Commonly known as Monkey Guava or Jackalberry, Diospyros mespiliformis is an evergreen tree belonging to Ebenaceae (Ebony family) and is related to the true ebony and edible persimmon. The plant is native to Senegal east to Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Kenya, and south to Namibia, northern South Africa, and Swaziland, but it is nearly absent in the more humid forest zones of West and Central Africa. It is also found in Yemen. West African Ebony, Monkey guava, jackalberry,  African ebony, wild African ebony, West African ebony, swamp ebony, Transvaal ebony, ebony diospyros, Betre music, Chuma, Cum, Cumu, Ekumi, Ekumoit, Gaa, Gar, Gughan, Houang, M’cheng, Maumwa, Mchenya, Mkululu, Mokutshumo, Msumwa, mu -Koro, Mucula, Mukengia, Muqueue, Murriparipa, Mutona, Nana, Nyelenje, Omwandi, Rhodesian ebony, Toma, Umtfoma and Umtoma are some of the popular common names of the plant. Jackals are fond of the fruit, hence the common names.

The genus name Diospyros means divine pear, and the species name mespiliformis according to Venter 1996 is derived from Mesos, meaning half and pilots, meaning bullet, referring to the shape of the fruit. The wood is highly prized and therefore commonly harvested from the wild and traded internationally. The tree is an important source of food, medicine, and other commodities for the local people and is often kept unfelled when land is being cleared for farming. It is thus to be found in a state of being tended if not actually cultivated near villages.

Jackalberry Facts

Plant Description

Jackalberry is an evergreen or semi-deciduous, small to medium-sized tree that normally grows about 25 – 40 m tall with a dense, rounded, and buttressed stem. Bole is usually straight and cylindrical, branchless for up to 18 m and up to 150 –200 cm in diameter. The plant is found growing in riparian forest, more rarely on termite mounds or rocky outcrops, dry semi-evergreen forest, drier northern borders, woodland, wooded savanna, scattered tree grassland, and interfaces with fringing forest or woodland also dryer Combretum woodland and woodland in rocky places.

Trunk

The trunks grow straight and high, with the first spreading branches growing far above the ground. The mature trunks from older and heavier trees have fluted, flattened ridges along the trunk which strengthen them. The bark is blackish or dark brown when young, turning dark grey as the tree matures, with a rough texture, forming deep horizontal grooves. They are slash pinkish-brown or black outside and pink inside. Young branchlets are green, tomentellous with pinkish-white hairs, glabrescent later. They have a dense, dark green and spreading crown.

Wood

Wood is hard, and very strong, and almost completely resistant to termites. The heartwood is fine-grained and good for floors and high-quality furniture. It varies in color from light; reddish-brown to almost black. The dark grey bark develops longitudinal fissures with age.

Leaves

The alternate, mostly narrowly elliptic to narrowly oblong-elliptic or oblong to oblanceolate-elliptic leaves often remain on the tree until the new leaves form. The evergreen tree has simple leaves that are up to 3.5-19 cm. long and 1.5-7.5 cm. wide. Leaves tend to group at the ends of branches.  The thin, translucent, pubescent (hairy) new leaves are an attractive bright reddish color, particularly in young plants. The blade of mature leaves is leathery. Mature leaves are glossy dark green above and lighter green below.  They are thickish, leathery, and may turn yellow in autumn.  Veins? are delicate and are more visible below. The vein? pattern is best seen when a youngish leaf is viewed against a strong light. This photo shows that the lateral veins loop before reaching the margin. The base is rounded, narrowed, or tapering and may be asymmetric. Silky hairs may be present. The short petiole is up to 1 cm long and Stipules are absent.

Flowers

The cream to pale yellow, narrowly bell-shaped, and fragrant flowers are actinomorphic, regular, and symmetrical. Flowers arise in leaf axils.  Each flower is up to 1 – 2 cm long.  Flowers are dioecious (unisexual floral structures with male and female parts on separate plants).  The Perianth (the calyx and corolla) is divisible into 3 or more identical sectors.  The 5-lobed calyx is hairy and attached to the corolla.  The whitish, urn-shaped corolla appears as a single piece with 5 united petals.  It has short lobes and is externally hairy.  Male flowers are in small sessile bunches, are more numerous, and have a rudimentary ovary?.  The solitary female flowers have a short pedicel and a single pistil (a unit of the Gynoecium, the female element of the flower, composed of the ovary, style, and stigma), which rests on a hairless somewhat fleshy disc. The Ovary is superior. Creamy grey hairs are present on the calyx and pedicels.  Pollinators are mainly insects, including bees.

Fruit

Fertile flowers are followed by solitary, ovoid to almost spherical fleshy Berry.  It is up to 3 cm in diameter. Berry has a conspicuous fairly deeply lobed accrescent (increasing in size with age) calyx with recurved triangular lobes, reaching about a third of the way up the fruit. Fruit terminates with a persistent style forming a short, narrow tip.  Short, soft hairs are present only when young.  Green berry becomes yellowish or purplish when ripe.  The surface remains smooth or it may become slightly wrinkled.  It has tough skin with a thin layer of flesh.  At maturity, it is dry and dehisces slowly.  About 3 – 6 smooth seeds, up to 1- 3 cm long, are formed.  Each seed is compressed, oblong-ellipsoid, reddish-brown, mottled, and flattish. Seeds have a visible groove that is nearly straight.

Different varieties

Diospyros busses

Diospyros busses Gürke is a small evergreen tree up to 15 – 18 m tall, occurring in open woodland and wooded grassland in Somalia, eastern Kenya, and eastern Tanzania. Its dark brown heartwood is used in shipbuilding and for poles and walking sticks. The fruit is edible.

Diospyros ferrea

Diospyros ferrea (Willd.) Bakh. is a small tree up to 15 m tall, with bole up to 30 cm in diameter. It is even more widespread than Diospyros mespiliformis, occurring in a wide variety of habitats from Senegal east to Kenya and south to Angola, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, and Madagascar, but also in tropical Asia, Australia, Melanesia, and Polynesia. In tropical Asia, where Diospyros ferrea trees can reach larger dimensions, the heavy wood is used for joinery, furniture, musical instruments, sporting goods, utensils, carvings, and turnery. Heartwood can be blackish, often with yellowish streaks. The fruit pulp of Diospyros ferrea is edible. In Madagascar, leaf decoctions are used to treat stomachache.

Diospyros greenwayi

Diospyros greenways F.White is a shrub or small tree up to 15 m tall, endemic to eastern Kenya and eastern Tanzania. Its wood is occasionally used for poles in house building.

Diospyros kabuyeana

Diospyros kabuyeana F.White is an evergreen small tree up to 15 – 25 m tall, endemic to the moister forest and riverine forest in eastern Kenya and Tanzania. Its wood is used in house construction, especially for posts, and has been used for making bows.

Diospyros quiloensis

Diospyros quiloensis (Hiern) F.White is a small deciduous tree up to 10 m tall, native to Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique. The black heartwood is distinctly demarcated from the yellowish sapwood and is in great demand for carvings, e.g. for masks and animals for the tourist industry. Wood is sometimes also used in construction because of its great durability. The fruit pulp is edible.

Diospyros Sinensis

Diospyros Sinensis Klotzsch is a spiny shrub or small tree up to 12 m tall, occurring in dry deciduous forest and thickets in southern DR Congo, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique. Its tough wood is used in construction and for tool handles. Root infusions are applied to the chest of children to treat colds.

Diospyros squarrosa

Diospyros squarrosa Klotzsch is a shrub or small tree up to 12 m tall, occurring from southern DR Congo, Somalia, and Kenya south to Zimbabwe and Mozambique. The wood is used for poles and tool handles. The fruit pulp is edible. Decoctions of roots, bark, and leaves are administered to treat malaria.

Diospyros verrucosa

Diospyros verrucosa Hiern is a shrub or small tree up to 15(–18) m tall, endemic to southern Tanzania and northern Mozambique. Its wood is used for poles in house construction and for utensils. The fruit pulp is edible.

Traditional uses and benefits of Jackalberry

• Different plant parts can be made into variation and used in the treatment of fever, pneumonia, dysentery, syphilis, leprosy, yaws, menorrhea, diarrhea, headaches, arthritis, gingivitis, toothache, cuts and wounds, otitis, stomach pains, sores, ulcers, etc.
• The leaves are astringent, febrifuge, hemostatic, mildly laxative, stimulant and vermifuge.
• A decoction of leafy twigs is taken in a draught as a poison-antidote.
• The leaves and fruit are used internally for treating menorrhea and dysenteriform diarrhea.
• Externally, they are used in the treatment of headaches, arthritis, and dermal troubles.
• Leaves and fruit are chewed or applied as an infusion for treating gingivitis, toothache, as a dressing for cuts and wounds, and to prevent infection?.
• The sap is instilled into the ear for treating otitis.
• An infusion of the bark is used to treat stomach aches.
• Applied externally, it is used as a wash on sores, ulcers, etc.
• Shavings of the wood, combined with the pods of Acacia nilotica and roots of Borassus spp, are pounded in water and boiled for about two hours, after which the liquid is used in Nigeria to rinse the mouth for treating toothache.
• Sap from freshly felled trees, as also water from holes in the tree, or an infusion of the black heart-wood, are similarly used.
• Roasted and pulverized roots are taken to treat jaundice?, and root decoctions as anthelmintic, to ease childbirth, and to treat malaria, pneumonia, and syphilis.
• Bark preparations are administered to treat cough?, bronchial diseases, tuberculosis?, syphilis, and leprosy, and applied externally to wounds, ulcers, bruises, and furuncles.
• The bark is also used in veterinary medicine as a vermifuge.
• Leaf decoctions or infusions are taken to treat fever, diarrhea, dysentery, trypanosomiasis, menorrhagia?, whooping cough, hiccough, and poisoning.
• Leaf preparations are externally applied to antiseptic wounds, yaws, and furuncles.
• Fruit ash is applied to fungal? skin infections and fruit powder to ulcers, whereas seed decoctions are administered against headaches.
• Twigs are chewed to clean the teeth.
• Various parts of the tree are used in ritual ceremonies.
• The leaves and fruits are chewed or applied as an infusion for treating gingivitis, toothache, and for wound dressing to prevent infection.
• Bark and roots for infections such as malaria, pneumonia, syphilis, leprosy, dermatomycoses, as an anthelmintic and to facilitate childbirth.

Culinary Uses

• Yellow, globose fruit is edible and can be consumed raw, cooked, dried, or made into beverages by fermentation.
• It has a sweet flavor.
• A kind of soft toffee can be made from the fruits, which along with some other similar edible fruits, such as figs and dates, are known as labia.
• Leaves are occasionally eaten.
• Fruits are also used in the production of fruit juice and alcoholic drinks.
• They can be ground into flour, which is occasionally an ingredient of porridge.
• They are sometimes preserved, can be dried and ground into flour, and are often used for brewing beer and brandy.

Other Facts

• The bark is also used for dyeing mats red.
• The fruit pulp is applied as varnish to pottery.
• Wood is used as chew-sticks and for black-wood cabinetry, furniture, carpentry, heavy flooring, interior trim, shipbuilding, vehicle bodies, musical instruments precision equipment, turnery, carvings, knife handles, and brush backs, etc.
• It is also used for heavy flooring, interior trim, shipbuilding, vehicle bodies, musical instruments (especially the black keys of pianos, but also guitar fingerboards), precision equipment, turnery, carvings, knife handles, and brush backs.
• Sapwood, and occasionally also the heartwood, is used for poles, posts, vehicle bodies, toys, novelties, sporting goods, combs, ladders, boxes, crates, crossbows, veneer, and plywood.
• The wood is used for posts in house construction, flooring, joinery, utensils such as cups, spoons, pestles, and mortars, tool handles, walking sticks, and combs.
• Bole is used traditionally for dug-out canoes.
• The wood is also used as firewood and is valued for charcoal production.
• The gum from the bark is used to mend broken pottery, and fruit pulp to glaze and varnish pottery.
• It is planted for re-afforestation, as an ornamental shade tree, and as a windbreak.
• The flowers serve as a source of nectar for honey bees.
• The juvenile twigs are sometimes used as toothbrushes.

References