or intolerance asdual oral therapyin combination with
- metformin, in adult patients (particularly overweight patients) with insufficient glycaemic control despite maximal tolerated dose of monotherapy with metformin a sulphonylurea, only in adult patients who show intolerance to metformin or for whom metformin is contraindicated, with insufficient glycaemic control despite maximal tolerated dose of monotherapy with a sulphonylurea.
- astriple oral therapyin combination with metformin and a sulphonylurea, in adult patients (particularly overweight patients) with insufficient glycaemic control despite dual oral therapy.
- Pioglitazone is also indicated for combination with insulin in type 2 diabetes mellitus adult patients with insufficient glycaemic control on insulin for whom metformin is inappropriate because of contraindications or intolerance
- After initiation of therapy with pioglitazone, patients should be reviewed after 3 to 6 months to assess adequacy of response to treatment (e.g. reduction in HbA1c). In patients who fail to show an adequate response, pioglitazone should be discontinued. In light of potential risks with prolonged therapy, prescribers should confirm at subsequent routine reviews that the benefit of pioglitazone is maintained.
- Pioglitazone is indicated as second or third line treatment of type 2 insulin is low or not working well. সহজ বাংলা: রক্তে চিনি বেশি থাকার রোগ।" data-rx-term="diabetes" data-rx-definition="Diabetes is a condition where blood sugar stays too high because insulin is low or not working well. সহজ বাংলা: রক্তে চিনি বেশি থাকার রোগ।">diabetes mellitus as described below:as monotherapy in adult patients (particularly overweight patients) inadequately controlled by diet and exercise for whom metformin is inappropriate because of contraindications or intolerance as dual oral therapy in combination with metformin, in adult patients (particularly overweight patients) with insufficient glycaemic control despite maximal tolerated dose of monotherapy with metformin a sulphonylurea, only in adult patients who show intolerance to metformin or for whom metformin is contraindicated, with insufficient glycaemic control despite maximal tolerated dose of monotherapy with a sulphonylurea.
- As triple oral therapy in combination with metformin and a sulphonylurea, in adult patients (particularly overweight patients) with insufficient glycaemic control despite dual oral therapy.
- Pioglitazone is also indicated for combination with insulin in type 2 diabetes mellitus adult patients with insufficient glycaemic control on insulin for whom metformin is inappropriate because of contraindications or intolerance .
- After initiation of therapy with pioglitazone, patients should be reviewed after 3 to 6 months to assess adequacy of response to treatment (e.g. reduction in HbA1c). In patients who fail to show an adequate response, pioglitazone should be discontinued. In light of potential risks with prolonged therapy, prescribers should confirm at subsequent routine reviews that the benefit of pioglitazone is maintained.
- Pioglitazone is indicated in the treatment of type 2 insulin is low or not working well. সহজ বাংলা: রক্তে চিনি বেশি থাকার রোগ।" data-rx-term="diabetes" data-rx-definition="Diabetes is a condition where blood sugar stays too high because insulin is low or not working well. সহজ বাংলা: রক্তে চিনি বেশি থাকার রোগ।">diabetes mellitus: asmonotherapy
- Pioglitazone is indicated as second or third line treatment of type 2 insulin is low or not working well. সহজ বাংলা: রক্তে চিনি বেশি থাকার রোগ।" data-rx-term="diabetes" data-rx-definition="Diabetes is a condition where blood sugar stays too high because insulin is low or not working well. সহজ বাংলা: রক্তে চিনি বেশি থাকার রোগ।">diabetes mellitus as described below: as monotherapy in adult patients (particularly overweight patients) inadequately controlled by diet and exercise for whom metformin is inappropriate because of contraindications o intolerance as dual oral therapy in combination with metformin, in adult patients (particularly overweight patients) with insufficient glycaemic control despite maximal tolerated dose of monotherapy with metformin a sulphonylurea, only in adult patients who show intolerance to metformin or for whom metformin is contraindicated, with insufficient glycaemic control despite maximal tolerated dose of monotherapy witha sulphonylurea. as triple oral therapy in combination with metformin and a sulphonylurea, in adult patients (particularly overweight patients) with insufficienglycaemic control despite dual oral therapy.
- Pioglitazone is also indicated for combination with insulin in type 2 diabetes mellitus adult patients with insufficient glycaemic control on insulin for whom metformin is inappropriate because of contraindications or intolerance.
- After initiation of therapy with pioglitazone, patients should be reviewed after 3 to 6 months to assessadequacy of response to treatment (e.g. reduction in HbA1c). In patients who fail to show an adequate response, pioglitazone should be discontinued. In light of potential risks with prolonged therapy,prescribers should confirm at subsequent routine reviews that the benefit of pioglitazone is maintained.
- Pioglitazone is indicated as second or third line treatment of type 2 insulin is low or not working well. সহজ বাংলা: রক্তে চিনি বেশি থাকার রোগ।" data-rx-term="diabetes" data-rx-definition="Diabetes is a condition where blood sugar stays too high because insulin is low or not working well. সহজ বাংলা: রক্তে চিনি বেশি থাকার রোগ।">diabetes mellitus as described below asmonotherapy
- Pioglitazone is indicated as second or third line treatment of type 2 insulin is low or not working well. সহজ বাংলা: রক্তে চিনি বেশি থাকার রোগ।" data-rx-term="diabetes" data-rx-definition="Diabetes is a condition where blood sugar stays too high because insulin is low or not working well. সহজ বাংলা: রক্তে চিনি বেশি থাকার রোগ।">diabetes mellitus as described below:as monotherapy in adult patients (particularly overweight patients) inadequately controlled by diet and exercise for whom metformin is inappropriate because of contraindications or intolerance as dual oral therapy in combination with metformin, in adult patients (particularly overweight patients) with insufficient glycaemic control despite maximal tolerated dose of monotherapy with metformin a sulphonylurea, only in adult patients who show intolerance to metformin or for whom metformin is contraindicated, with insufficient glycaemic control despite maximal tolerated dose of monotherapy with a sulphonylurea.
- Pioglitazone is indicated as second or third line in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus as described below , asmonotherapy
- Pioglitazone is indicated as second or third line treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus as described below: as monotherapy in adult patients (particularly overweight patients) inadequately controlled by diet and exercise for whom metformin is inappropriate because of contraindications or intolerance as dual oral therapy in combination with metformin, in adult patients (particularly overweight patients) with insufficient glycaemic control despite maximal tolerated dose of monotherapy with metformin a sulphonylurea, only in adult patients who show intolerance to metformin or for whom metformin is contraindicated, with insufficient glycaemic control despite maximal tolerated dose of monotherapy with a sulphonylurea as triple oral therapy in combination with metformin and a sulphonylurea, in adult patients (particularly overweight patients) with insufficient glycaemic control despite dual oral therapy.
- Pioglitazone is also indicated for combination with insulin in type 2 diabetes mellitus adult patients with insufficient glycaemic control on insulin for whom metformin is inappropriate because of contraindications or intolerance.After initiation of therapy with pioglitazone, patients should be reviewed after 3 to 6 months to assess adequacy of response to treatment (e.g. reduction in HbA1c). In patients who fail to show an adequate response, pioglitazone should be discontinued. In light of potential risks with prolonged therapy, prescribers should confirm at subsequent routine reviews that the benefit of pioglitazone is maintained
- Pioglitazone is indicated as second or third line treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus as described below: as monotherapy in adult patients (particularly overweight patients) inadequately controlled by diet and exercise for whom metformin is inappropriate because of contraindications or intolerance
- Pioglitazone is also indicated for combination with insulin in type 2 diabetes mellitus adult patients with insufficient glycaemic control on insulin for whom metformin is inappropriate because of contraindications or intolerance.After initiation of therapy with pioglitazone, patients should be reviewed after 3 to 6 months to assess adequacy of response to treatment (e.g. reduction in HbA1c). In patients who fail to show an adequate response, pioglitazone should be discontinued. In light of potential risks with prolonged therapy, prescribers should confirm at subsequent routine reviews that the benefit of pioglitazone is maintained.
- Treatment of adrenoleukodystrophy
Contra Indications of Pioglitazone
- Dilated neck veins
- Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients
- Cardiac failure or history of cardiac failure (NYHA stages I to IV)
- Hepatic impairment
- Diabetic ketoacidosis
- Current bladder cancer or a history of bladder cancer,
- Uninvestigated macroscopic haematuria.
Dosage of Pioglitazone
Diabetes Type 2
- gas (flatulence)
- Patients without congestive heart failure:
- Initial dose: 15 mg or 30 mg orally once a day
Patients with congestive heart failure (New York Heart Association [NYHA] Class I or II)
- 15 mg ,30 mg ,45 mg
- Initial dose: 15 mg orally once a day
- Maintenance dose: 15 mg to 45 mg orally once a day based on glycemic response as determined by HbA1c
- Maximum dose: 45 mg orally once a day
Side Effects of Pioglitazone
Most common
- Chest pain
- decreased urine output
- dilated neck veins
- extreme fatigue
- abdominal pain,
- physical weakness (asthenia)
- diarrhea
- gas (flatulence)
- symptoms of weakness, muscle pain (myalgia)
- upper respiratory tract infection
- low blood sugar (hypoglycemia)
- abdominal pain (GI complaints), lactic acidosis (rare)
- low blood levels of vitamin B-12
- nausea,vomiting
- chest discomfort
- chills, dizziness
- bloating/abdominal distention
- constipation
- heartburn
More common
- Abdominal or stomach discomfort
- cough or hoarseness
- decreased appetite
- diarrhea
- fast or shallow breathing
- fever or chills
- general feeling of discomfort
- lower back or side pain
- muscle pain or cramping
- painful or difficult urination
Less common
- Abnormal stools
- bad, unusual, or unpleasant (after) taste
- change in taste
- difficulty with moving
- discoloration of the fingernails or toenails
- flu-like symptoms
- joint pain
- rash
- runny nose
- sneezing
- stuffy nose
- swollen joints
Drug Interactions of Pioglitazone
Pioglitazone may interact with following drugs ,suppliments & may decrease the efficacy of drug
- angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs; captopril, enarapril,ramipril)
- alcohol
- antipsychotic medications (e.g., chlorpromazine, haloperidol, olanzapine,
- atypical antipsychotics (e.g., clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone)
- “azole” antifungals (e.g., itraconazole, ketoconazole, voriconazole)
- barbiturates (e.g., pentobarbital, phenobarbital)
- cyclosporine
- diabetes medications (e.g., chlorpropamide, glipizide, glyburide, insulin, metformin, nateglinide, pioglitazone)
- diuretics (water pills; e.g., furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, triamterene)
- phenytoin
- pregabalin
- irbesartan
- lapatinib
- losartan
- mifepristone
- corticosteroids (e.g., dexamethasone, prednisone)
- diabetic drugs (e.g., glyburide, insulin, repaglinide, sitagliptin)
- diuretics (e.g., furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide)
- HIV protease inhibitors (e.g., atazanavir, indinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir)
- phenytoin
- quinolone antibiotics (e.g., levofloxacin, moxifloxacin)
- selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs; citalopram, fluoxetine, sertraline paroxetine,
- trimethoprim
- vancomycin
- verapamil
- warfarin
Pregnancy & Lactation of Pioglitazone
FDA Pregnancy Category : Not catagorised
Pregnancy
Pioglitazone has not been studied for use by pregnant women. This medication should not be used during pregnancy. In general, blood sugar should be controlled during pregnancy by using insulin injections. If you become pregnant while taking this medication, contact your doctor immediately.
Breast-feeding
It is not known if pioglitazone passes into breast milk. If you are a breast-feeding mother and are taking this medication, it may affect your baby. Talk to your doctor about whether you should continue breast-feeding . The safety and effectiveness of using this medication have not been established for children.
References
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Pioglitazone
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Pioglitazone
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Pioglitazone
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pioglitazone
https://ec.europa.eu/health/documents/community-register/html/h150.htm
pioglitazonehttps://ec.europa.eu/health/documents/community-register/html/h151.htm
pioglitazonehttps://ec.europa.eu/health/documents/community-register/html/h721.htm
pioglitazonehttps://ec.europa.eu/health/documents/community-register/html/h722.htm
pioglitazonehttps://ec.europa.eu/health/documents/community-register/html/h755.htm
pioglitazonehttps://ec.europa.eu/health/documents/community-register/html/h756.htm
pioglitazonehttps://ec.europa.eu/health/documents/community-register/html/h723.htm
pioglitazonehttps://ec.europa.eu/health/documents/community-register/html/h757.htm
pioglitazonehttps://ec.europa.eu/health/documents/community-register/html/h758.htm
pioglitazonehttps://ec.europa.eu/health/documents/community-register/html/h754.htm
pioglitazonehttps://ec.europa.eu/health/documents/community-register/html/o1245.htm
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5-[4-[2-(5-Ethyl-2-pyridyl)ethoxy]benzyl]thiazolidine-2,4-dione
https://echa.europa.eu/information-on-chemicals/cl-inventory-database/-/discli/details/40253
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Patent:8071130
