Disease A-Z Library
24-hour urinary aldosterone excretion test
The 24-hour urinary aldosterone excretion test measures the amount of aldosterone removed in the urine in a day. Aldosterone can also be measured with a blood test....
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Rx Lab Test (A – Z)
Browse plain-English disease and condition guides, including symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatment options, prevention, and when to seek medical care.
972 articlesUpdated medical education library
Diseases A-Z
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A
- A1C Test – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Abdominal CT scan – Uses, Indications, Procedure, Result
- Abdominal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scan
- Abdominal Sonogram – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Abdominal Tap – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Abdominal Ultrasound – Indications, Procedure, Result
- Abdominal Ultrasound – Uses, Indications, Procedure, Result
- Abdominal Wall Fat Pad Biopsy – Indications, Procedure
- Abdominal Wall Fat Pad Biopsy – Indications, Procedure, Result
- Abdominal x-Ray – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Abdominal x-ray – Uses, Indications, Procedure, Result
- Abdominal x-ray – Uses, Indications, Procedure, Result
- ABO Blood Typing – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Absolute Eosinophil Count Test – Indications, Procedure, Result
- Absolute Eosinophil Count Test – Indications, Procedure, Result
- ACE Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Acetylcholine Receptor Antibody – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Acetylcholine Receptor Antibody Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Acetylcholine Receptor Antibody Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Achilles Tendon Rupture; Causes, Symptoms, Test, Treatment
- Acid Loading Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Acid Mucopolysaccharides Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Acid-fast Stain Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- ACTH Blood Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- ACTH Stimulation Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- ACTH Stimulation Test – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Adenosine stress test; Regadenoson stress test
- Alanine transaminase (ALT) blood test
- Alanine transaminase (ALT) blood test
- Albumin Blood (serum) Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Aldolase Blood Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Aldosterone Blood Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Allergy testing For skin – Indications, Procedure, Results
- ALP Isoenzyme Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- ALP isoenzyme test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Alpha Fetoprotein – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Alpha Fetoprotein – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Alpha Fetoprotein Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Blood Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Aminoaciduria – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Aminoaciduria Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Aminoaciduria Test – Indications, Procedure, Result
- Aminoaciduria Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Ammonia Blood Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Ammonia Blood Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Ammonia Blood Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Ammonia Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Amylase Blood Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Amylase urine Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- An abdominal Tap – Uses, Indications, Procedure, Result
- Angina Pectoris; Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment
- Ankle Sprain; Types, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment
- Anoscopy – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Anoscopy – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Anthrax Blood Test – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Anti-DNase B blood Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Anti-Gastric Parietal Cell Antibody – Indications, Procedures
- Anti-glomerular basement membrane blood test
- Anti-insulin antibody test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Anti-P Antibody Test – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Anti-Smooth Muscle Antibody – Indications, Procedure, Result
- Antibiotic Sensitivity Analysis – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Antibody titer blood test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Antibody Titer Blood Test – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Anticoagulant-Prothrombin Time – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Antidiuretic hormone blood test – Indications, Procedure, Result
- Antimitochondrial Antibody Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Antiparietal cell antibody test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Antiparietal cell antibody test – Indications, Procedure, Result
- Antiparietal Cell Antibody Test – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Antistreptolysin O titer – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Antithrombin III Blood Test – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Antithrombin III Blood Test – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Antithyroglobulin antibody – Indications, Procedure, Result
- Antithyroglobulin Antibody – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Antithyroglobulin Antibody – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Antithyroglobulin antibody Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Antithyroid Microsomal Antibody – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Antithyroid microsomal antibody – Indications, Procedure, Result
- Antithyroid Microsomal Antibody – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Aortic Angiography Test – Indications, Procedure, Result
- Apgar Score Test – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Apolipoprotein CII – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Apolipoprotein Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Are you worried about your panis black colour, small size? Lets go for solution
- Arm CT scan – Indications, Procedure, Result
- Arm MRI scan – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Arterial Blood Gas Analysis – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Arterial Insufficiency Test of the Legs
- Arterial Stick – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Arteriography of the Extremity – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Aspergillosis precipitin Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Audiometry Exam Tests – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Autoimmune Liver Disease Panel – Indications, Procedure, Results
B
- B and T cell Screen – Indications, Procedure, Results
- B-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma Panel Test
- B-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma Panel Test – Indications, Procedures
- BAER – brainstem auditory evoked response
- BAER – brainstem auditory evoked response
- Barium Enema Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Barium Enteroclysis/MR Enteroclysis – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Bernstein Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Bernstein Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Beta-Carotene Blood Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Beta-Carotene Blood Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Bile Culture Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Biliary Tract Biopsy – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Biliary Tract Biopsy – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Bilirubin Blood Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Bilirubin Blood Test – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Biological Terrain Assessment (BTA)
- Biomicroscopy Test – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Bitewings – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Bladder Biopsy – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Bleeding Time – Indications, Contraindications
- Blood Cholesterol Test – Indications, Contraindications
- Blood Differential Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Blood Gases – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Blood Gases Test – Indications, Procedure, Result
- Blood Phosphorus Test – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Blood Pressure Measurement
- Blood Pressure Measurement – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Blood Sugar Test – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Blood Transfusions – Indications, Contraindications
- Blood typing – Uses, Indications, Procedure, Result
- Bone densitometry; DEXA scan – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Bone Lesion Biopsy – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Bone Lesion Biopsy – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Bone Lesion Biopsy – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Bone marrow aspiration – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Bone Marrow Aspiration – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Bone Marrow Aspiration Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Bone Marrow Aspiration Test – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Bone Marrow Biopsy – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Bone Marrow Biopsy – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Bone Marrow Culture – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Bone Mineral Density Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Bone Mineral Density Test – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Bone Scan – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Bone Scan – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Brain Natriuretic Peptide Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Brain Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
- Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response (BAER)
- Breast Biopsy Stereotactic – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Breast Biopsy Ultrasound – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Breast Biopsy Ultrasound Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Breast Leakage Prolactin Blood Test – Indications, Procedures
- Breath Alcohol Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Bronchoscopy – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Brown-Séquard Syndrome; Cause, Symptom, Treatment
- Buccal Smear Test – Indications, Procedures, Results
- BUN Blood Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
C
- C-Reactive Protein – Indications, Procedures, Results
- C1 Esterase Inhibitor Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- CA-125 Blood Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Ca+2; Serum Calcium Test; Ca++Test
- Ca+2; Serum calcium; Ca++ Test – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Calcitonin Blood Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Calcium Blood Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Calcium Blood Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Calcium Blood Test – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Calcium Ionized Test – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Caloric Stimulation – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Caloric stimulation Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Campylobacter Serology Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Capillary Nail Refill Test – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Capillary Sample Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Capillary sample Test – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Carcinoma in Situ-Cone Biopsy – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Cardiac Catheterization – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Carotid Artery Duplex Test – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Carpal Tunnel Biopsy – Indications, Procedure, Results
- CAT Scan (Computed Tomography) – Indications, Procedure
- Catecholamine Blood Test – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Catecholamine Blood Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Catecholamine Blood Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Catecholamines Urine Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- CEA Blood Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Cerebral Angiography – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Cerebral Angiography – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) collection Test
- Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) collection Test
- Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF) Test
- Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia Test
- Cervical MRI – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Cervical Punch Biopsy Test – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Cervical Spine CT Scan – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Cervical Spine CT Scan – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Cervical Spondylosis – Causes, Symptom, Diagnosis, Treatment
- Chest Examination – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Chest MRI – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Chest PET Scan – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Chikungunya Fever; Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment
- Chloride Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Cholesterol Test – Indications, Contraindications
- Chromium Blood Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Citric Acid Urine Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Clean Catch Urine Sample – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Clinical Examination of Lower Limb Deformity
- CMV Serology Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- CO2 Blood Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- CO2 Blood Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Coccydynia; Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment
- Cold Allergy – Defination, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment
- Cold Knife Cone Biopsy – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Cold Knife Cone Biopsy Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Colon Cancer Sigmoidoscopy – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Colonoscopy – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Color Vision Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Color Vision Test – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Colostomy – Indications, Contraindications
- Colposcopy – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Colposcopy Directed Biopsy – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Complement C3 Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Complement component 4 – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Complement Test – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Comprehensive and Basic Metabolic Panel Test
- Computed Tomography angiography of Abdomen and pelvis
- Contrast CT
- Contrast-Enhanced Computed Tomography (CECT)
- Coombs Test – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Coombs Test – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Coronary Angiography – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Coronary Angiography – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Cortisol Hormon Test – Indications, Procedures, Results
- CPK Isoenzymes Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- CPK Isoenzymes Test – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Creatine Phosphokinase Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Creatine Phosphokinase Test – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Creatine Test – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Creatinine Blood Test – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Crohn Disease Test – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Cross-matching; Rh Typing; ABO Blood Typing
- CRP; Procedure, Normal Value ,Elevating Causes, Treatment
- Cryoglobulins Test – Indications, Procedures, Results
- CSF Analysis Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- CSF Test – Indications, Procedures, Results
- CT angiography – head and neck
- CT Angiography – head and neck
- CT Angiography Chest – Indications, Procedure, Results
- CT Angiography Chest – Indications, Procedures, Results
- CT angiography Test – Indications, Procedures, Results
- CT Enteroclysis – Indications, Procedures, Results
- CT Small Bowel Enema Enteroclysis – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Culture Blood – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Cystometrogram – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Cytology exam of pleural fluid – Indications, Procedures, Results
D
- D-dimer Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- D-Dimer Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- D-xylose absorption – Indications, Procedures, Results
- D-xylose/Glucose Absorption Test – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Debridement – Indications, Contraindications
- Dehydroepiandrosterone/DHEA Sulfate Test
- Delta-ALA Urine Test – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Dental Plaque Test – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Dental x-rays – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Dental x-rays – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Dexamethasone Suppression Test – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Dexamethasone Suppression Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Dexamethasone Suppression Test – Indications, Procedures
- Diabetes Test – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Digital Rectal Exam – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Donath-Landsteiner Test – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Doppler Ultrasound Exam of an Arm or Leg
- Doppler ultrasound exam of an arm or leg
- Doppler ultrasound exam of an arm or leg
- Dorsal Penile Nerve Block – Indications, Contraindication
- Double-Balloon Enteroscopy – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Dry Eye Test; Basal Secretion Test – Indications, Procedures
- Dual- Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA)
- Dual-energy x-ray Absorptiometry – Indications, Procedures
- Duplex Ultrasound – Indications, Procedures, Results
E
- Ear Examination/ Otoscopy- Indications, Procedures, Results
- Echography – Eye and orbit ultrasound
- Echography – Indications, Procedures, Results
- EEG Test – Indications, Procedure, Results
- EGD – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Electrocardiogram – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Electrocardiogram – Indications, Contraindications
- Electroencephalogram (EEG) – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Electroencephalogram / Brain wave test
- Electromyography – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Electromyography – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Electronystagmography – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Electroretinography – Indications, Procedures, Results
- EMG; Types, Indications/Uses, Procedures, Results
- Endocervical Culture – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Endocervical Culture – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Endocervical Gram Stain – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Endometrial Biopsy – Indications, Procedure, Results
- Endometrial Biopsy – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Endoscopic Ultrasound – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Endotracheal Intubation – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Endotracheal Intubation – Indications, Procedures, Results
- Endotracheal intubation – Indications, Procedures, Results
Featured articles
Disease A-Z Library
24-Hour Urine Copper Test – Indications, Procedures, Results
Quantitative urinary copper The 24-hour urine copper test measures the amount of copper in a urine sample. How the Test is Performed A 24-hour urine sample...
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5-HIAA Urine Test – Indications, Procedures, Results
HIAA; 5-hydroxy indole acetic acid; Serotonin metabolite 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) is the main metabolite of serotonin. In the chemical analysis of urine samples, 5-HIAA is used to determine serotonin levels in the body.5-HIAA...
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A1C Test – Indications, Procedures, Results
HbA1C test; Glycated hemoglobin test; Glycohemoglobin test; Hemoglobin A1C; Diabetes – A1C; Diabetic – A1C A1C is a lab test that shows the average level of...
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Abdominal CT scan – Uses, Indications, Procedure, Result
An abdominal CT scan is an imaging method. This test uses x-rays to create cross-sectional pictures of the belly area. CT stands for computed tomography. How...
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Abdominal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scan
An abdominal magnetic resonance imaging scan is an imaging test that uses powerful magnets and radio waves. The waves create pictures of the inside of the...
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Abdominal Sonogram – Indications, Procedures, Results
Abdominal sonogram; Right upper quadrant sonogram Abdominal ultrasound is a type of imaging test. It is used to look at organs in the abdomen, including the liver, gallbladder,...
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Abdominal Tap – Indications, Procedure, Results
Peritoneal tap; Paracentesis; Ascites – abdominal tap; Cirrhosis – abdominal tap; Malignant ascites – abdominal tap An abdominal tap is used to remove fluid from the...
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Abdominal Ultrasound – Indications, Procedure, Result
Abdominal ultrasound is a type of imaging test. It is used to look at organs in the abdomen, including the liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, and kidneys. The blood...
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Abdominal Ultrasound – Uses, Indications, Procedure, Result
Abdominal ultrasound is a type of imaging test. It is used to look at organs in the abdomen, including the liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, and kidneys. The blood...
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Abdominal Wall Fat Pad Biopsy – Indications, Procedure
An abdominal wall fat pad biopsy is the removal of a small part of the abdominal wall fat pad. How the Test is Performed Needle aspiration is the...
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Abdominal Wall Fat Pad Biopsy – Indications, Procedure, Result
An abdominal wall fat pad biopsy is the removal of a small part of the abdominal wall fat pad. How the Test is Performed Needle aspiration is the...
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Disease A-Z Library
Ear Examination/ Otoscopy- Indications, Procedures, Results
Otoscopy An ear exam is performed when a health care provider looks inside your ear using an instrument called an otoscope. How the Test is Performed...
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Estradiol Blood Test – Indications, Procedures, Results
E2 test An estradiol test measures the amount of a hormone called estradiol in the blood. How the Test is Performed A blood sample is needed. How...
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Duplex Ultrasound – Indications, Procedures, Results
Vascular ultrasound; Peripheral vascular ultrasound Duplex ultrasound is a test to see how blood moves through your arteries and veins. How the Test is Performed A duplex...
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String Test – Indications, Procedures, Results
Duodenal parasites test; Giardia – string test A string test involves swallowing a string to obtain a sample from the upper part of the small intestine....
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Indication of Schirmer Test – Indications, Procedures, Results
Tear test; Tearing test; Dry eye test; Basal secretion test; Sjögren – Schirmer; Schirmer’s test The Schirmer test determines whether the eye produces enough tears to...
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Urine Drug Screen – Indications, Procedures, Results
Drug screen — urine A urine drug screen is used to detect illegal and some prescription drugs in the urine. How the Test is Performed Before the...
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Toxicology Screen – Indications, Procedures, Results
Barbiturates – screen; Benzodiazepines – screen; Amphetamines – screen; Analgesics – screen; Antidepressants – screen; Narcotics – screen; Phenothiazines – screen; Drug abuse screen; Blood alcohol...
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Enteroscopy – Indications, Procedures, Results
Small bowel biopsy; Push enteroscopy; Double-balloon enteroscopy; Capsule enteroscopy; Sonde enteroscopy Enteroscopy is a procedure used to examine the small intestine (small bowel). How the Test...
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What Is Echocardiogram – Indications, Procedures, Results
Echocardiogram For Adult Transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE); Echocardiogram – transthoracic; Doppler ultrasound of the heart; Surface echo An echocardiogram is a test that uses sound waves to...
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Doppler ultrasound exam of an arm or leg
Doppler ultrasound exam of an arm or leg Peripheral vascular disease – Doppler; PVD – Doppler; PAD – Doppler; Blockage of leg arteries – Doppler; Intermittent...
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Catecholamine Blood Test – Indications, Procedures, Results
Norepinephrine — blood; Epinephrine — blood; Adrenalin — blood; Dopamine — blood This test measures the levels of catecholamines in the blood. Catecholamines are hormones made...
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Donath-Landsteiner Test – Indications, Procedures, Results
Anti-P antibody; Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria – Donath-Landsteiner The Donath-Landsteiner test is a blood test to detect harmful antibodies related to a rare disorder called paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria. These antibodies...
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Nasolarynoscopy – Indications, Procedures, Results
Laryngoscopy and nasolarynoscopy Laryngopharyngoscopy; Indirect laryngoscopy; Flexible laryngoscopy; Mirror laryngoscopy; Direct laryngoscopy; Fiberoptic laryngoscopy; Laryngoscopy using strobe (laryngeal stroboscopy) Laryngoscopy is an exam of the back...
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Sputum Direct Fluorescent Antibody (DFA) Test
Direct immunofluorescence test; Direct fluorescent antibody – sputum Sputum direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) is a lab test that looks for micro-organisms in lung secretions. How the...
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Coombs Test – Indications, Procedures, Results
Direct antiglobulin test; Indirect antiglobulin test; Anemia – hemolytic The Coombs test looks for antibodies that may stick to your red blood cells and cause red blood cells...
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Digital Rectal Exam – Indications, Procedures, Results
DRE A digital rectal exam is an examination of the lower rectum. The health care provider uses a gloved, lubricated finger to check for any abnormal...
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Lung Diffusion Testing – Indications, Procedures, Results
Diffusing capacity; DLCO test Lung diffusion testing measures how well the lungs exchange gases. This is an important part of lung testing because the major function of...
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White Blood Cells(WBC) Differential Test
Differential; White blood cell differential count The blood differential test measures the percentage of each type of white blood cell (WBC) that you have in your...
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Blood Pressure Measurement – Indications, Procedures, Results
Diastolic blood pressure; Systolic blood pressure; Blood pressure reading; Measuring blood pressure; Hypertension – blood pressure measurement; High blood pressure – blood pressure measurement Blood pressure...
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Laparoscopy – Indications, Procedures, Results
Laparoscopy – diagnostic; Exploratory laparoscopy Diagnostic laparoscopy is a procedure that allows a doctor to look directly at the contents of the abdomen or pelvis. How...
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