Crataegus Monogyna/The Hawthorn is native to Ireland and its genus name Crataegus, from the Greek Kratos, which means strength, is thought to be a reference to the hardness of the hawthorn’s wood. Hawthorn is a scientifically named Crataegus monogyna a hawthorn species being native to Northwest Africa, Europe, and Western Asia. It is considered an invasive weed in various parts of the world. It is a small tree or shrub which is 5 to 14 m in height with dull brown barks and vertical orange cracks. Stems Hawthorn belonging to the rose family is a common thorny shrub that grows up to the height of 5 feet in sunny wooded areas. The plant blooms in May and grows in small white, pink or red clusters. Flowers give way to small berries called haws which become red when ripe. It has shiny leaves which grow in different shapes and sizes. Common names of Hawthorn are Haw, Whitethorn, May, Hawthorn, Single-seeded hawthorn, Common hawthorn, Mayblossom, Quickthorn, Maythorn, Motherdie, One-seeded hawthorn, Red hawthorn, Singlespeed hawthorn, Quick-set Hawthorn, Midland Hawthorn, Smooth hawthorn, Woodland hawthorn, One seed Hawthorn, Mayflower and Whitehorn.

Hawthorn is used to helping protect against heart disease and help control high blood pressure and high cholesterol?. Both animal and human studies suggest hawthorn increases coronary artery blood flow, improves circulation, and lowers blood pressure. It has also been used on the skin to treat boils and skin sores.

While these are not life-threatening events, be sure to talk with a healthcare professional if you experience any of these symptoms. Side effects from consuming hawthorn berries tend to be mild. They often include sweating, headaches, sleepiness, palpitations, mild rash?, agitation, and gastrointestinal effects.

Since the 1^st century, hawthorn is used for treating heart problems, respiratory illnesses, and circulatory disorders. The fruits are used to cure high blood pressure, heartbeat, hardening of arteries, chest pain?, and heart failure. Flowers and leaves are also used for medicinal purposes. The laboratory studies have shown that Hawthorn has antioxidants such as quercetin and oligomeric procyanidins that help to eliminate free radicals which damage cell membranes and also cause cell death. Flavonoids help to promote blood flow, assist in the dilation of blood vessels, and prevent damage to blood vessels. The flowers and leaves contain more flavonoids in comparison to berries.

History

Hawthorn has been used for therapeutic and decorative purposes dating back to 2,000 years. Ancient Greeks and Romans used it for corsages and wedding bouquets for marriage ceremonies. Romans regarded the leaves as having the ability to counteract evil spirits. The Greek medical doctor Discords used for therapeutic purposes in the 1st first century A.D. Hawthorn is grown like a hedge plant in England and Continental Europe. In folk medicine,  leaves and flowers are used as a tonic for the heart.

Hawthorne was used in past as a diuretic to treat kidney stones. Later in the 1800s, doctors found some benefits of Hawthorn for the heart. The extract made with the utilization of leaves and flowers was effective in cardiac health and contractility of heart muscles. Hawthorn has flavonoids that are able to promote blood circulation in the heart with the dilation of blood vessels in coronary arteries. Native Americans used Hawthorne as a treatment for rheumatism and heart disease.

Plant

Hawthorn bears sharp thorns of 1-1.5 m long. Leaves are deeply lobed, and obovate measures 2 to 4 cm long. The underneath leaves are paler and the upper surface is dark green. The hermaphrodite flowers have five white petals, single style, numerous red stamens, and measure 1 cm in diameter. Pollination occurs due to bees, midges, and other insects. Flowers turn into numerous haws which are small and oval fruit usually dark red in color. Fruit is like berries measuring 1 cm long with a single seed inside. Haws are formed from May to September. usually dark red in color. Fruit is like berries measuring 1 cm long with a single seed inside. Haws are formed from May to September.

Health Benefits of Hawthorn

Hawthorn is used in candies and beverages due to its sweet and tart flavor. Besides its culinary uses, it is used in China and India for medicinal uses as a digestive aid and to boost cardiovascular health. Hawthorn possesses numerous health benefits including lower anxiety, regulation of blood pressure, promoting digestion, preventing of heart, lowering chest pains, promoting respiratory health, promoting digestion, treatment for intestinal infections, enhancing mood and skin health as well as its appearance.

1. Lower chest pain?

Chest pain? is also known as angina which is very painful but does not always indicate a heart attack. But it is better to consult the doctor because it might be a signal for cardiovascular problems. Hawthorn could lower chest pain and has been used in traditional medicine for thousands of years.

2. Cardiovascular health

Hawthorn has a positive impact on heart health. It has the ability to lower the chances of cardiovascular problems with an increase in stamina, boosting energy, lowering shortness of breath, and also eliminating fatigue?. These small fruits contain catechins, saponins, organic compounds, and other antioxidants that counteract free radicals that affect heart health.

3. Normalize blood pressure

Hawthorn helps to normalize the level of blood pressure. The compound mixture found in Hawthorn establishes healthy blood pressure in the system and is useful for hypertension? and hypotension? patients.

4. Promote immunity?

Antioxidants assist in the elimination of harmful toxins in the body. Vitamin C helps to promote the activity of white blood cells to promote overall health.

5. Lowers anxiety

Hawthorn is useful for psychological conditions such as anxiety, stress, and depression. It is effective to improve mood. It has a vital impact on hormonal levels.

6. Improve cognition

Hawthorn assists in the circulation of blood throughout the body which leads to a high level of alertness and energy. The proper oxygenation of all body parts improves cognitive skills, and raises energy levels as well as metabolism.

7. Digestive health

Hawthorn has organic compounds that improve nutrient digestion. It improves the digestive process and eliminates the problems such as constipation?, cramping, bloating, and other serious conditions such as ulcers and colon cancer.

8. Skin health

Antioxidants found in Hawthorn are useful in treating sores, burns, and acne if applied topically to the skin. It has infection?, or irritation, often causing pain?, swelling?, heat, or redness. সহজ বাংলা: শরীরের প্রদাহ; ব্যথা, ফোলা বা লালভাব হতে পারে।" data-rx-term="inflammation" data-rx-definition="Inflammation is the body’s response to injury, infection, or irritation, often causing pain, swelling, heat, or redness. সহজ বাংলা: শরীরের প্রদাহ; ব্যথা, ফোলা বা লালভাব হতে পারে।">inflammation?, pain, or swelling. সহজ বাংলা: প্রদাহ/ফোলা/ব্যথা কমায়।" data-rx-term="anti-inflammatory" data-rx-definition="Anti-inflammatory means reducing inflammation, pain, or swelling. সহজ বাংলা: প্রদাহ/ফোলা/ব্যথা কমায়।">anti-inflammatory? compounds that lower itching in healing wounds and skin conditions such as psoriasis and eczema.

9. Prevent infections

Along with the enhancement of digestive health, it promotes the uptake of nutrients and also eliminates constipation?. It eliminates intestinal infections such as tapeworms from the body.

Types of Hawthorn Berry

Various types of Hawthorn yield delicious red berries as well as leaves. The berries are cream-colored with a huge stone in the center. It has a sweet flavor with an unpalatable aftertaste. Hawthorn berries are used for making jams, jellies, and preserves.

1. Douglas Hawthorn

The Douglas Hawthorn is a hawthorn that reaches a height of 30 feet. Similar to other hawthorns, the berries are used as a heart tonic. The berries are picked off from the tree and consumed raw or boiled and also used to make jam or dessert. The tree bear fruits in five to nine years.

2. Chinese Hawthorn

The fruit looks like a crab apple. The berries are used to make snacks and Haw flakes which is dark pink candy. The berries are used to form jams, jellies, and preserves. It is also used to make an alcoholic drink.

3. One-Seed Hawthorn

One-Seed Hawthorn is a wild hawthorn that produces white blooms and red berries. It is a source of food for birds. The berries are dried and ground and used as a substitute for coffee. It is used for baking and also ingested in the form of jams, jellies, and preserves. The leaves and berries are used as a treatment for heart disease, promote memory and also treat malaria.

4. Mexican Hawthorn

Mexican hawthorn is native to the mountainous regions of Mexico. The fruits are consumed raw or cooked as jam. The berries are also used to make candy.

Traditional uses

• Hawthorn is used to treat chronic? heart failure, chronic cor pulmonale, arrhythmias, and senile heart.
• It is used for myocardial weakness?, cardiac failure, hypertension?, paroxysmal tachycardia?, Buerger’s disease, and arteriosclerosis.
• Use the leaf and flower of Hawthorn to lower cardiac performance.
• Hawthorn is used in folk medicine as a treatment for hypertension?, cardiotonic, arrhythmia?, and ischemia? of the heart.
• Rich in flavonoids, it prevents the destruction of collagen in joints, decreases the fragility of capillaries, and lowers infection?, or irritation, often causing pain?, swelling?, heat, or redness. সহজ বাংলা: শরীরের প্রদাহ; ব্যথা, ফোলা বা লালভাব হতে পারে।" data-rx-term="inflammation" data-rx-definition="Inflammation is the body’s response to injury, infection, or irritation, often causing pain, swelling, heat, or redness. সহজ বাংলা: শরীরের প্রদাহ; ব্যথা, ফোলা বা লালভাব হতে পারে।">inflammation?.
• It effectively lowers the level of cholesterol?.
• In China, it is used for lowering blood stasis and food stagnancy.
• The therapeutic dilutions are effective for senile cardiac insufficiency, cardiac insufficiency, angina pectoris, and dysrhythmia.
• It is used for treating weak heart muscles, inflammation, and nervous heart problems.
• The bark is used as a cure for fevers and malaria.
• Roots are used to vitalize heart arteries.
• It promotes heart health, palpitations, shortness of breath, and exercise tolerance.

Precautions        

• The leaf, fruit, and flower of Hawthorn are contraindicated for breastfeeding and pregnant women.
• A high dose of Hawthorn results in cardiac arrhythmia?, hypotension?, low blood pressure, and sedation.
• It might cause adverse effects such as tremors and dizziness.
• When used with beta-blockers, it causes a hypertensive effect.
• Not recommended to use for children below 12 years of age.
• Its side effects are fatigue?, nausea?, sweating, and sedation.

How to Eat         

• Fruits are used in making jams, jellies, and syrups.
• The fruits are also used in making wine or adding flavor to brandy.
• The edible petals and leaves are added to salads.
• Fruits are consumed raw or cooked.
• The ground fruit is mixed with flour and used to make bread.
• In China, dried leaves are used as a substitute for tea.
• Roasted seeds are used as a substitute for coffee.
• It is used in candies and beverages.

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References