Vertebral Artery Claudication

Last updated: February 8, 2026Reviewed date: February 8, 2026Reading time: 7 min read
Patient Tools

Read, save, and share this guide

Use these quick tools to make this medical article easier to read, print, save, or share with a family member.

Patient Mode

Understand this article easily

Switch between simple English and easy Bangla patient notes. This is for education and does not replace a doctor consultation.

Vertebral Artery Claudication is a condition that affects the blood vessels in the neck, leading to restricted blood flow to the brain. In simple terms, it causes discomfort and potential complications due to reduced blood supply. Let's break down this complex topic into simple language...

For severe symptoms, danger signs, pregnancy, child illness, or sudden worsening, seek urgent medical care.

বাংলা রোগী নোট এখনো যোগ করা হয়নি। পোস্ট এডিটরে “RX Bangla Patient Mode” বক্স থেকে সহজ বাংলা সারাংশ যোগ করুন।

এই তথ্য শিক্ষা ও সচেতনতার জন্য। এটি ডাক্তারি পরীক্ষা, রোগ নির্ণয় বা প্রেসক্রিপশনের বিকল্প নয়।

Article Summary

Vertebral Artery Claudication is a condition that affects the blood vessels in the neck, leading to restricted blood flow to the brain. In simple terms, it causes discomfort and potential complications due to reduced blood supply. Let's break down this complex topic into simple language for better understanding. Types of Vertebral Artery Claudication: Vertebral Artery Claudication can be categorized into two main types: Atherosclerotic Vertebral...

Key Takeaways

  • This article explains Common Causes in simple medical language.
  • This article explains Symptoms in simple medical language.
  • This article explains Diagnostic Tests  in simple medical language.
  • This article explains Treatments  in simple medical language.
Educational health guideWritten for patient understanding and clinical awareness.
Reviewed content workflowUse writer and reviewer profiles for stronger trust.
Emergency safety firstUrgent warning signs are highlighted below.

Seek urgent medical care if you notice

These warning signs are general safety guidance. Local emergency numbers and clinical judgment should always come first.

  • Severe symptoms, breathing difficulty, fainting, confusion, or rapidly worsening illness.
  • New weakness, severe pain, high fever, or symptoms after a serious injury.
  • Any symptom that feels urgent, unusual, or unsafe for the patient.
1

Emergency now

Use emergency care for severe, sudden, rapidly worsening, or life-threatening symptoms.

2

See a doctor

Book a professional medical evaluation if symptoms persist, worsen, recur often, affect daily activities, or occur in a high-risk patient.

3

Learn safely

Use this article to understand possible causes, tests, treatment options, prevention, and questions to ask your clinician.

Before reading

RX Patient Tools

Use these quick guides before reading the article, or return to them when you need help preparing questions for a doctor.

Start here Choose the right pathway for symptoms, reports, medicines, or urgent warning signs. Disease article roadmap Read this topic step by step: meaning, symptoms, warning signs, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and follow-up. Treatment planner Prepare questions about treatment choices, benefits, risks, side effects, and follow-up. Family & caregiver guide Organize symptoms, reports, medicines, questions, and follow-up safely. Nutrition & diet guide Prepare food, hydration, supplement, and medicine-timing questions safely. Prevention guide Organize risk factors, protective habits, screening, and warning signs. Recovery guide Prepare a safe plan for activity, rehabilitation, warning signs, and follow-up.
Definition

Vertebral Artery Claudication is a condition that affects the blood vessels in the neck, leading to restricted blood flow to the brain. In simple terms, it causes discomfort and potential complications due to reduced blood supply. Let’s break down this complex topic into simple language for better understanding.

Types of Vertebral Artery Claudication:

Vertebral Artery Claudication can be categorized into two main types:

  1. Atherosclerotic Vertebral Artery Claudication: Caused by the buildup of plaque in the arteries, restricting blood flow.
  2. Dynamic Vertebral Artery Claudication: Triggered by specific neck movements that compress the arteries, reducing blood supply temporarily.

Common Causes

  1. Atherosclerosis: Buildup of fatty deposits in arteries.
  2. Herniated Discs: Displacement of cushion-like discs in the spine.
  3. Vertebral Artery Dissection: A tear in the artery wall.
  4. Spinal Stenosis: Narrowing of the spinal canal.
  5. Blood Clots: Formation of clots in the blood vessels.
  6. Arterial Embolism: Blocked blood vessels due to traveling blood clots.
  7. Neck Trauma: Injuries affecting the vertebral arteries.
  8. infection, or irritation, often causing pain, swelling, heat, or redness. সহজ বাংলা: শরীরের প্রদাহ; ব্যথা, ফোলা বা লালভাব হতে পারে।" data-rx-term="inflammation" data-rx-definition="Inflammation is the body’s response to injury, infection, or irritation, often causing pain, swelling, heat, or redness. সহজ বাংলা: শরীরের প্রদাহ; ব্যথা, ফোলা বা লালভাব হতে পারে।">Inflammation: Swelling in the arteries.
  9. Congenital Abnormalities: Structural issues present from birth.
  10. Tumors: Abnormal growths affecting blood flow.
  11. Infections: Diseases impacting the vascular system.
  12. Arterial Spasms: Sudden constrictions of arteries.
  13. Cervical Rib: Extra rib causing compression.
  14. Autoimmune Disorders: Conditions where the immune system attacks healthy cells.
  15. High Blood Pressure: Increased pressure in the arteries.
  16. insulin is low or not working well. সহজ বাংলা: রক্তে চিনি বেশি থাকার রোগ।" data-rx-term="diabetes" data-rx-definition="Diabetes is a condition where blood sugar stays too high because insulin is low or not working well. সহজ বাংলা: রক্তে চিনি বেশি থাকার রোগ।">Diabetes: Metabolic disorder affecting blood vessels.
  17. Smoking: A major risk factor for arterial diseases.
  18. Genetic Predisposition: Family history of vascular issues.
  19. Obesity: Excess body weight impacting blood circulation.
  20. Age: Gradual wear and tear on arteries over time.

Symptoms

  1. Neck Pain: Persistent discomfort in the neck.
  2. Headaches: Recurring pain in the head.
  3. Dizziness: Feeling lightheaded or unsteady.
  4. Blurry Vision: Impaired eyesight during episodes.
  5. Nausea: A sensation of wanting to vomit.
  6. Fatigue: Persistent tiredness.
  7. Weakness: Reduced strength, especially in the arms.
  8. Difficulty Swallowing: Impaired ability to swallow.
  9. Speech Changes: Altered speech patterns during episodes.
  10. Tinnitus: Ringing or buzzing in the ears.
  11. Vertigo: Sensation of spinning or whirling.
  12. Chest Pain: Discomfort in the chest area.
  13. Arm Pain: Pain or numbness in the arms.
  14. Memory Issues: Forgetfulness or cognitive difficulties.
  15. Balance Problems: Difficulty maintaining balance.
  16. Clumsiness: Lack of coordination during episodes.
  17. Trouble Concentrating: Difficulty focusing on tasks.
  18. Facial Weakness: Reduced strength in facial muscles.
  19. Sensitivity to Light: Increased sensitivity to light.
  20. Cold Extremities: Reduced blood flow leading to cold hands and feet.

Diagnostic Tests 

  1. Angiography: Imaging to visualize blood vessels.
  2. MRI: Detailed imaging of the spine and arteries.
  3. CT Angiography: 3D imaging of blood vessels.
  4. Doppler Ultrasound: Assessing blood flow using sound waves.
  5. Blood Tests: Checking for clotting or infection, or irritation, often causing pain, swelling, heat, or redness. সহজ বাংলা: শরীরের প্রদাহ; ব্যথা, ফোলা বা লালভাব হতে পারে।" data-rx-term="inflammation" data-rx-definition="Inflammation is the body’s response to injury, infection, or irritation, often causing pain, swelling, heat, or redness. সহজ বাংলা: শরীরের প্রদাহ; ব্যথা, ফোলা বা লালভাব হতে পারে।">inflammation.
  6. Electromyography (EMG): Assessing nerve function.
  7. X-rays: Detecting structural abnormalities.
  8. Cervical Spine CT Scan: Detailed imaging of the neck.
  9. Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA): Visualizing blood vessels using magnetic fields.
  10. Carotid Duplex Scan: Assessing blood flow in the carotid arteries.
  11. Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA): Enhanced imaging of blood vessels.
  12. Neurological Examination: Assessing nerve function and coordination.
  13. Tilt Table Test: Evaluating changes in heart rate and blood pressure.
  14. Cerebral Blood Flow Study: Measuring blood flow to the brain.
  15. Holter Monitor: Continuous monitoring of heart activity.
  16. Electroencephalogram (EEG): Assessing brain activity.
  17. Blood Pressure Monitoring: Continuous assessment of blood pressure.
  18. Carotid Artery Stenting: Placement of a stent to open narrowed arteries.
  19. Transcranial Doppler: Assessing blood flow in the brain.
  20. Cerebral Angiography: Detailed imaging of brain blood vessels.

Treatments 

  1. Lifestyle Changes: Adopting a healthy diet and regular exercise.
  2. Medications: Prescribed to manage symptoms and risk factors.
  3. Anticoagulants: Medications to prevent blood clots.
  4. Antiplatelet Drugs: Reducing the risk of clot formation.
  5. Statins: Lowering cholesterol levels to prevent plaque buildup.
  6. Blood Pressure Medications: Managing hypertension.
  7. Pain Relief Medications: Alleviating discomfort during episodes.
  8. Physical Therapy: Strengthening muscles and improving flexibility.
  9. Cervical Traction: Relieving pressure on the spine.
  10. Acupuncture: Alternative therapy for symptom relief.
  11. Chiropractic Care: Adjustments to improve spinal alignment.
  12. Vascular Surgery: Repairing or bypassing damaged arteries.
  13. Endarterectomy: Removing plaque from the artery walls.
  14. Angioplasty: Opening narrowed arteries using a balloon catheter.
  15. Stent Placement: Inserting a mesh tube to support artery walls.
  16. Thrombolytic Therapy: Dissolving blood clots with medications.
  17. Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency Surgery: Addressing blood flow issues.
  18. Cervical Decompression: Relieving pressure on the spine.
  19. Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS): Using electrical impulses for pain relief.
  20. Biofeedback: Training to control physiological responses.
  21. Occupational Therapy: Enhancing daily life activities.
  22. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): Managing psychological aspects.
  23. Nutritional Counseling: Guiding dietary changes for better health.
  24. Intravenous Therapy: Administering medications directly into the bloodstream.
  25. Invasive Monitoring: Continuous assessment of vital signs during surgery.
  26. Vagus Nerve Stimulation: Modulating nerve activity for symptom control.
  27. Radiofrequency Lesioning: Disrupting nerve signals causing pain.
  28. Peripheral Nerve Blocks: Injecting medication to block nerve signals.
  29. Vertebral Artery Bypass Surgery: Redirecting blood flow around blocked arteries.
  30. Laser Therapy: Using focused light for tissue repair.

Drugs 

  1. Aspirin: Antiplatelet medication to prevent clot formation.
  2. Clopidogrel: Another antiplatelet drug to reduce clotting risk.
  3. Warfarin: Anticoagulant preventing blood clotting.
  4. Statins (e.g., Atorvastatin): Lowering cholesterol levels.
  5. Blood Pressure Medications (e.g., Amlodipine): Managing hypertension.
  6. NSAIDs (e.g., Ibuprofen): Pain relief and anti-inflammatory effects.
  7. Acetaminophen: Pain reliever without anti-inflammatory properties.
  8. Pregabalin: Managing nerve-related pain.
  9. Gabapentin: Treating neuropathic pain.
  10. Cilostazol: Improving blood flow in arteries.
  11. Rivaroxaban: Anticoagulant to prevent clot formation.
  12. Dipyridamole: Enhancing blood flow and preventing clots.
  13. Nimodipine: Dilating blood vessels to improve circulation.
  14. Candesartan: Controlling blood pressure and improving blood flow.
  15. Ticlopidine: Antiplatelet drug for preventing clots.
  16. Dopamine Agonists (e.g., Pramipexole): Managing symptoms like dizziness.
  17. Nitrates (e.g., Nitroglycerin): Dilating blood vessels for improved flow.
  18. Methylprednisolone: Reducing inflammation.
  19. Calcium Channel Blockers (e.g., Verapamil): Regulating blood pressure.
  20. Muscle Relaxants (e.g., Cyclobenzaprine): Alleviating muscle tension.

Surgery 

  1. Carotid Endarterectomy: Removing plaque from the carotid artery.
  2. Angioplasty and Stent Placement: Opening and supporting narrowed arteries.
  3. Vertebral Artery Bypass Surgery: Redirecting blood flow around blockages.
  4. Thrombolytic Therapy: Dissolving blood clots with medications.
  5. Radiofrequency Lesioning: Disrupting nerve signals causing pain.
  6. Peripheral Nerve Blocks: Injecting medication to block nerve signals.
  7. Vertebroplasty: Injecting bone cement to stabilize vertebral fractures.
  8. Laminectomy: Removing part of the vertebral bone to relieve pressure.
  9. Foraminotomy: Widening the openings for nerve roots in the spine.
  10. Microdiscectomy: Removing a herniated disc to relieve pressure.

Conclusion:

In summary, Vertebral Artery Claudication is a condition affecting blood flow to the brain, leading to various symptoms and potential complications. Understanding the types, causes, symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatments, drugs, and surgeries associated with this condition is crucial for effective management. If you suspect you may have Vertebral Artery Claudication, consult with a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and personalized treatment.

 

Disclaimer: Each person’s journey is unique, treatment plan, life style, food habit, hormonal condition, immune system, chronic disease condition, previous medical  history is also unique. So always seek the best advice from a qualified medical professional or health care provider before trying any treatments to ensure to find out the best plan for you. This guide is for general information and educational purposes only. If you or someone are suffering from this disease condition bookmark this website or share with someone who might find it useful! Boost your knowledge and stay ahead in your health journey. Thank you for giving your valuable time to read the article.

  1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532297/
  2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549894/
  3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526002/
  4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538474/
  5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53086/
  6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470237/
  7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK576402/
  8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK525964/
  9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441963/
  10. https://medlineplus.gov/skinconditions.html
  11. https://www.aad.org/about/burden-of-skin-disease
  12. https://www.usa.gov/federal-agencies/national-institute-of-arthritis-musculoskeletal-and-skin-diseases
  13. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/skin/default.html
  14. https://www.skincancer.org/
  15. https://illnesshacker.com/
  16. https://endinglines.com/
  17. https://www.jaad.org/
  18. https://www.psoriasis.org/about-psoriasis/
  19. https://books.google.com/books?
  20. https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/skin-diseases
  21. https://cms.centerwatch.com/directories/1067-fda-approved-drugs/topic/292-skin-infections-disorders
  22. https://www.fda.gov/files/drugs/published/Acute-Bacterial-Skin-and-Skin-Structure-Infections—Developing-Drugs-for-Treatment.pdf
  23. https://dermnetnz.org/topics
  24. https://www.aaaai.org/conditions-treatments/allergies/skin-allergy
  25. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/occupational-skin-disease
  26. https://aafa.org/allergies/allergy-symptoms/skin-allergies/
  27. https://www.nibib.nih.gov/
  28. https://rxharun.com/resources/category/resources/rxharun/article-types/skin-care-beauty/skin-diseases-types-symptoms-treatment/
  29. https://www.nei.nih.gov/
  30. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_skin_conditions
  31. https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=List_of_skin_diseases&redirect=no
  32. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_condition
  33. https://oxfordtreatment.com/
  34. https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
  35. https://consumer.ftc.gov/articles/w
  36. https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health
  37. https://catalog.ninds.nih.gov/
  38. https://www.aarda.org/diseaselist/
  39. https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets
  40. https://www.nibib.nih.gov/
  41. https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/topics
  42. https://www.nichd.nih.gov/
  43. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics
  44. https://www.nichd.nih.gov/
  45. https://www.niehs.nih.gov
  46. https://www.nimhd.nih.gov/
  47. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics
  48. https://obssr.od.nih.gov/
  49. https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics
  50. https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases
  51. https://beta.rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases
  52. https://orwh.od.nih.gov/

 

Doctor visit helper

Prepare before seeing a doctor

A simple rural-patient checklist to help you explain symptoms clearly, ask better questions, and avoid unsafe self-treatment.

Safety note: This is not a prescription or diagnosis. For severe symptoms, pregnancy danger signs, children with serious illness, chest pain, breathing difficulty, stroke-like weakness, or major injury, seek urgent care.

Which doctor may help?

Start with a registered doctor or the nearest qualified health center.

What to tell the doctor

  • Write when the problem started and how it changed.
  • Bring old prescriptions, investigation reports, and current medicines.
  • Write allergies, pregnancy status, diabetes, kidney/liver disease, and major past illnesses.
  • Bring one family member if the patient is weak, elderly, confused, or a child.

Questions to ask

  • What is the most likely cause of my symptoms?
  • Which danger signs mean I should go to hospital quickly?
  • Which tests are necessary now, and which can wait?
  • How should I take medicines safely and what side effects should I watch for?
  • When should I come for follow-up?

Tests to discuss

  • Vital signs: temperature, pulse, blood pressure, oxygen saturation
  • Basic physical examination by a clinician
  • CBC, urine test, blood sugar, or imaging only when clinically needed

Avoid these mistakes

  • Do not use antibiotics, steroid tablets/injections, or strong painkillers without proper medical advice.
  • Do not hide pregnancy, kidney disease, ulcer, allergy, or blood thinner use.
  • Do not delay emergency care when danger signs are present.

Medicine safety and first-aid guide

This section is for patient education only. It does not replace a doctor, pharmacist, or emergency care.

Safe first steps

  • Avoid heavy lifting, sudden bending, and prolonged bed rest.
  • Use comfortable posture and gentle movement as tolerated.
  • Discuss physiotherapy, X-ray, or MRI only when clinically needed.

OTC medicine safety

  • For mild back pain, pain-relief medicine may be discussed with a doctor or pharmacist.
  • Avoid repeated painkiller use if you have kidney disease, stomach ulcer, uncontrolled blood pressure, or are taking blood thinners.

Avoid these mistakes

  • Do not start antibiotics without a proper medical decision.
  • Do not use steroid tablets or injections casually for quick relief.
  • Do not delay emergency care because of home remedies.

Get urgent help if

  • Back pain with leg weakness, numbness around private area, loss of urine/stool control, fever, cancer history, or major injury needs urgent care.
Medicine names, dose, and timing must be decided by a qualified clinician or pharmacist after checking age, pregnancy, allergy, other diseases, and current medicines.

For rural patients and family caregivers

Patient health record and symptom diary

Write your symptoms, medicines already taken, test results, and questions before visiting a doctor. This note stays on your device unless you print or copy it.

Doctor to discuss: Emergency care / cardiology / medicine doctor
Tests to discuss with doctor
  • ECG as early as possible when chest pain suggests heart risk
  • Troponin or cardiac blood tests if doctor suspects heart attack
  • Blood pressure, oxygen level, chest examination, and other tests as advised urgently
Questions to ask
  • What is the most likely cause of my symptoms?
  • Which warning signs mean I should go to emergency care?
  • Which tests are really needed now?
  • Which medicines are safe for my age, pregnancy status, allergy, kidney/liver/stomach condition, and current medicines?
  • Is this heart-related, and do I need emergency observation?

Emergency warning signs such as chest pain, severe breathing difficulty, sudden weakness, confusion, severe dehydration, major injury, or loss of bladder/bowel control need urgent medical care. Do not wait for online information.

Safe pathway to proper treatment

Care roadmap for: Vertebral Artery Claudication

Use this simple roadmap to understand the next safe steps. It is educational and does not replace examination by a doctor.

Go to emergency care if you notice:
  • Severe or rapidly worsening symptoms
  • Breathing difficulty, chest pain, fainting, confusion, severe weakness, major injury, or severe dehydration
Doctor / service to discuss: Qualified healthcare provider; specialist depends on symptoms and examination.
  1. Step 1

    Check danger signs first

    If danger signs are present, seek emergency care and do not wait for online information.

  2. Step 2

    Record the symptom story

    Write when symptoms started, severity, medicines already taken, allergies, pregnancy status, and test results.

  3. Step 3

    Visit a qualified clinician

    A doctor, nurse, or qualified healthcare provider can examine you and decide which tests or treatment are needed.

  4. Step 4

    Do only useful tests

    Do tests after clinical assessment. Avoid unnecessary tests, random antibiotics, or repeated medicines without diagnosis.

  5. Step 5

    Follow up and return early if worse

    If symptoms worsen, new warning signs appear, or treatment is not helping, return for review quickly.

Rural patient practical tips
  • Take a written symptom diary and all previous prescriptions/test reports.
  • Do not hide medicines already taken, even herbal or over-the-counter medicines.
  • Ask which warning signs mean urgent referral to hospital.

This roadmap is for education. A real diagnosis and treatment plan requires history, examination, and clinical judgment.

RX Patient Help

Ask a health question safely

Write your symptom story. A health professional or site editor can review it before any answer is prepared. This box is not for emergency care.

Emergency first: Severe chest pain, breathing trouble, unconsciousness, stroke signs, severe injury, heavy bleeding, or rapidly worsening symptoms need urgent local medical care now.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is this article a replacement for a doctor?

No. It is educational content only. Patients should consult a qualified clinician for diagnosis and treatment.

When should I seek urgent care?

Seek urgent care for severe symptoms, rapidly worsening condition, breathing difficulty, severe pain, neurological changes, or any emergency warning sign.

More from this topic
  1. Congenital Respiratory-Biliary Fistula

    DefinitionCongenital? respiratory-biliary fistula, also called congenital? tracheobiliary fistula or congenital bronchobiliary fistula, is a very rare birth defect. In this condition, an abnormal tube connects part...

    March 29, 2026 • Cardiovascular and Respiratory Disease (A - Z)
  2. Complete Atrioventricular Septal Defect (Complete AVSD)

    DefinitionComplete atrioventricular septal defect (complete AVSD) is a serious heart problem that a baby is born with. [1] In this problem, there is a big hole...

    February 28, 2026 • Cardiovascular and Respiratory Disease (A - Z)
  3. Atrioventricular Canal–Type Ventricular Septal Defect

    DefinitionAtrioventricular canal–type ventricular septal defect is a special kind of hole in the wall between the two lower chambers of the heart (the ventricles) that sits...

    February 28, 2026 • Cardiovascular and Respiratory Disease (A - Z)
  4. Coccidioidomycosis

    DefinitionCoccidioidomycosis is a lung infection? caused by a fungus called Coccidioides. This fungus lives in dry, dusty soil. When the soil is disturbed, tiny fungal? spores...

    February 1, 2026 • Cardiovascular and Respiratory Disease (A - Z)
  5. Cutaneomeningospinal Angiomatosis

    DefinitionCutaneomeningospinal angiomatosis is another name for Cobb syndrome. It is a very rare condition where a person has abnormal blood vessels (angiomas or arteriovenous malformations) in...

    February 1, 2026 • Cardiovascular and Respiratory Disease (A - Z)
  6. Coats Plus Syndrome

    DefinitionCoats plus syndrome is a very rare, inherited, multi-system disease where tiny blood vessels (especially in the retina of the eye and the brain) are abnormal...

    February 1, 2026 • Cardiovascular and Respiratory Disease (A - Z)
  7. Narrowing of the Aorta

    DefinitionNarrowing of the aorta usually means a condition called coarctation of the aorta. In this problem, a short part of the main body artery (the aorta)...

    February 1, 2026 • Cardiovascular and Respiratory Disease (A - Z)
  8. Coarctation of the Aorta

    DefinitionCoarctation of the aorta is a birth heart problem where a short part of the main body artery (the aorta) is too narrow, like a tight...

    February 1, 2026 • Cardiovascular and Respiratory Disease (A - Z)
  9. Capillary Malformation of the Lower Lip

    DefinitionCapillary malformation of the lower lip is a birthmark made from many tiny blood vessels (capillaries) just under the skin of the lower lip. Doctors often...

    January 27, 2026 • Cardiovascular and Respiratory Disease (A - Z)
  10. Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension (CTEPH)

    DefinitionChronic? thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension? (CTEPH) is a long-term form of high blood pressure in the lung arteries that develops when old blood clots do not fully...

    January 26, 2026 • Cardiovascular and Respiratory Disease (A - Z)