Disease A-Z Library
13 Stretches & Exercises for Relief Back Pain
You feel it each time you twist around or stand up. It’s that moan-moving throb that shoots through your lower back and never appears to completely...
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Degenerative Bones, Joints, and Spine Care (A – Z)
Browse plain-English disease and condition guides, including symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatment options, prevention, and when to seek medical care.
3,214 articlesUpdated medical education library
Diseases A-Z
A
- Acetabular Avascular Necrosis
- Acetabular Sclerosis of the Hip Joint
- Achilles Enthesitis
- Achilles Tendon Enthesopathy
- Acquired Torticollis; Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment
- Acro-Renal Mandibular Syndrome (ARMS)
- Acute Back Pain – Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment
- Acute Compressing Cauda Equina Syndrome
- Acute Enthesitis
- Acute Lumbosacral Radiculopathy – Symptoms, Treatment
- Acute Pyogenic Discitis
- Acute Spinal Cord Injury – Symptoms, Treatment
- Acute Transverse Myelitis – Causes, Symptoms, Treatment
- Acute Whiplash Injury; Causes, Symptoms, Treatment
- Aicardi Syndrome
- Allodynia – Causes, Symptoms, Treatment
- Anal Canal Dysfunction
- Anatomy of Spinal Cord Injury – Treatment, Complication
- Aneurysm Osteoarthritis Syndrome (AOS)
- Ankylosing Spondylitis – Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment
- Annular Cervical Herniated Disc
- Annular Disc Bulging
- Annular Nerve Root Compression
- Annular Tear at T12–L1
- Annular Tear at T4–T5
- Annular Tears at T1–T2
- Annular Tears at T10–T11
- Annular Tears at T11–T12
- Annular Tears at T12–L1
- Annular Tears at T2–T3
- Annular Tears at T3–T4
- Annular Tears at T5–T6
- Annular Tears at T6–T7
- Annular Tears at T7–T8
- Annular Tears at T8–T9
- Annular Tears at T9–T10
- Annular Thecal Sac Indentation
- Anterior Angulation of the Coccyx
- Anterior Angulation of the Coccyx
- Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion
- Anterior Craniocervical Dislocation
- Anterior Internal Disc Disruption at the L2–L3
- Anterior Lumbar Fusion
- Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion
- Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion
- Anterior Lumbar Intervertebral Body Fusion (ALIF)
- Anterior Marginal Osteophytes Formation in Cervical Spine
- Anterior Neural Foraminal Narrowing
- Anterior Perched Facet Dislocation
- Anterior plus Lateral Spondyloptosis
- Anterior Retrolisthesis
- Anterior Spondyloptosis
- Anterior Thoracic Fusion
- Anterior Wedging of Cervical Vertebrae
- Anterior Wedging of L2
- Anterior Wedging of L3 Vertebra
- Anterior Wedging of L5 Vertebra
- Anterior Wedging of T2 Vertebrae
- Anterior Wedging of the L1 Vertebra
- Anterior Wedging of the L4 Vertebrae
- Anterior Wedging of the Lumbar Vertebrae
- Anterior Wedging of the T1 Vertebra
- Anterior Wedging of the T10 Vertebra
- Anterior Wedging of the T11 Vertebra
- Anterior Wedging of the T12 Vertebra
- Anterior Wedging of the T3 Vertebrae
- Anterior Wedging of the T4 Vertebrae
- Anterior Wedging of the T5 Vertebra
- Anterior Wedging of the T6 Vertebra
- Anterior Wedging of the T7 Vertebra
- Anterior Wedging of the T8 Vertebra
- Anterior Wedging of the T9 Vertebra
- Anterior Wedging of Thoracic Vertebrae
- Anterolisthesis
- Anterolisthesis Treatment
- Apophysitis of Tibial Tubercle; Symptoms, Test, Treatment
- Are spinal cord injuries permanent? ever be cured?
- Arthritis Mutilans
- Arthritis Psoriatica; Causes, Symptoms, Treatment
- Arthropathic Psoriasis; Causes, Symptoms, Treatment
- Arthropathy-Camptodactyly Syndrome
- Aseptic Necrosis of the Femoral Head
- Aseptic Necrosis of the Hip Joint
- Asphyxiating Thoracic Dysplasia
- Asthenia – Types, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment
- Asymmetric Bulged Cervical Intervertebral Disc
- Asymmetric Cervical Annular Tears
- Asymmetric Herniated Cervical Intervertebral Disc
- Asymmetric Thecal Sac Indentation
- Atlanto-Axial Dislocation
- Atlanto-Axial Instability
- Atlanto-Axial Joint Anterior Dislocation
- Atlanto-Axial Joint Lateral Dislocation
- Atlanto-Axial Rotatory Dislocation
- Atlanto-Axial Vertical Dislocation
- Atlanto-Occipital Congenital Instability
- Atlanto-Occipital Dislocation
- Atlanto-Occipital Instability
- Atlanto-Occipital Joint Anterior Displacement
- Atlanto-occipital Joint Degenerative Instability
- Atlanto-Occipital Joint Inflammatory Instability
- Atlanto-Occipital Joint Rotational Displacement
- Atlanto-Occipital Joint Vertical Distraction
- Atlanto-Occipital Lateral Displacement
- Atlanto-Occipital Lateral Displacement
- Atlanto-Occipital Posterior Displacement
- Atypical Trigeminal Teuralgia; Causes, Symptoms
- Autosomal Dominant Late Onset Spinal Muscular Atrophy (AD-LO-SMA)
- Autosomal Recessive Hypophosphatemic Bone Disease
- Avascular Necrosis (AVN) of the Femoral Head
- Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head
- Axial Enthesitis
- Axial Osteomalacia
- Axial Spondyloarthritis
- Axial Spondylometaphyseal Dysplasia (SMDAX)
B
- Back Pain – Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment
- back pain lower limb physiotherapy treatment
- Backache – Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment
- Backward Slip C7 over T1
- Backward Slip of a Cervical Vertebra
- Backward Slip of C1 over C2
- Backward Slip of C2 over C3 (C2–C3 Retrolisthesis)
- Backward Slip of C3 on C4
- Backward Slip of C4 over C5
- Backward Slip of C6 over C7
- Backward Slipped Vertebrae
- Balo Concentric Sclerosis (BCS)
- Basilar Invagination
- Bed Sores; Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment
- Benign Intradural Masses
- Bent Bone Dysplasia Syndrome 1 (BBDS1)
- Best Treatment for Cervical Myelopathy
- Bilateral Cervical Neural Foraminal Narrowing.
- Bilateral Complete Facet Dislocation
- Bilateral Complete Fusion
- Bilateral Dysplastic Transverse Processes
- Bilateral Facet Dislocation
- Bilateral Foraminal Stenosis Between C2 – C3 Vertebra
- Bilateral Foraminal Stenosis Between C3 – C4 Vertebra
- Bilateral Foraminal Stenosis Between C4 – C5 Vertebra
- Bilateral Foraminal Stenosis Between C5 – C6 Vertebra
- Bilateral Foraminal Stenosis Between C6 – C7 Vertebra
- Bilateral Foraminal Stenosis Between C7 – T1 Vertebra
- Bilateral Foraminal Stenosis Between L1 – L2 Vertebra
- Bilateral Foraminal Stenosis Between L3 – L4 Vertebra
- Bilateral Foraminal Stenosis Between T1 – T2 Vertebra
- Bilateral Foraminal Stenosis Between T10 – T11 Vertebra
- Bilateral Foraminal Stenosis Between T10 – T11 Vertebra
- Bilateral Foraminal Stenosis Between T11 – T12 Vertebra
- Bilateral Foraminal Stenosis Between T12 – L1 Vertebra
- Bilateral Foraminal Stenosis Between T2 – T3 Vertebra
- Bilateral Foraminal Stenosis Between T3 – T4 Vertebra
- Bilateral Foraminal Stenosis Between T4 – T5 Vertebra
- Bilateral Foraminal Stenosis Between T5 – T6 Vertebra
- Bilateral Foraminal Stenosis Between T6 – T7 Vertebra
- Bilateral Foraminal Stenosis Between T8 – T9 Vertebra
- Bilateral Foraminal Stenosis Between T9 – T10 Vertebra
- Bilateral Locked Facet Join
- Bilateral Lumbar Radiculopathy
- Bilateral Neural Foraminal Narrowing
- Bilateral Neural Foraminal Narrowing (L2–L3)
- Bilateral Neural Foraminal Narrowing at L1–L2
- Bilateral Neural Foraminal Narrowing at L3–L4
- Bilateral Neural Foraminal Narrowing at L4–L5
- Bilateral Neural Foraminal Stenosis – Causes, Symptoms, Treatment
- Bilateral Neural Foraminal Stenosis at C2 Vertebra
- Bilateral Neural Foraminal Stenosis at C3 Vertebra
- Bilateral Neural Foraminal Stenosis at C4 Vertebra
- Bilateral Neural Foraminal Stenosis at C5 Vertebra
- Bilateral Neural Foraminal Stenosis at C6 Vertebra
- Bilateral Neural Foraminal Stenosis at C7 Vertebra
- Bilateral Neural Foraminal Stenosis at L1 Vertebra
- Bilateral Neural Foraminal Stenosis at L2 Vertebra
- Bilateral Neural Foraminal Stenosis at L3 Vertebra
- Bilateral Neural Foraminal Stenosis at L4 Vertebra
- Bilateral Neural Foraminal Stenosis at L5 Vertebra
- Bilateral Neural Foraminal Stenosis at T1 Vertebra
- Bilateral Neural Foraminal Stenosis at T10 Vertebra
- Bilateral Neural Foraminal Stenosis at T11 Vertebra
- Bilateral Neural Foraminal Stenosis at T12 Vertebra
- Bilateral Neural Foraminal Stenosis at T4 Vertebra
- Bilateral Neural Foraminal Stenosis at T5 Vertebra
- Bilateral Neural Foraminal Stenosis at T6 Vertebra
- Bilateral Neural Foraminal Stenosis at T7 Vertebra
- Bilateral Neural Foraminal Stenosis at T8 Vertebra
- Bilateral Neural Foraminal Stenosis at T9 Vertebra
- Bilateral Pseudo‐Articulations (Bilateral Lumbosacral Transitional Vertebrae)
- Bilateral S1 Radiculopathy
- Bilateral Sacral Radiculopathy
- Bilateral Thoracic Radiculopathy
- Bone Abnormalities, Cataract, Arterial Rupture, and Deafness
- Bone Dysplasia, Lethal Holmgren Type
- Bone Erosion – Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment
- Bone Fragility with Contractures, Arterial Rupture, and Deafness (BCARD)
- Bone Fragility-Contractures-Arterial Rupture-Deafness (BCARD) Syndrome
- Bony Pelvis Atrophy
- Bony Pelvis Degeneration
- Bony Pelvis Diseases
- Bony Pelvis Disorders
- Bony Pelvis Dysfunction
- Bony Pelvis Lesions
- Bony Pelvis Osteoporosis
- Brachial Plexus Neuropathy
- Brachydactylous Dwarfism, Mseleni Type
- Brachydactyly Type A1 (BDA1)
- Brachyolmia
- Brachyolmia, Maroteaux Type 2 (BCYM2)
- Brachyrachia
- Brachyrachia (Short-Spine Dysplasia)
- Bridging Osteophyte Formation
- Broad-Based Bulged Cervical Intervertebral Disc
- Broad-Based Herniated Cervical Intervertebral Disc
- Brucellar Discitis
- Bruck Syndrome 2 (BRKS2)
- Bulging Disc – Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment
- Bulging of the L4–L5 Lumbar Intervertebral Disc
- Bunion – Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment
- Burner Injury; Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment
C
- C1 – C2 Bilateral Neural Foraminal Narrowing
- C1 Over C2 Spondyloptosis
- C1-C2 Facet Joint Syndrome
- C1–C2 Disc Compression Collapse
- C1–C2 Disc Derangement
- C1–C2 Discogenic Pain Syndrome
- C1–C2 Facet Joint Arthritis
- C1–C2 Facet Joint Arthropathy
- C1–C2 Facet Joint Osteoarthritis
- C1–C2 Internal Disc Disruption
- C1–C2 Nucleus Pulposus Dehydration
- C1–C2 Spine Sprain
- C2 – C3 Disc Proteoglycan Loss
- C2 – C3 Nerve Root Compression
- C2 over C3 Retrolisthesis
- C2 Over C3 Spondyloptosis
- C2–C3 Bilateral Neural Foraminal Narrowing
- C2–C3 Cervical Disc Extrusion
- C2–C3 Disc Compression Collapse
- C2–C3 Disc Derangement
- C2–C3 Disc Desiccation
- C2–C3 Discogenic Pain Syndrome
- C2–C3 Facet Joint Arthritis
- C2–C3 Facet Joint Arthropathy
- C2–C3 Facet Joint Osteoarthritis
- C2–C3 Facet Joint Syndrome
- C2–C3 Nucleus Pulposus Dehydration
- C2–C3 Radiculopathy
- C2–C3 Spine Sprain
- C2–C3 Vertical Herniation
- C3 – C4 Nerve Root Compression
- C3 and C4 Disc Herniation – Causes, Symptoms, Treatment
- C3 over C4 Spondylolisthesis
- C3 Over C4 Spondyloptosis
- C3–C4 Bilateral Neural Foraminal Narrowing
- C3–C4 Cervical Spine Sprain
- C3–C4 Disc Compression Collapse
- C3–C4 Disc Derangement
- C3–C4 Disc Extrusion
- C3–C4 Disc Proteoglycan Loss
- C3–C4 Disc Proteoglycan Loss
- C3–C4 Discogenic Pain Syndrome
- C3–C4 Facet Joint Arthritis
- C3–C4 Facet Joint Arthropathy
- C3–C4 Facet Joint Osteoarthritis
- C3–C4 Facet Joint Syndrome
- C3–C4 Internal Disc Disruption (IDD)
- C3–C4 Nucleus Pulposus Dehydration
- C3–C4 Radiculopathy
- C4 – C5 Bilateral Neural Foraminal Narrowing
- C4 and C5 Disc Herniation – Causes, Symptoms, Treatment
- C4 over C5 Spondyloptosis
- C4-C5 Intervertebral Disc Derangement
- C4–C5 Cervical Disc Extrusion
- C4–C5 Disc Compression Collapse
- C4–C5 Disc Desiccation
- C4–C5 Discogenic Pain Syndrome
- C4–C5 Facet Arthropathy
- C4–C5 Facet Joint Arthritis
- C4–C5 Facet Joint Osteoarthritis
- C4–C5 Facet Joint Syndrome
- C4–C5 Internal Disc Disruption (IDD)
- C4–C5 Nerve Root Compression
- C4–C5 Nucleus Pulposus Dehydration
- C4–C5 Proteoglycan Loss
- C4–C5 Radiculopathy
- C4–C5 Spine Sprain
- C5 and C6 Disc Herniation – Causes, Symptoms, Treatment
- C5 Over C6 Spondyloptosis
- C5–C6 Cervical Disc Eextrusion
- C5–C6 Disc Compression Collapse
- C5–C6 Disc Desiccation
- C5–C6 Disc Proteoglycan Loss
- C5–C6 Discogenic Pain Syndrome
- C5–C6 Facet Joint Arthritis
- C5–C6 Facet Joint Arthropathy
- C5–C6 Facet Joint Osteoarthritis
- C5–C6 Facet Joint Syndrome
- C5–C6 Nerve Root Compression
- C5–C6 Nucleus Pulposus Dehydration
- C5–C6 Radiculopathy
Featured articles
Disease A-Z Library
Acetabular Avascular Necrosis
Acetabular avascular necrosis means part of the socket of the hip joint (the acetabulum) loses its blood supply, and the bone tissue in that area slowly...
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Acetabular Sclerosis of the Hip Joint
Acetabular sclerosis of the hip joint means the bone in the socket part of the hip (the acetabulum) becomes extra thick and hard just under the...
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Achilles Enthesitis
Achilles enthesitis, also known as Achilles tendon enthesopathy or insertional Achilles enthesitis, is inflammation at the point where the Achilles tendon attaches to the calcaneus (heel...
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Achilles Tendon Enthesopathy
Achilles tendon enthesopathy is a condition in which the tendon that connects the calf muscles (gastrocnemius and soleus) to the heel bone (calcaneus) becomes irritated, inflamed,...
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Acquired Torticollis; Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment
Acquired torticollis in children is a symptom that may be due to a number of underlying causes, some of which are severe and life threatening. Musculoskeletal, ophthalmologic, infectious,...
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Acro-Renal Mandibular Syndrome (ARMS)
Acro-renal-mandibular syndrome is a very rare condition that is present from birth. It affects three main body areas at the same time: the hands and feet...
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Acute Back Pain – Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment
Acute Back Pain or short-term Back pain lasts a few days to a few weeks. Most low back pain is acute. It tends to resolve on...
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Acute Compressing Cauda Equina Syndrome
Acute compressing cauda equina syndrome is a rapid-onset emergency in which something inside the spinal canal—most often a large central lumbar-disc herniation—suddenly squashes the bundle of...
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Acute Enthesitis
Acute enthesitis is inflammation at the site where a tendon, ligament, or joint capsule attaches to bone (the enthesis). This inflammation develops rapidly—often within days—and causes...
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Acute Lumbosacral Radiculopathy – Symptoms, Treatment
Acute Lumbosacral Radiculopathy is the clinical term used to describe a predictable constellation of symptoms occurring secondary to mechanical and/or inflammatory cycles compromising at least one of...
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Acute Pyogenic Discitis
Acute pyogenic discitis is an infection of the intervertebral disc space by pyogenic (pus-forming) bacteria, most commonly Staphylococcus aureus. It represents early spondylodiscitis before secondary involvement...
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Disease A-Z Library
Bruck Syndrome 2 (BRKS2)
Bruck syndrome 2 is a very rare genetic condition that combines two big problems: (1) bones that break easily (like osteogenesis imperfecta) and (2) tight joints...
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Osteogenesis Imperfecta-Congenital Joint Contractures Syndrome
Osteogenesis imperfecta-congenital joint contractures syndrome combines the bone fragility of osteogenesis imperfecta with congenital (from birth) joint contractures. Children are prone to fractures, bowed limbs, short...
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Osteogenesis Imperfecta with Congenital Joint Contractures
Osteogenesis imperfecta with congenital joint contractures is a very rare, inherited bone and connective-tissue disorder in which a baby is born with stiff joints that do...
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Brachyrachia (Short-Spine Dysplasia)
Brachyrachia means an abnormally short spine. In this condition, the bones of the spine (the vertebrae) are short and flattened, so the whole trunk looks short...
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Brachyolmia, Maroteaux Type 2 (BCYM2)
Brachyolmia, Maroteaux type—also called brachyolmia type 2 (BCYM2)—is a rare, inherited bone disorder. It mainly affects the spine. Children typically look short in the trunk (upper...
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Brachyrachia
Brachyrachia means a short spine. Doctors also call it short spine dysplasia. It is a rare genetic bone condition where the bones of the spine (the...
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Brachyolmia
Brachyolmia is a rare group of genetic bone conditions where the spine’s vertebral bodies are flatter than normal (a finding called platyspondyly). People usually have a...
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Brachydactyly Type A1 (BDA1)
Brachydactyly type A1 (BDA1) is a rare, inherited difference in hand and foot development in which the middle bones (middle phalanges) of most or all fingers...
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Brachydactylous Dwarfism, Mseleni Type
Brachydactylous dwarfism, Mseleni type, is a very rare bone and joint disorder. “Brachydactylous” means the fingers and toes are short. “Dwarfism” means the person is shorter...
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Bone Fragility-Contractures-Arterial Rupture-Deafness (BCARD) Syndrome
Bone Fragility-Contractures-Arterial Rupture-Deafness (BCARD) Syndrome is a very rare, inherited connective-tissue disease. It happens when both copies of the PLOD3 gene stop working properly. PLOD3 makes...
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Bone Abnormalities, Cataract, Arterial Rupture, and Deafness
Bone abnormalities is a problem with how bones are built, shaped, or strengthened. The problem can be present from birth (genetic) or can happen later. Bones may...
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Bone Fragility with Contractures, Arterial Rupture, and Deafness (BCARD)
Bone fragility with contractures, arterial rupture, and deafness (BCARD) is a rare, inherited connective-tissue disorder. The body’s collagen—the protein that gives strength to bone, blood vessels,...
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Bone Dysplasia, Lethal Holmgren Type
Bone dysplasia, lethal Holmgren type is a very rare, inherited disorder that affects how a baby’s bones grow before birth. The main problems are very short...
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Perinatal Lethal Bent BoneDdysplasia
Perinatal lethal bent bone dysplasia is a very rare genetic bone disorder. It affects a baby before birth. The bones do not form in a normal...
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Bent Bone Dysplasia Syndrome 1 (BBDS1)
Bent bone dysplasia syndrome 1 (BBDS1) is a very rare, usually lethal skeletal (bone) disorder that begins before birth. It is caused by disease-causing changes (variants)...
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Balo Concentric Sclerosis (BCS)
Baló concentric sclerosis (BCS) is a very rare demyelinating disease. “Demyelinating” means the immune system strips the protective myelin coating from nerve fibers in the brain....
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Axial Spondylometaphyseal Dysplasia (SMDAX)
Axial spondylometaphyseal dysplasia is a very rare genetic bone growth disorder. “Axial” means the center line of the body (spine, ribs, pelvis, and nearby bones). “Spondylo-”...
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Axial Osteomalacia
Axial osteomalacia is an exceptionally rare bone disorder where the axial skeleton (spine, ribs, pelvis) develops a dense, coarse, sponge-like trabecular pattern on X-ray, but the...
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Spondylodysplastic Dysplasia Caused by Mutations in PAM16
Spondylodysplastic dysplasia due to PAM16 is a very rare genetic bone disorder. It affects the spine (“spondylo-”), the ends of long bones near the joints (“metaphyseal”),...
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Spondyloepimetaphyseal Dysplasia, Irapa Type
Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia, Irapa type is a very rare inherited bone-growth disorder. It mainly affects the spine (spondylo-), the ends of bones (epiphyses), and the shaft ends...
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