Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)

Dr. Harun Ar Rashid, MD - Arthritis, Bones, Joints Pain, Trauma, and Internal Medicine Specialist Dr. Harun Ar Rashid, MD - Arthritis, Bones, Joints Pain, Trauma, and Internal Medicine Specialist
0 Views
Rx Urology

Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a serious kidney disease that affects the glomeruli, which are tiny filtering units in the kidneys. This article will provide a comprehensive understanding of FSGS, including its anatomy, types, causes, symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatments, and more.

Anatomy of the Kidneys

Structure:

  • The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs located on either side of the spine.
  • Each kidney contains about a million nephrons, the functional units that filter blood and produce urine.
  • The nephron consists of the glomerulus (filtering unit) and tubules (where filtration continues).

Blood Supply:

  • The kidneys receive blood through the renal arteries, which branch off from the aorta.
  • The blood is filtered through the glomeruli, and waste products are removed to form urine.

Nerve Supply:

  • The kidneys are innervated by the autonomic nervous system, which regulates blood flow and pressure.

Types of FSGS

  • Primary FSGS: This occurs without an identifiable cause and is often linked to genetic factors.
  • Secondary FSGS: This results from other conditions, such as obesity, hypertension, or viral infections.

Causes of FSGS

  1. Genetic mutations
  2. Obesity
  3. Hypertension
  4. Diabetes
  5. HIV/AIDS
  6. Hepatitis C
  7. Sickle cell disease
  8. Drug abuse (e.g., heroin)
  9. Certain medications (e.g., NSAIDs)
  10. Immune disorders (e.g., lupus)
  11. Minimal change disease
  12. Reflux nephropathy
  13. Hyperfiltration injury
  14. Radiation exposure
  15. Systemic diseases (e.g., sarcoidosis)
  16. Heavy metal exposure
  17. Fungal infections
  18. Viral infections (e.g., cytomegalovirus)
  19. Chronic kidney disease
  20. Congenital anomalies

Symptoms of FSGS

  1. Swelling in the legs and feet (edema)
  2. Proteinuria (high levels of protein in urine)
  3. Hematuria (blood in urine)
  4. High blood pressure
  5. Decreased kidney function
  6. Fatigue
  7. Nausea
  8. Loss of appetite
  9. Weight gain
  10. Foamy urine
  11. Muscle cramps
  12. Increased thirst
  13. Anemia
  14. Shortness of breath
  15. Skin rashes
  16. Increased frequency of urination
  17. Abdominal pain
  18. Swelling around the eyes
  19. Elevated cholesterol levels
  20. Bone pain

Diagnostic Tests for FSGS

  1. Urinalysis
  2. Blood tests (creatinine, urea)
  3. Kidney ultrasound
  4. Kidney biopsy
  5. 24-hour urine collection
  6. Kidney MRI
  7. CT scan
  8. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) test
  9. Blood pressure monitoring
  10. Lipid profile
  11. Serum albumin level
  12. Immunological tests (for autoimmune diseases)
  13. Viral load tests (for HIV, Hepatitis)
  14. Genetic testing (for hereditary forms)
  15. Serum electrolytes
  16. Microscopic examination of urine
  17. Renal angiography
  18. Electrocardiogram (for heart issues related to kidney)
  19. Imaging studies (to rule out obstruction)
  20. Allergy tests (for drug allergies)

Non-Pharmacological Treatments for FSGS

  1. Dietary modifications (low-sodium, low-protein diet)
  2. Weight management
  3. Regular exercise
  4. Quitting smoking
  5. Reducing alcohol intake
  6. Stress management techniques
  7. Adequate hydration
  8. Monitoring blood pressure at home
  9. Educating oneself about the condition
  10. Support groups
  11. Sleep hygiene practices
  12. Avoiding nephrotoxic substances (e.g., certain medications)
  13. Using herbal supplements cautiously
  14. Engaging in physical therapy
  15. Practicing yoga or meditation
  16. Setting achievable health goals
  17. Utilizing adaptive devices for mobility
  18. Cooking at home to control ingredients
  19. Consulting a dietitian
  20. Regular follow-ups with healthcare providers

Medications for FSGS

  1. Corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone)
  2. Immunosuppressants (e.g., cyclosporine, tacrolimus)
  3. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
  4. Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)
  5. Diuretics
  6. Statins (for cholesterol)
  7. Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (for anemia)
  8. Fish oil supplements
  9. Antihypertensives
  10. Anticoagulants (if necessary)
  11. Phosphate binders
  12. Calcium supplements
  13. Vitamin D supplements
  14. Antidepressants (for mental health)
  15. Antihistamines (for allergies)
  16. Antibiotics (for infections)
  17. Beta-blockers (for blood pressure)
  18. Pain relievers (as needed)
  19. Anti-inflammatory drugs
  20. SGLT2 inhibitors (for diabetic patients)

Surgical Options for FSGS

  1. Kidney biopsy (diagnostic)
  2. Dialysis (if kidney function declines)
  3. Kidney transplant (for end-stage kidney disease)
  4. Creation of a fistula for dialysis access
  5. Nephrectomy (in some cases)
  6. Placement of a catheter for dialysis
  7. Renal artery angioplasty (in certain conditions)
  8. Treatment of complications (e.g., nephrectomy for cancer)
  9. Stenting (for kidney obstructions)
  10. Interventions for vascular access issues

Prevention Strategies for FSGS

  1. Maintaining a healthy weight
  2. Controlling blood pressure
  3. Managing diabetes effectively
  4. Avoiding drug abuse
  5. Staying hydrated
  6. Eating a balanced diet
  7. Regular physical activity
  8. Quitting smoking
  9. Limiting alcohol consumption
  10. Getting regular check-ups
  11. Educating oneself about kidney health
  12. Managing chronic conditions
  13. Avoiding unnecessary medications
  14. Limiting salt intake
  15. Monitoring kidney function regularly
  16. Preventing infections (e.g., vaccinations)
  17. Staying informed about genetic risks
  18. Limiting exposure to toxins
  19. Avoiding extreme dehydration
  20. Recognizing early signs of kidney problems

When to See a Doctor

  • If you experience symptoms like swelling, fatigue, or changes in urine
  • If you have a family history of kidney disease
  • If you have high blood pressure or diabetes
  • If your urine appears foamy or bloody
  • If you have persistent nausea or appetite loss

FAQs about FSGS

  • What is FSGS? FSGS is a kidney disease that leads to scarring in the glomeruli, affecting kidney function.
  • What causes FSGS? FSGS can be caused by various factors, including genetics, infections, and other health conditions.
  • What are the symptoms of FSGS? Symptoms may include swelling, high blood pressure, and protein in urine.
  • How is FSGS diagnosed? Diagnosis involves urine tests, blood tests, and sometimes a kidney biopsy.
  • Can FSGS be cured? There is no definitive cure, but treatment can help manage symptoms and slow progression.
  • What treatments are available for FSGS? Treatments include medications, dietary changes, and lifestyle adjustments.
  • Is FSGS genetic? Some cases of FSGS are hereditary due to genetic mutations.
  • Can diet affect FSGS? Yes, dietary changes can significantly impact kidney health in FSGS patients.
  • When should I see a doctor for FSGS? Seek medical advice if you experience symptoms like swelling or changes in urination.
  • What lifestyle changes can help with FSGS? Maintaining a healthy weight, managing blood pressure, and reducing stress are beneficial.
  • Is exercise safe for FSGS patients? Generally, moderate exercise is recommended, but consult a doctor for personalized advice.
  • Can FSGS lead to kidney failure? Yes, if left untreated, FSGS can progress to end-stage kidney disease.
  • Are there support groups for FSGS? Yes, various organizations offer support and resources for FSGS patients.
  • What research is being done on FSGS? Ongoing research aims to better understand FSGS and develop new treatments.
  • Can I still live a normal life with FSGS? Many people with FSGS manage their condition and lead fulfilling lives with proper care.

Conclusion

Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis is a complex kidney disease that requires careful management and understanding. By recognizing the symptoms, causes, and treatment options, patients can work closely with their healthcare providers to maintain kidney health and improve their quality of life.

 

Authors

The article is written by Team Rxharun and reviewed by the Rx Editorial Board Members

Rx Editorial Board Member and Team Rxharun’s Writers Links

More details about authors, please visit to  Sciprofile.com 

Last Update: October 20, 2024.

Authors Information

 

Disclaimer: Each person’s journey is unique, treatment plan, life style, food habit, hormonal condition, immune system, chronic disease condition, geological location, weather and previous medical  history is also unique. So always seek the best advice from a qualified medical professional or health care provider before trying any treatments to ensure to find out the best plan for you. This guide is for general information and educational purposes only. Regular check-ups and awareness can help to manage and prevent complications associated with these diseases conditions. If you or someone are suffering from this disease condition bookmark this website or share with someone who might find it useful! Boost your knowledge and stay ahead in your health journey. We always try to ensure that the content is regularly updated to reflect the latest medical research and treatment options. Thank you for giving your valuable time to read the article.

 

  1. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27887750/
  2. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34175022/
  3. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31573641/
  4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30571025/
  5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535404/
  6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15882252/
  7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29168475/
  8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34739697/
  9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31399958/
  10. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38052474/
  11. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29431364/
  12. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27383068/
  13. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26055354/
  14. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38490803/
  15. https://medlineplus.gov/skinconditions.html
  16. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Kidney_diseases
  17. https://kidney.org.au/your-kidneys/what-is-kidney-disease/types-of-kidney-disease
  18. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease
  19. https://www.kidney.org/kidney-topics/chronic-kidney-disease-ckd
  20. https://www.kidneyfund.org/all-about-kidneys/types-kidney-diseases
  21. https://www.aad.org/about/burden-of-skin-disease
  22. https://www.usa.gov/federal-agencies/national-institute-of-arthritis-musculoskeletal-and-skin-diseases
  23. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/skin/default.html
  24. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/brain-tumor/symptoms-causes/syc-20350084
  25. https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Understanding-Sleep
  26. https://www.cdc.gov/traumaticbraininjury/index.html
  27. https://www.skincancer.org/
  28. https://illnesshacker.com/
  29. https://endinglines.com/
  30. https://www.jaad.org/
  31. https://www.psoriasis.org/about-psoriasis/
  32. https://books.google.com/books?
  33. https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/skin-diseases
  34. https://cms.centerwatch.com/directories/1067-fda-approved-drugs/topic/292-skin-infections-disorders
  35. https://www.fda.gov/files/drugs/published/Acute-Bacterial-Skin-and-Skin-Structure-Infections—Developing-Drugs-for-Treatment.pdf
  36. https://dermnetnz.org/topics
  37. https://www.aaaai.org/conditions-treatments/allergies/skin-allergy
  38. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/occupational-skin-disease
  39. https://aafa.org/allergies/allergy-symptoms/skin-allergies/
  40. https://www.nibib.nih.gov/
  41. https://rxharun.com/rxharun/rxharun/article-types/skin-care-beauty/skin-diseases-types-symptoms-treatment/
  42. https://www.nei.nih.gov/
  43. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_skin_conditions
  44. https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=List_of_skin_diseases&redirect=no
  45. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_condition
  46. https://oxfordtreatment.com/
  47. https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
  48. https://consumer.ftc.gov/articles/w
  49. https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health
  50. https://catalog.ninds.nih.gov/
  51. https://www.aarda.org/diseaselist/
  52. https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets
  53. https://www.nibib.nih.gov/
  54. https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/topics
  55. https://www.nichd.nih.gov/
  56. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics
  57. https://www.nichd.nih.gov/
  58. https://www.niehs.nih.gov
  59. https://www.nimhd.nih.gov/
  60. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics
  61. https://obssr.od.nih.gov/
  62. https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics
  63. https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases
  64. https://beta.rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases
  65. https://orwh.od.nih.gov/

References

 

You Might Also Like This :

  1. Segmental Mnemonic Disorders Segmental mnemonic disorders can significantly impact daily life, causing memory lapses, cognitive difficulties, and challenges in various mnemonic functions. In this comprehensive guide, we’ll explore the types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis methods, treatment options (both pharmacological and non-pharmacological), surgeries, preventive measures, and when to seek medical attention for these disorders. Types of Segmental Mnemonic Disorders: Retrograde […]...
  2. Segmental Neurofibromatosis Segmental neurofibromatosis (SNF) is a rare form of neurofibromatosis where skin and subcutaneous tumors appear in a limited region of the body, not affecting the entire body. Types: There’s mainly one type of segmental neurofibromatosis, but it’s related to other forms of neurofibromatosis like NF1 and NF2. Causes/Risk Factors: Genetic mutations: A change in certain […]...
  3. Segmental Pulse Volume Recordings Test Respiratory inductance plethysmography; Penile pulse volume recording; Pulse volume recordings; Segmental pulse volume recordings PVR, also known as a segmental pressure study, is a non-invasive vascular test involving the use of blood pressure cuffs on your thighs, calves, and ankles, and also on your arms. The cuffs are inflated to compare the blood pressure in your […]...
  4. Segmental Hyporeflexia of the Face Segmental hyporeflexia of the face is a condition characterized by reduced or absent reflexes in specific areas of the face. This article will provide a comprehensive overview of segmental hyporeflexia of the face, including its types, causes, symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatments, drugs, surgeries, preventions, and when to see a doctor. Segmental hyporeflexia refers to a […]...
  5. Segmental Hyalinizing Vasculitis Segmental hyalinizing vasculitis is a rare medical condition that affects blood vessels in your body. In simple terms, it’s when some of your blood vessels become inflamed and damaged. This condition can be quite complex, but we’ll break it down into easy-to-understand sections. Segmental hyalinizing vasculitis is a medical term used to describe a condition […]...
  6. Upper Limb Segmental Hyporeflexia Upper limb segmental hyporeflexia refers to reduced or diminished reflexes in specific segments of the upper limbs. This condition can result from various underlying causes and can significantly affect an individual’s daily life. Understanding its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options is essential for managing the condition effectively. Upper limb segmental hyporeflexia is characterized by […]...
  7. Segmental Hyporeflexia Segmental hyporeflexia refers to a decrease or absence of reflexes in specific segments of the body. This condition can occur due to various underlying causes and may manifest with a range of symptoms. Understanding the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options for segmental hyporeflexia is essential for managing the condition effectively. Segmental hyporeflexia is a […]...
  8. Segmental Vitiligo Segmental vitiligo is a skin condition that causes loss of pigmentation in certain areas of the skin. In this article, we will explore the various aspects of segmental vitiligo, including its types, causes, symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatments, and medications. We aim to provide clear and simple explanations to help you better understand this condition. Types […]...
  9. Segmental Hyporeflexia of the Trunk Segmental hyporeflexia of the trunk refers to a condition where there is reduced or absent reflex response in specific segments of the trunk region of the body. This can result from various underlying causes and may lead to symptoms affecting mobility and sensation in the trunk area. Understanding the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options […]...
  10. Focal Dermal Hypoplasia (FDH) Focal Dermal Hypoplasia (FDH) is a rare genetic disorder that affects the skin and various other body systems. In this article, we’ll provide plain English explanations for FDH, its types, causes, symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatments, and relevant drugs to improve readability and accessibility. Focal Dermal Hypoplasia, often called Goltz Syndrome, is a genetic condition that […]...
  11. Focal Non-Epidermolytic Palmoplantar Keratoderma Focal Non-Epidermolytic Palmoplantar Keratoderma, often abbreviated as FNEPPK, is a mouthful of a medical term that describes a skin condition that affects the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet. In simpler terms, it’s a skin problem that makes these areas thick and rough. This article will break down FNEPPK into easy-to-understand […]...
  12. Segmental Lentiginosis  Segmental lentiginosis is a skin condition characterized by the development of dark, flat spots on a specific segment of the body. These spots, known as lentigines, are caused by an increased production of melanin, the pigment responsible for skin color. In this comprehensive guide, we will explore the types, causes, symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatments, and […]...
  13. Focal Cortical Atrophy Focal cortical atrophy is a medical condition where certain areas of the brain undergo a reduction in size or shrinkage. This condition can lead to various cognitive and neurological symptoms. Understanding its causes, symptoms, and available treatments is crucial for proper management and prevention. Focal cortical atrophy refers to the shrinking of specific areas of […]...
  14. Focal Palmoplantar Keratoderma with Oral Mucosal Hyperkeratosis Focal Palmoplantar Keratoderma with Oral Mucosal Hyperkeratosis (FPKOMH) might sound like a complex medical term, but we’re here to break it down for you in plain and simple English. In this article, we’ll explain what FPKOMH is, its types, causes, symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatments, drugs, and more. Our goal is to make this information accessible […]...
  15. Focal Epidermolytic Palmoplantar Keratoderma Focal epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma (FEPPK) might sound complicated, but we’re here to break it down for you in simple, easy-to-understand language. In this article, we will provide definitions, causes, symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatments, and drugs related to FEPPK to help improve your understanding of this condition. Focal Epidermolytic Palmoplantar Keratoderma (FEPPK) is a rare genetic […]...

To Get Daily Health Newsletter

We don’t spam! Read our privacy policy for more info.

Terms and Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Cookie Policy
Editorial Policy
Advertising Policy
EU User Consent Policy
Correction Policy
Citation Policy
Ethics and Logical Policies
About Us
Contact Us
Newsletter
Career
Sitemap
Advertise with us
Editorial Board Members
Review Board Member
Team RxHarun
Web Developers Team
Guest Posts and Sponsored Posts
Request for Board Member
Women Writers
Download Mobile Apps
Follow us on Social Media
© 2012 - 2025; All rights reserved by authors. Powered by Mediarx International LTD, a subsidiary company of Rx Foundation.
RxHarun
Logo