In late summer, it bears green fruit, about 2 cm (0.79 in) diameter, in large, grape-like clusters.^[rx] The fruit gradually ripens to a purplish color. Each contains a large pit that constitutes most of the volume of the fruit.

Coccoloba uvifera commonly known as sea grape, uva de playa or uvero in Spanish, and raisin bord de Mer in French is a small, low branching shrub or tree that grows up to 15m in height. It is a flowering plant from the Polygonaceae family, which also includes buckwheat. The plant is native to coastal beaches throughout tropical America and the Caribbean, including southern Florida, the Bahamas, Barbados, and Bermuda. Few of the popular common names of the plant are Bay Grape, Bow Pigeon, Caracas Kino, Coccoloba Kino, Columbian Kino, Hopwood, Horsewood, Jamaican Kino, Mangrove Grape, Platter leaf, Pigeon Wood, Sea Grape, Seaside Grape, Seaside Plum, Shore Sea-Grape, Shore Grape, South American Kino, West Indian Kino, Wild Grape, Wild Mangrove Grape and Wild Seaside Grape. The sea grape tree is wind resistant and highly tolerant of salt conditions. For this reason, many are seen planted along the beach edges in Barbados as they also aid in adding stability to these very beach edges. The male and female plants can be distinguished by the appearance of their flowers with the males showing dead flower stalks.

Plant description

Seagrapes are sprawling evergreen shrub or small tree that grows about 2–15 m high with a bole of 30–60 cm with spreading or sprawling branches and a sparse crown. The plant is found growing in tropical climatic conditions mainly in the coastal hammocks, coastal scrub, coastal grasslands, and beach strands. It is widely tolerant to most soils, provided they are well-drained. It grows well in sandy soil but usually grows faster and larger in more fertile soils. Minor element deficiencies may appear in calcareous soils. Barks are smooth grayish to mottled with patches of white, gray, and light brown bark that peels off in flakes, with reddish sap, the inner bark is light brown. Twigs are green and puberulent when young, grey at maturity, glabrous or pubescent.

Leaves

Leaves are alternate, short-petioled, large, leathery, glossy, dark green, broadly bean-shaped, with wavy margins, up to 15 centimeters long, 8 in (20.3 cm) in diameter with a reddish-colored primary vein extending from the base. The entire leaf turns red as it ages.

Flower

Inflorescences are 10–30 cm, puberulent or glabrous, pistillate pendent in fruit; peduncle 1–5 cm, glabrous. Pedicels are 1–4 mm, glabrous. The flowers are small, white, and fragrant with five petals and eight stamens and bloom mainly in spring but also occasionally throughout the rest of the year, with female and male flowers on different plants.

Fruit

The flowers on female plants are followed by globose to pear-shaped fruit about 3/4 inches in diameter. The fruit has the size of a large marble but a bit tougher than the ordinary grape and it has one large seed. The fruit remains green and hard for a long time but eventually one by one they change to their mature deep purple color when ripe. It is produced in large clusters resembling grapes. The edible pulp which varies from acid to sweet and insipid surrounds a single, large, pointed seed which may account for 2/3 of the fruit volume. Fruit normally ripens unevenly in individual racemes and readily drops from the tree. Most fruit matures during the summer, but in some years some fruit may mature in late fall because of late bloom. Fruit is produced only on female trees but a male tree must be present for pollination. Assurance of a productive female tree with good quality fruit needs vegetative propagation. The large tree generally produces several thousand fruits per season, more than enough for individual use.

History

The Plant is indigenous to Mexico, northern South America, the Caribbean and southern Florida. It is now found pantropically and has been introduced to Taiwan, Australia, and the Philippines. In its native tropical range from Argentina north throughout the West Indies and in Florida, it occurs on sandy coasts, coastal hammocks, coastal scrub, coastal grasslands, and beach strands. It thrives in full sun to partial shade. It is drought tolerant and highly tolerant of salt spray and salty soils as well as strong sun and wind. It is often planted as a windbreak near beaches and as a hedge. It is sensitive to frost.

Health Benefits of Sea Grape

The fruit is loaded with numerous important vitamins and minerals essential for the proper functioning of the entire body. Listed below are a few of the popular health benefits of consuming Seagrapes

1. Strengthen Bones and Joints

Sea Grapes consist of a good amount of protein, calcium, and polyunsaturated fatty acids found in the omega3 group (DHA, EPA, ALA), effective in calming infection?, or irritation, often causing pain?, swelling?, heat, or redness. সহজ বাংলা: শরীরের প্রদাহ; ব্যথা, ফোলা বা লালভাব হতে পারে।" data-rx-term="inflammation" data-rx-definition="Inflammation is the body’s response to injury, infection, or irritation, often causing pain, swelling, heat, or redness. সহজ বাংলা: শরীরের প্রদাহ; ব্যথা, ফোলা বা লালভাব হতে পারে।">inflammation? and reducing the symptoms of stiffness?, or reduced movement. সহজ বাংলা: জয়েন্টের প্রদাহ।" data-rx-term="arthritis" data-rx-definition="Arthritis means joint inflammation causing pain, swelling, stiffness, or reduced movement. সহজ বাংলা: জয়েন্টের প্রদাহ।">arthritis?.

2. Helps Strengthen Eyesight and the Heart

Sea Grapes consists of unsaturated fatty acids AA, LA, DHA, EPA, and ALA that help to strengthen eyesight and memory, reduce cholesterol?, increase the elasticity of blood vessels, prevent oxidation, maintain collagen structure of the arteries, preventing cardiovascular diseases such as stroke?, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction?.

3. Helps Prevent Hypertension? and insulin? is low or not working well. সহজ বাংলা: রক্তে চিনি বেশি থাকার রোগ।" data-rx-term="diabetes" data-rx-definition="Diabetes is a condition where blood sugar stays too high because insulin is low or not working well. সহজ বাংলা: রক্তে চিনি বেশি থাকার রোগ।">Diabetes?

Sea Grapes are a wonderful source of calcium, potassium, and vitamin C and are effective in reducing blood pressure due to the ability to promote excretion and maintain normal blood pressure for people with high blood pressure. In addition to vitamin C, Sea Grapes also help control sugar levels and activity of free radicals, reduce the intracellular accumulation of sorbitol and inhibit the binding of glucose and protein, reducing complications of insulin? is low or not working well. সহজ বাংলা: রক্তে চিনি বেশি থাকার রোগ।" data-rx-term="diabetes" data-rx-definition="Diabetes is a condition where blood sugar stays too high because insulin is low or not working well. সহজ বাংলা: রক্তে চিনি বেশি থাকার রোগ।">diabetes?.

4. Helps Prevent Constipation?

Sea Grapes contain very low calories and sugar, allowing good bacteria to digest food and excrete waste quickly which is effective in preventing constipation?.

5. Helps Prevent Goiter?

100g of Sea Grapes consists of about 1.8mg Iodine. Consuming 30gr of Sea Grapes a day can provide adequate Iodine required for the thyroid?, help prevent goiter?.

6. Helps Generate Beautiful Skin and Silky Hair

Fat found in Sea Grapes helps protect cell membranes, improve elasticity and lower the permeability of the vessel wall to reduce the symptoms of dry skin. Rich with vitamin A, C Sea Grapes are capable of producing collagen and antioxidants and are considered natural cosmetics that help improve skin, hair and slow the aging process.

7. Helps Prevent Obesity

Sea Grapes consist of less amount of sugar but are rich in calcium, zinc, iron, vegetable protein, vitamin C, and polyunsaturated fatty acids are considered a nutritious and safe food for overweight and dieting consumers.

Traditional uses and benefits of sea Grapes

• Leaves bark and roots were traditionally used by the Native Americans to make medicinal teas.
• Both the juice and decoctions of wood, bark, and roots of the sea grape are astringent and were used to treat diarrhea?, dysentery, hemorrhages, and venereal diseases.
• Juice and decoction are applied externally for rashes and other skin afflictions.
• Tea made from the leaves was used to treat hoarseness and asthma, and to bathe wounds.
• Resinous gum of the bark was also used against throat ailments.
• Root decoction was used against dysentery.
• The whole plant produces an astringent juice which is used to treat diarrhea? and dysentery.
• Decoction of bark is used for intestinal disorders.
• A decoction made from leaves helps in curing asthma, hoarseness, and also cleaning the wounds.
• Seagrapes help in digestion and also help in the proper functioning of the liver.
• These fruits help in reducing the overall glucose content present in the body.
• It also helps in decreasing the cholesterol? content in the body.
• It helps in counterbalancing the blood pressure of the body.
• Alcohol added to tea made from the bark of sea grape is taken for ulcers in Yucatan.
• Decoction of leaves used for menopausal symptoms, diarrhea?, tumors, anemia?, skin irritations, asthma in Dominican Republic.
• Fruit is also effective against diabetes?.
• It increases immune response, can treat meningitis and reduces the level of cholesterol in the blood.
• The drink made from boiling all the parts of the plant together are used to treat diarrhea.
• Leaves can be used as a compress for boils.
• Putting the leaves on a person’s head is said to stop headaches.

Culinary uses

• Fruit is edible; the pulp can be eaten fresh or made into jams, jellies, or fermented to make wine.
• Fruits are eaten and a beverage is made that is used as a medicine on the island of Trinidad.

Other facts

• Sea-grape is used as hedges and as an ornamental street tree in coastal cities throughout the tropics.
• It is also used as a windbreak and is planted along the seashore to stabilize the sandy soils.
• Wood is used for furniture, carvings, and for fuel.
• The resin of the bark is used in tanning and yields a red dye.
• The plant is also valued for honey production.
• In Jamaica and Cuba, it is in demand for cabinet making and furniture.
• The wood of the sea grape is occasionally used for firewood, making charcoal, and even cabinetry.
• The sap of the sea grape is used in the West Indies and Jamaica for dyeing and tanning of leather.
• It is sometimes used as a subject for bonsai.
• Plants are used to form hedges and also grow in the streets of the cities coming under the coastal regions.
• These plants act as barriers of wind near the coasts and also as hedges surrounding shopping centers and also parking areas.

References