Pulmonary Artery Thrombosis

Last updated: February 8, 2026Reviewed date: February 8, 2026Reading time: 11 min read
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Pulmonary Artery Thrombosis (PAT) occurs when blood clots develop in the arteries that carry blood from the heart to the lungs. In simple terms, it's a condition where clots block the blood vessels, affecting the flow of blood to the lungs. This article aims to...

For severe symptoms, danger signs, pregnancy, child illness, or sudden worsening, seek urgent medical care.

বাংলা রোগী নোট এখনো যোগ করা হয়নি। পোস্ট এডিটরে “RX Bangla Patient Mode” বক্স থেকে সহজ বাংলা সারাংশ যোগ করুন।

এই তথ্য শিক্ষা ও সচেতনতার জন্য। এটি ডাক্তারি পরীক্ষা, রোগ নির্ণয় বা প্রেসক্রিপশনের বিকল্প নয়।

Article Summary

Pulmonary Artery Thrombosis (PAT) occurs when blood clots develop in the arteries that carry blood from the heart to the lungs. In simple terms, it's a condition where clots block the blood vessels, affecting the flow of blood to the lungs. This article aims to break down the complexities of PAT into easy-to-understand components, covering types, causes, symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatments, medications, and surgical options....

Key Takeaways

  • This article explains Causes of Pulmonary Artery Thrombosis: in simple medical language.
  • This article explains Symptoms of Pulmonary Artery Thrombosis: in simple medical language.
  • This article explains Diagnostic Tests for Pulmonary Artery Thrombosis: in simple medical language.
  • This article explains Treatments for Pulmonary Artery Thrombosis: in simple medical language.
Educational health guideWritten for patient understanding and clinical awareness.
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Emergency safety firstUrgent warning signs are highlighted below.

Seek urgent medical care if you notice

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  • Severe symptoms, breathing difficulty, fainting, confusion, or rapidly worsening illness.
  • New weakness, severe pain, high fever, or symptoms after a serious injury.
  • Any symptom that feels urgent, unusual, or unsafe for the patient.
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Emergency now

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2

See a doctor

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Learn safely

Use this article to understand possible causes, tests, treatment options, prevention, and questions to ask your clinician.

Pulmonary Artery Thrombosis (PAT) occurs when blood clots develop in the arteries that carry blood from the heart to the lungs. In simple terms, it’s a condition where clots block the blood vessels, affecting the flow of blood to the lungs. This article aims to break down the complexities of PAT into easy-to-understand components, covering types, causes, symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatments, medications, and surgical options.

Types of Pulmonary Artery Thrombosis:

  1. Acute Pulmonary Embolism (PE):
    • Description: A sudden blockage in the pulmonary arteries.
    • Definition: Clots formed elsewhere in the body travel to the lungs, causing obstruction.
  2. Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension (CTEPH):
    • Description: Long-term complications of blood clots in the pulmonary arteries.
    • Definition: Repeated clotting leads to increased blood pressure in the lungs, affecting heart function.

Causes of Pulmonary Artery Thrombosis:

Understanding the root causes of PAT is crucial for prevention and management. Here are 20 common factors:

  1. Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Blood clots originating in the legs.
  2. **Surgery: ** Post-surgical clot formation.
  3. Prolonged Immobility: Extended periods without movement.
  4. **Smoking: ** Increases clotting risk.
  5. Genetic Factors: Inherited clotting disorders.
  6. **Obesity: ** Excess weight strains the cardiovascular system.
  7. **Cancer: ** Tumors may release clot-promoting substances.
  8. Heart Conditions: Such as atrial fibrillation.
  9. Pregnancy: Increased clotting risk.
  10. Oral Contraceptives: Hormonal changes affecting clotting.
  11. **Trauma or Injury: ** Damaged blood vessels increase clotting risk.
  12. **Inflammatory Conditions: ** pain, swelling, stiffness, or reduced movement. সহজ বাংলা: জয়েন্টের প্রদাহ।" data-rx-term="arthritis" data-rx-definition="Arthritis means joint inflammation causing pain, swelling, stiffness, or reduced movement. সহজ বাংলা: জয়েন্টের প্রদাহ।">arthritis: Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune joint disease causing infection, or irritation, often causing pain, swelling, heat, or redness. সহজ বাংলা: শরীরের প্রদাহ; ব্যথা, ফোলা বা লালভাব হতে পারে।" data-rx-term="inflammation" data-rx-definition="Inflammation is the body’s response to injury, infection, or irritation, often causing pain, swelling, heat, or redness. সহজ বাংলা: শরীরের প্রদাহ; ব্যথা, ফোলা বা লালভাব হতে পারে।">inflammation, pain, and swelling. সহজ বাংলা: রোগপ্রতিরোধ ব্যবস্থার ভুল আক্রমণে জয়েন্টের প্রদাহ।" data-rx-term="rheumatoid arthritis" data-rx-definition="Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune joint disease causing inflammation, pain, and swelling. সহজ বাংলা: রোগপ্রতিরোধ ব্যবস্থার ভুল আক্রমণে জয়েন্টের প্রদাহ।">Rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, etc.
  13. **Age: ** Older adults are more susceptible.
  14. Dehydration: Low fluid levels lead to thicker blood.
  15. Estrogen Replacement Therapy: Hormonal treatment influencing clot formation.
  16. Infections: Can trigger clotting responses.
  17. **Air Travel: ** Prolonged sitting during flights.
  18. **Drug Abuse: ** Stimulants may contribute to clot formation.
  19. **Varicose Veins: ** Disrupted blood flow raises clot risk.
  20. Hypercoagulable States: Abnormalities in blood clotting factors.

Symptoms of Pulmonary Artery Thrombosis:

Recognizing symptoms is vital for early detection. Here are 20 common signs of PAT:

  1. Shortness of Breath: Difficulty breathing, especially during physical activity.
  2. Chest Pain: Sharp or stabbing pain in the chest.
  3. **Rapid Heart Rate: ** Elevated pulse.
  4. Cough: Persistent cough, sometimes with blood.
  5. **Swelling: ** In the legs or abdomen.
  6. Fatigue: Feeling unusually tired.
  7. **Dizziness: ** Lightheadedness or fainting.
  8. Blue Lips or Fingernails: Indicative of low oxygen levels.
  9. **Sweating: ** Excessive perspiration.
  10. **Wheezing: ** High-pitched sound while breathing.
  11. Leg Pain: Especially in the calves.
  12. **Irregular Heartbeat: ** Arrhythmias may occur.
  13. **Anxiety: ** Feeling uneasy or restless.
  14. **Fever: ** Elevated body temperature.
  15. **Clammy Skin: ** Cold, sweaty skin.
  16. **Nausea or Vomiting: ** Digestive symptoms may occur.
  17. **Cyanosis: ** Bluish discoloration of the skin.
  18. Chest Tightness: A sensation of pressure or constriction.
  19. **Confusion: ** Mental disorientation.
  20. **Hemoptysis: ** Coughing up blood.

Diagnostic Tests for Pulmonary Artery Thrombosis:

Accurate diagnosis is essential for effective treatment. Here are 20 common diagnostic tests:

  1. CT Pulmonary Angiography (CTPA):
    • Description: X-ray-based imaging of pulmonary arteries.
    • Definition: Detects clots and blockages in the pulmonary vessels.
  2. Ventilation/Perfusion (V/Q) Scan:
    • Description: Measures airflow and blood flow in the lungs.
    • Definition: Highlights areas with abnormal perfusion suggesting clots.
  3. D-dimer Blood Test:
    • Description: Measures the presence of blood clot breakdown products.
    • Definition: Elevated levels may indicate clot formation.
  4. Echocardiography:
    • Description: Ultrasound of the heart and blood vessels.
    • Definition: Evaluates heart function and detects clot-related complications.
  5. Pulmonary Angiography:
    • Description: Invasive procedure using contrast dye.
    • Definition: Visualizes blood flow and identifies clots directly.
  6. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging):
    • Description: Uses magnetic fields to create detailed images.
    • Definition: Provides a comprehensive view of the pulmonary arteries.
  7. Chest X-ray:
    • Description: Radiographic image of the chest.
    • Definition: Identifies abnormalities in lung structure.
  8. Blood Gas Test:
    • Description: Measures oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood.
    • Definition: Assesses respiratory function.
  9. Pulmonary Function Tests:
    • Description: Evaluates lung capacity and function.
    • Definition: Detects abnormalities in breathing patterns.
  10. Duplex Ultrasound:
    • Description: Combines traditional and Doppler ultrasound.
    • Definition: Assesses blood flow in the veins of the legs.
  11. Pulmonary CT Scan:
    • Description: Detailed imaging of the chest.
    • Definition: Detects structural abnormalities in the lungs and arteries.
  12. Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG):
    • Description: Records the heart’s electrical activity.
    • Definition: Identifies irregularities in heart rhythm.
  13. Pulmonary Function Tests:
    • Description: Measures lung capacity and efficiency.
    • Definition: Evaluates respiratory function.
  14. Angiography:
    • Description: X-ray imaging with contrast dye.
    • Definition: Visualizes blood vessels for clot detection.
  15. Plethysmography:
    • Description: Measures changes in blood volume.
    • Definition: Assesses blood flow and vessel elasticity.
  16. Perfusion Lung Scan:
    • Description: Detects blood flow to the lungs.
    • Definition: Identifies areas with reduced perfusion.
  17. Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA):
    • Description: MRI for blood vessel visualization.
    • Definition: Non-invasive assessment of vascular structures.
  18. Pulse Oximetry:
    • Description: Measures oxygen saturation in the blood.
    • Definition: Assesses respiratory efficiency.
  19. Biomarker Testing:
    • Description: Blood tests for clot-related markers.
    • Definition: Identifies specific indicators of clot formation.
  20. Complete Blood Count (CBC):
    • Description: Measures various blood components.
    • Definition: Assesses overall health and identifies abnormalities.

Treatments for Pulmonary Artery Thrombosis:

Successful management of PAT involves a combination of medical interventions. Here are 30 treatment options:

  1. Anticoagulant Medications:
    • Description: Blood thinners to prevent clot formation.
    • Definition: Examples include heparin, warfarin, and direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs).
  2. Thrombolytic Therapy:
    • Description: Medications that dissolve blood clots.
    • Definition: Administered in emergencies to quickly restore blood flow.
  3. Oxygen Therapy:
    • Description: Supplemental oxygen to improve oxygen levels.
    • Definition: Supports respiratory function and relieves symptoms.
  4. Pulmonary Rehabilitation:
    • Description: Exercise and education programs.
    • Definition: Improves lung function and overall well-being.
  5. Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) Filter:
    • Description: Device inserted into the vena cava to catch clots.
    • Definition: Prevents clots from traveling to the lungs.
  6. Vasodilators:
    • Description: Medications to widen blood vessels.
    • Definition: Reduces pressure in the pulmonary arteries.
  7. Antiplatelet Drugs:
    • Description: Prevents platelets from sticking together.
    • Definition: Reduces the risk of clot formation.
  8. Pulmonary Thrombectomy:
    • Description: Surgical removal of clots from the pulmonary arteries.
    • Definition: Reserved for severe cases or when other treatments fail.
  9. Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP):
    • Description: Device to maintain airway pressure.
    • Definition: Improves breathing and oxygenation.
  10. Pulmonary Artery Angioplasty:
    • Description: Balloon catheter to widen narrowed arteries.
    • Definition: Enhances blood flow through the pulmonary vessels.
  11. Supplemental Nutrition:
    • Description: Ensures adequate nutrient intake.
    • Definition: Supports overall health and recovery.
  12. Fluid Restriction:
    • Description: Limiting fluid intake.
    • Definition: Manages fluid balance and reduces strain on the heart.
  13. Beta-Blockers:
    • Description: Medications to reduce heart rate.
    • Definition: Helps manage symptoms and improve heart function.
  14. Statins:
    • Description: Lowers cholesterol levels.
    • Definition: Reduces the risk of clot formation.
  15. Pulmonary Artery Stenting:
    • Description: Placement of a stent to keep arteries open.
    • Definition: Improves blood flow and prevents clot recurrence.
  16. Catheter-Directed Thrombolysis:
    • Description: Direct delivery of clot-dissolving medication.
    • Definition: Targeted treatment for specific clot locations.
  17. Lung Transplant:
    • Description: Replacement of a damaged lung with a healthy one.
    • Definition: Considered in severe cases with irreversible lung damage.
  18. Angiography-Guided Thrombolysis:
    • Description: Real-time imaging to guide thrombolytic therapy.
    • Definition: Enhances the precision of clot dissolution.
  19. Pulmonary Artery Bypass Surgery:
    • Description: Redirects blood flow around blocked arteries.
    • Definition: Improves blood supply to the lungs.
  20. Anti-Inflammatory Medications:
    • Description: Reduces inflammation in the lungs.
    • Definition: Alleviates symptoms and supports recovery.
  21. Pulmonary Artery Decortication:
    • Description: Surgical removal of scar tissue around the pulmonary arteries.
    • Definition: Improves vessel flexibility and blood flow.
  22. Rehabilitative Exercises:
    • Description: Tailored physical activities.
    • Definition: Strengthens respiratory muscles and improves endurance.
  23. Genetic Counseling:
    • Description: Education and guidance for individuals with hereditary clotting disorders.
    • Definition: Helps manage genetic risk factors.
  24. Hydration Management:
    • Description: Monitoring and maintaining optimal fluid levels.
    • Definition: Supports cardiovascular health.
  25. Psychological Support:
    • Description: Counseling and mental health assistance.
    • Definition: Addresses the emotional impact of PAT.
  26. Continuous Monitoring:
    • Description: Regular medical check-ups.
    • Definition: Ensures ongoing management and early detection of complications.
  27. Lifestyle Modifications:
    • Description: Healthy diet and regular exercise.
    • Definition: Supports overall cardiovascular health.
  28. Blood Pressure Management:
    • Description: Medications to control blood pressure.
    • Definition: Reduces strain on the heart.
  29. Pulmonary Artery Resection:
    • Description: Surgical removal of a portion of the pulmonary artery.
    • Definition: Addresses localized clot formation.
  30. Alternative Therapies:
    • Description: Complementary approaches like acupuncture or yoga.
    • Definition: May provide additional support for symptom management.

Drugs Used in Pulmonary Artery Thrombosis Treatment:

  1. Heparin:
    • Description: Injectable anticoagulant.
    • Definition: Prevents blood clot formation.
  2. Warfarin:
    • Description: Oral anticoagulant.
    • Definition: Regulates blood clotting.
  3. Apixaban:
    • Description: Direct oral anticoagulant.
    • Definition: Inhibits clot formation.
  4. Rivaroxaban:
    • Description: Oral anticoagulant.
    • Definition: Prevents clot formation.
  5. Enoxaparin:
    • Description: Low-molecular-weight heparin.
    • Definition: Prevents and treats blood clots.
  6. Streptokinase:
    • Description: Thrombolytic agent.
    • Definition: Dissolves blood clots.
  7. Alteplase:
    • Description: Thrombolytic medication.
    • Definition: Breaks down clots in the pulmonary arteries.
  8. Nitroglycerin:
    • Description: Vasodilator.
    • Definition: Widens blood vessels to reduce pressure.
  9. Sildenafil:
    • Description: Vasodilator.
    • Definition: Improves blood flow in pulmonary arteries.
  10. Dobutamine:
    • Description: Inotropic agent.
    • Definition: Supports heart function.
  11. Digoxin:
    • Description: Cardiac glycoside.
    • Definition: Strengthens heart contractions.
  12. Bosentan:
    • Description: Endothelin receptor antagonist.
    • Definition: Reduces pulmonary artery pressure.
  13. Ambrisentan:
    • Description: Endothelin receptor antagonist.
    • Definition: Treats pulmonary arterial hypertension.
  14. Tadalafil:
    • Description: Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor.
    • Definition: Improves blood flow in the pulmonary arteries.
  15. Furosemide:
    • Description: Diuretic.
    • Definition: Reduces fluid retention and swelling.
  16. Metoprolol:
    • Description: Beta-blocker.
    • Definition: Lowers heart rate and blood pressure.
  17. Atorvastatin:
    • Description: Statin.
    • Definition: Lowers cholesterol levels.
  18. Aspirin:
    • Description: Antiplatelet agent.
    • Definition: Reduces the risk of clot formation.
  19. Clopidogrel:
    • Description: Antiplatelet drug.
    • Definition: Prevents platelet aggregation.
  20. Epoprostenol:
    • Description: Prostacyclin analog.
    • Definition: Dilates pulmonary arteries and improves blood flow.

Surgical Options for Pulmonary Artery Thrombosis:

  1. Pulmonary Thrombectomy:
    • Description: Surgical removal of blood clots from pulmonary arteries.
    • Definition: Reserved for severe cases or when other treatments are ineffective.
  2. Pulmonary Artery Angioplasty:
    • Description: Balloon catheter used to widen narrowed pulmonary arteries.
    • Definition: Improves blood flow through the vessels.
  3. Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) Filter Placement:
    • Description: Device inserted into the vena cava to catch and prevent clots from reaching the lungs.
    • Definition: Reduces the risk of pulmonary embolism.
  4. Pulmonary Artery Stenting:
    • Description: Placement of a stent in a pulmonary artery to keep it open.
    • Definition: Improves blood flow and prevents clot recurrence.
  5. Pulmonary Artery Bypass Surgery:
    • Description: Redirecting blood flow around blocked pulmonary arteries.
    • Definition: Improves blood supply to the lungs.
  6. Pulmonary Artery Resection:
    • Description: Surgical removal of a portion of a pulmonary artery.
    • Definition: Addresses localized clot formation.
  7. Pulmonary Artery Decortication:
    • Description: Surgical removal of scar tissue around the pulmonary arteries.
    • Definition: Improves vessel flexibility and blood flow.
  8. Lung Transplant:
    • Description: Replacement of a damaged lung with a healthy one.
    • Definition: Considered in severe cases with irreversible lung damage.
  9. Pulmonary Embolectomy:
    • Description: Surgical removal of emboli or clots from pulmonary arteries.
    • Definition: A specialized procedure for acute cases.
  10. Pulmonary Artery Reconstruction:
    • Description: Surgical repair of damaged pulmonary arteries.
    • Definition: Improves blood flow and vessel integrity.

Conclusion:

Understanding Pulmonary Artery Thrombosis involves grasping its types, causes, symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatments, medications, and surgical options. By breaking down complex medical information into straightforward terms, this comprehensive guide aims to enhance readability, visibility, and accessibility. Whether you’re seeking information for yourself or someone else, the goal is to empower individuals to make informed decisions about their health. Always consult with healthcare professionals for personalized advice and treatment plans tailored to specific needs.

 

Disclaimer: Each person’s journey is unique, treatment plan, life style, food habit, hormonal condition, immune system, chronic disease condition, previous medical  history is also unique. So always seek the best advice from a qualified medical professional or health care provider before trying any treatments to ensure to find out the best plan for you. This guide is for general information and educational purposes only. If you or someone are suffering from this disease condition bookmark this website or share with someone who might find it useful! Boost your knowledge and stay ahead in your health journey. Thank you for giving your valuable time to read the article.

 

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A simple rural-patient checklist to help you explain symptoms clearly, ask better questions, and avoid unsafe self-treatment.

Safety note: This is not a prescription or diagnosis. For severe symptoms, pregnancy danger signs, children with serious illness, chest pain, breathing difficulty, stroke-like weakness, or major injury, seek urgent care.

Which doctor may help?

Start with a registered doctor or the nearest qualified health center.

What to tell the doctor

  • Write when the problem started and how it changed.
  • Bring old prescriptions, investigation reports, and current medicines.
  • Write allergies, pregnancy status, diabetes, kidney/liver disease, and major past illnesses.
  • Bring one family member if the patient is weak, elderly, confused, or a child.

Questions to ask

  • What is the most likely cause of my symptoms?
  • Which danger signs mean I should go to hospital quickly?
  • Which tests are necessary now, and which can wait?
  • How should I take medicines safely and what side effects should I watch for?
  • When should I come for follow-up?

Tests to discuss

  • Vital signs: temperature, pulse, blood pressure, oxygen saturation
  • Basic physical examination by a clinician
  • CBC, urine test, blood sugar, or imaging only when clinically needed

Avoid these mistakes

  • Do not use antibiotics, steroid tablets/injections, or strong painkillers without proper medical advice.
  • Do not hide pregnancy, kidney disease, ulcer, allergy, or blood thinner use.
  • Do not delay emergency care when danger signs are present.

Medicine safety and first-aid guide

This section is for patient education only. It does not replace a doctor, pharmacist, or emergency care.

Safe first steps

  • Avoid heavy lifting, sudden bending, and prolonged bed rest.
  • Use comfortable posture and gentle movement as tolerated.
  • Discuss physiotherapy, X-ray, or MRI only when clinically needed.

OTC medicine safety

  • For mild back pain, pain-relief medicine may be discussed with a doctor or pharmacist.
  • Avoid repeated painkiller use if you have kidney disease, stomach ulcer, uncontrolled blood pressure, or are taking blood thinners.

Avoid these mistakes

  • Do not start antibiotics without a proper medical decision.
  • Do not use steroid tablets or injections casually for quick relief.
  • Do not delay emergency care because of home remedies.

Get urgent help if

  • Back pain with leg weakness, numbness around private area, loss of urine/stool control, fever, cancer history, or major injury needs urgent care.
Medicine names, dose, and timing must be decided by a qualified clinician or pharmacist after checking age, pregnancy, allergy, other diseases, and current medicines.

For rural patients and family caregivers

Patient health record and symptom diary

Write your symptoms, medicines already taken, test results, and questions before visiting a doctor. This note stays on your device unless you print or copy it.

Doctor to discuss: Medicine doctor / pediatrician for children / qualified clinician
Tests to discuss with doctor
  • Temperature chart and hydration assessment
  • CBC with platelet count if fever persists or dengue/other infection is possible
  • Urine test, malaria/dengue tests, chest evaluation, or blood culture only when clinically indicated
Questions to ask
  • What is the most likely cause of my symptoms?
  • Which warning signs mean I should go to emergency care?
  • Which tests are really needed now?
  • Which medicines are safe for my age, pregnancy status, allergy, kidney/liver/stomach condition, and current medicines?
  • Do I need antibiotics, or is this more likely viral?

Emergency warning signs such as chest pain, severe breathing difficulty, sudden weakness, confusion, severe dehydration, major injury, or loss of bladder/bowel control need urgent medical care. Do not wait for online information.

Safe pathway to proper treatment

Care roadmap for: Pulmonary Artery Thrombosis

Use this simple roadmap to understand the next safe steps. It is educational and does not replace examination by a doctor.

Go to emergency care if you notice:
  • Severe or rapidly worsening symptoms
  • Breathing difficulty, chest pain, fainting, confusion, severe weakness, major injury, or severe dehydration
Doctor / service to discuss: Qualified healthcare provider; specialist depends on symptoms and examination.
  1. Step 1

    Check danger signs first

    If danger signs are present, seek emergency care and do not wait for online information.

  2. Step 2

    Record the symptom story

    Write when symptoms started, severity, medicines already taken, allergies, pregnancy status, and test results.

  3. Step 3

    Visit a qualified clinician

    A doctor, nurse, or qualified healthcare provider can examine you and decide which tests or treatment are needed.

  4. Step 4

    Do only useful tests

    Do tests after clinical assessment. Avoid unnecessary tests, random antibiotics, or repeated medicines without diagnosis.

  5. Step 5

    Follow up and return early if worse

    If symptoms worsen, new warning signs appear, or treatment is not helping, return for review quickly.

Rural patient practical tips
  • Take a written symptom diary and all previous prescriptions/test reports.
  • Do not hide medicines already taken, even herbal or over-the-counter medicines.
  • Ask which warning signs mean urgent referral to hospital.

This roadmap is for education. A real diagnosis and treatment plan requires history, examination, and clinical judgment.

RX Patient Help

Ask a health question safely

Write your symptom story. A health professional or site editor can review it before any answer is prepared. This box is not for emergency care.

Emergency first: Severe chest pain, breathing trouble, unconsciousness, stroke signs, severe injury, heavy bleeding, or rapidly worsening symptoms need urgent local medical care now.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is this article a replacement for a doctor?

No. It is educational content only. Patients should consult a qualified clinician for diagnosis and treatment.

When should I seek urgent care?

Seek urgent care for severe symptoms, rapidly worsening condition, breathing difficulty, severe pain, neurological changes, or any emergency warning sign.

References

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