Parkes Weber syndrome (PWS) is a rare condition present from birth where abnormal fast-flow connections form between arteries and veins (arteriovenous fistulas and arteriovenous malformations), often in one limb. The limb can look bigger, feel warmer, and show a red “capillary malformation” on the skin. Blood can rush through the abnormal channels so quickly that the heart works too hard, which can lead to swelling and, in severe cases, heart failure if untreated. Many cases relate to changes in the RASA1 gene, and some to EPHB4, which affect how blood vessels grow and connect. PWS belongs to the ISSVA (vascular anomalies) classification under fast-flow malformations. RSNA Publications+3NCBI+3Belgian Journal of Paediatrics+3 PWS happens because certain genes that guide vessel growth and branching do not signal correctly during development, so some arteries connect directly to veins without capillaries in between. RASA1 is the most common culprit, and EPHB4 can also be involved; these changes create the “capillary malformation–arteriovenous malformation (CM-AVM)” spectrum that includes PWS. The abnormal fast-flow shunts in the limb drive overgrowth, warmth, and sometimes strain on the heart. NCBI+2Belgian Journal of Paediatrics+2
Parkes Weber syndrome is a rare birth condition that affects blood vessels and limb growth. It combines a flat pink or red “capillary malformation” on the skin with many tiny fast-flow connections between arteries and veins (micro-arteriovenous fistulas). The affected limb (usually a leg) grows larger and longer than normal. Doctors classify PWS as a high-flow vascular malformation disorder. Johns Hopkins Medicine+2Orpha+2
In PWS, blood rushes from arteries straight into veins and skips the capillary bed. This “shunt” can overload the veins and the heart. Some patients can develop swelling, pain, bleeding, or even high-output heart failure if the shunts are large or many. Cleveland Clinic+1
Many patients with a PWS picture have a change (mutation) in a gene that controls vessel growth signals. Most often it involves the RASA1 gene, and sometimes the EPHB4 gene. Both sit in a pathway that controls RAS/MAPK signaling, which guides how vessels form. NCBI+1
Other names
Doctors may also call PWS a “Parkes Weber variant of capillary malformation–arteriovenous malformation (CM-AVM).” When RASA1 is involved, some writers say “CM-AVM1 with Parkes Weber phenotype.” When EPHB4 is involved, they say “CM-AVM2 with Parkes Weber phenotype.” Older texts sometimes used “Klippel-Trénaunay-Weber,” but modern systems separate PWS (high-flow) from Klippel-Trénaunay syndrome (low-flow). ISVAnet+2American Heart Association Journals+2
PWS means a person is born with a flat pink birthmark and many tiny artery-to-vein shortcuts under that skin area. The shortcuts make the limb warm, pulsating, and bigger. The fast flow can strain veins and the heart. The condition is lifelong. Treatment focuses on reducing shunts, protecting the limb, and watching the heart. Johns Hopkins Medicine+1
Types
By gene pathway.
RASA1-related PWS (CM-AVM1 phenotype). People have RASA1 mutations. They often have multiple small pink capillary spots and can develop fast-flow lesions and limb overgrowth. Ovid+1
EPHB4-related PWS (CM-AVM2 phenotype). People have EPHB4 mutations. The clinical picture can look like RASA1 disease and can include Parkes Weber-type limb overgrowth. American Heart Association Journals+1
By flow and extent.
- Diffuse high-flow limb disease. Many micro-fistulas spread through the limb with strong pulses, warmth, and overgrowth. Global Genes
Segmental high-flow disease. Shunts cluster in one segment (for example, thigh or calf) with a matching skin stain. PubMed Central
By overlap.
- PWS with additional venous/lymphatic malformations. Some patients also show low-flow components (veins or lymphatics), though the hallmark is fast flow. Ovid
By natural history.
- Infant-presenting high-flow with cardiac load. Newborns can present with breathing trouble or heart strain due to very high shunt flow. ResearchGate
Causes
Germline RASA1 loss-of-function. A single inherited or new (de novo) mutation can prime the tissue for fast-flow malformations. Ovid
Germline EPHB4 loss-of-function. These variants produce a CM-AVM2 picture that can include PWS features. American Heart Association Journals
“Second-hit” somatic mutation in RASA1. A second local mutation in the affected tissue can trigger the malformation in that segment. PubMed+1
Mosaic EPHB4 variants. Post-zygotic changes in EPHB4 can localize disease to one limb. Lippincott Journals
RAS/MAPK pathway dysregulation. Abnormal signaling drives overgrowth and abnormal artery-vein connections. American Heart Association Journals
Abnormal arteriovenous specification during fetal development. Early vessel patterning fails, so arteries connect to veins directly. RSNA Publications
High-flow hemodynamic remodeling. Once shunts exist, the high flow enlarges vessels and worsens the lesion over time. Cleveland Clinic
Capillary malformation “field” effect. The skin CM often marks the area where deeper shunts form. NCBI
Limb growth plate stimulation by hyperemia. Extra blood flow can speed bone growth and cause length difference. Global Genes
Abnormal venous drainage and venous hypertension. Fast shunts overload veins, leading to swelling and pain. Global Genes
Lymphatic involvement in some patients. Lymphatic malformations may coexist and add to swelling. Global Genes
Diffuse micro-AVF networks rather than one big AVM. The “many small fistulas” pattern is typical of PWS. Johns Hopkins Medicine
Inherited autosomal dominant transmission in some families. One changed gene copy can be enough; penetrance varies. Ovid
De novo (new) mutations with no family history. Many patients are first in their family. MedlinePlus
Early fetal timing of the second hit. An early hit can produce larger segments of disease and marked overgrowth. JAMA Network
Arterialization of veins exposed to shunt flow. Veins thicken and widen, making the shunt circuit stronger. Cleveland Clinic
Local tissue hypoxia around shunts. Maldistributed flow can reduce oxygen to some areas, driving mal-adaptive angiogenesis. Cleveland Clinic
Coexisting fast-flow lesions in bone or muscle. Deeper lesions amplify limb changes and pain. JAMA Network
Classification-linked biology. ISSVA lists PWS as CM + AVF + overgrowth, pointing to a combined-malformation biology. ISVAnet
Genetic heterogeneity beyond RASA1/EPHB4 (rare or suspected). Research suggests other rare loci may modify the picture. Pediatric Interventional Radiology Handbook
Symptoms and signs
Flat pink-to-red capillary stain over the limb. Often present at birth and marks the affected zone. NCBI
Limb overgrowth (length and girth). Bone and soft tissue enlarge; differences grow during childhood. Global Genes
Warmth and visible pulsation. The skin feels warm; a thrill or bruit may be felt or heard. Johns Hopkins Medicine
Swelling and heaviness. Venous overload and lymph issues cause limb edema and fatigue. Global Genes
Pain or aching with use. Flow and venous pressure can cause exertional pain. Cleveland Clinic
Varicose or enlarged veins. Surface veins look big and bulging due to shunt load. Wikipedia
Skin breakdown or bleeding. Fragile surface vessels may bleed or ulcerate. Cleveland Clinic
Recurrent cellulitis or infection (in some). Swelling and skin fragility raise risk. Cleveland Clinic
Functional limits. Limping, reduced endurance, or difficulty with shoes or clothing. Global Genes
Heart strain in severe cases. Very high shunt flow can cause high-output heart failure. Global Genes
Temperature difference between limbs. The affected side is warmer. Johns Hopkins Medicine
Audible bruit over the lesion. A whooshing sound from fast flow. Johns Hopkins Medicine
Nerve pain or tingling (less common). Vascular crowding can irritate nerves. Cleveland Clinic
Cosmetic and social distress. Visible marks and size difference affect mood and self-image. Cleveland Clinic
Back or hip pain from length difference. Limb length inequality alters posture and gait. Global Genes
Diagnostic tests
A) Physical examination
Focused skin and limb exam. The doctor looks for a flat pink capillary stain, warmth, swelling, and enlarged veins; checks pulses and listens for bruits. This first step guides imaging. Johns Hopkins Medicine
Limb length and girth measurement. Simple tape and block testing show size and length differences to plan shoes, inserts, or surgery timing. Global Genes
Palpation for thrill. A buzzing vibration under the fingers suggests fast shunts. Johns Hopkins Medicine
Capillary refill and skin temperature. These quick checks hint at flow pattern and venous congestion. Johns Hopkins Medicine
Heart and lung exam. Listening for tachycardia or signs of high-output failure in extensive disease. Global Genes
B) Manual / bedside vascular tests
Handheld Doppler (bedside). A small probe detects arterial flow sounds and venous signals; fast, turbulent flow supports PWS. ZORA
Ankle-brachial index (ABI) or segmental pressures. Simple cuffs compare limb pressures and help map hemodynamics when planning care. Cleveland Clinic
Photoplethysmography (PPG). A light sensor tracks blood volume changes; abnormal waveforms suggest shunting or venous overload. Cleveland Clinic
Transcutaneous oximetry (TcPO₂). A skin sensor estimates oxygen; low readings near ulcers guide wound care. Cleveland Clinic
Gait and function assessment. Clinicians observe walking and endurance to quantify impact and need for orthotics. Global Genes
C) Laboratory and pathological tests
Baseline blood counts and iron studies. Repeated bleeding or ulcers can cause anemia; labs guide treatment. Cleveland Clinic
Coagulation profile if bleeding risk. Tests help plan procedures like embolization or surgery. Ovid
BNP/NT-proBNP when heart strain is suspected. These markers rise with high-output heart failure. Global Genes
Genetic testing for RASA1 and EPHB4. A blood test (or affected-tissue test) can confirm the diagnosis and help family counseling. NCBI+1
Targeted tissue genetics for second hits (selected cases). Testing the lesion may reveal somatic “second-hit” mutations that explain segmental disease. PubMed
D) Electrodiagnostic / physiologic imaging
Duplex ultrasound. Combines Doppler flow and B-mode images. It sees fast arterialized venous flow, enlarged channels, and maps the lesion at the bedside without radiation. Johns Hopkins Medicine
Echocardiogram. Ultrasound of the heart checks chamber size, output, and strain when the shunt burden is high. Global Genes
Segmental plethysmography. Cuff-based volume testing shows abnormally high limb flow and helps track response to treatment. Cleveland Clinic
E) Cross-sectional and catheter imaging
MRI with MR angiography (MRA). MRI shows the extent of soft-tissue and bone changes and maps fast-flow channels without iodine contrast. It is the core imaging test for planning. Johns Hopkins Medicine
CT angiography (CTA) and digital subtraction angiography (DSA). CTA quickly shows arterial and venous anatomy; DSA is the gold standard when planning embolization because it shows real-time flow and allows treatment in the same session. Ovid
Non-pharmacological treatments (therapies & supports)
Note: In fast-flow AVMs like PWS, procedures and careful support often matter more than pills. Below are concise descriptions; each item is kept short for readability.
Specialist-center care and staged planning
Care at a vascular anomalies center brings interventional radiologists, dermatologists, surgeons, cardiologists, and geneticists together. Staged plans reduce complications and tailor timing of embolization and surgery. PubMed Central+1Compression garments (graduated)
Elastic compression helps venous return, reduces limb swelling, supports skin, and may ease pain with activity. Proper fit and day-time wear are key. PubMed CentralSkin protection and wound care
Fast-flow skin can be fragile and bleed. Gentle cleansers, emollients, non-adherent dressings, and early infection treatment lower risks. PubMed CentralActivity pacing and exercise guidance
Low-impact activity maintains muscle pump and joint motion. Over-strain can raise flow and symptoms, so pacing and breaks help. PubMed CentralPhysiotherapy
Targeted strengthening and edema techniques (e.g., elevation, gentle manual drainage) support limb function alongside compression. PubMed CentralPain self-management strategies
Heat/cold with caution, relaxation, and sleep hygiene complement medical pain plans and reduce flare triggers. PubMed CentralProtective gear for sport/work
Padding and safe footwear reduce trauma and bleeding risk in a bulky, warm limb. PubMed CentralDental and procedural planning
Tell clinicians about PWS before extractions or procedures; avoid unnecessary arterial cannulation in the affected limb to reduce injury or bleeding. PubMed CentralVaccination and infection prevention
Skin infections can spread quickly through abnormal tissue; routine vaccines and early care for cellulitis are important. PubMed CentralPsychological support
Visible limb changes and procedures can be stressful. Counseling improves coping and quality of life. PubMed CentralGenetic counseling
Families learn recurrence risks and testing options for RASA1/EPHB4. NCBI+1Cardiac monitoring
Screen for signs of high-output heart failure (fast heart rate, shortness of breath, swelling) when shunts are large. PubMed CentralEmbolization (endovascular) planning
A key non-drug intervention: agents are delivered through catheters to close abnormal channels; often done in stages. PubMed Central+1Pre-surgical devascularization
If surgery is needed, pre-op embolization reduces blood loss and recurrence. ClinicSearchLaser for capillary stain components
Selected lasers can lighten the capillary stain for cosmetic reasons; not a cure for deep fast-flow. PubMed CentralProtecting from heat and trauma
Heat dilates vessels and can worsen throbbing; minor bumps may bleed—use caution in daily tasks. PubMed CentralPregnancy planning
Hemodynamics change in pregnancy; pre-conception review helps plan monitoring and procedures. PubMed CentralAnemia surveillance
Chronic oozing or procedures can lower hemoglobin—check and replace iron if needed under medical guidance. PubMed CentralEducation on red flags
Sudden swelling, severe pain, cool skin, or ulceration need urgent review; complications after sclerotherapy can rarely threaten the limb. BioMed CentralLong-term follow-up
AVMs can recur or progress; scheduled reviews adjust compression, activity, and procedure timing. PubMed Central
Drug treatments
Important: No medicine cures PWS fast-flow AVMs. Medicines help symptoms, treat complications, or—when a matching mutation exists—target a pathway. Several agents are off-label for PWS; FDA labels are cited for dosing/safety context, not PWS approval.
Sirolimus (systemic mTOR inhibitor) — adjunct/targeted therapy in complex vascular anomalies; evidence strongest in slow-flow lesions but used selectively in AVMs under expert care.
Class: mTOR inhibitor. Purpose: reduce abnormal endothelial growth and inflammation; shrink lesion bulk or relieve symptoms in some patients. Dose/Time: protocols often target trough 6–15 ng/mL; pediatric starts near 0.8 mg/m² twice daily and titrate—individualize and monitor. Mechanism: blocks mTOR pathway to slow pathologic vessel signaling. Key safety: mucositis, high lipids, infection risk; needs blood-level and lab monitoring. Evidence: phase 2/real-world studies show benefit in vascular anomalies; AVM responses are variable. Label (for safety): Rapamune label (transplant) guides risks/monitoring; not PWS-approved. JAMA Network+1Topical sirolimus (for skin components) — adjunct, small trials for cutaneous vascular anomalies.
Helps lighten/flatten superficial lesions with less systemic exposure; still investigational. Watch for local irritation; blood levels usually low but check in extensive use. Wiley Online LibraryTrametinib (MEK inhibitor) — mutation-guided
Use: consider when an AVM shows MAP2K1/KRAS pathway activation; case reports and early studies show size/flow reduction. Mechanism: inhibits MEK in RAS/MAPK signaling. Safety: acneiform rash, edema, cardiomyopathy risk—echocardiogram monitoring. Regulatory note: Trametinib is FDA-approved for cancers, not AVMs/PWS; use is off-label within trials or expert centers. PubMed Central+2ScienceDirect+2Alpelisib (PI3Kα inhibitor) — for PROS, not typical PWS
Indication: FDA-approved for PIK3CA-Related Overgrowth Spectrum (PROS). Not standard for RASA1-related PWS unless a PIK3CA mutation is proven and clinical features meet PROS. Mechanism: blocks PI3Kα. Safety: hyperglycemia, rash, diarrhea; label provides dosing by age/weight. U.S. Food and Drug Administration+2FDA Access Data+2Bevacizumab (anti-VEGF) — experimental/adjunct in select AVM settings; evidence mostly in brain AVMs and HHT bleeding.
May lessen abnormal angiogenesis; limited data for peripheral AVMs, stronger for HHT-related bleeding. Risks include hypertension and thromboembolism. Off-label in this context. Neurology Open+1Antibiotics (for cellulitis or infected ulcers)
Used when skin infection occurs in the affected limb; choice depends on local guidelines and cultures. Prompt treatment prevents spread. PubMed CentralAnalgesics (acetaminophen; cautious NSAID use)
Help pain flares. NSAIDs can increase bleeding risk; many teams prefer acetaminophen first and reserve NSAIDs after risk review. PubMed CentralIron therapy (oral or IV)
Treats iron-deficiency anemia from chronic oozing or procedures; ferritin and transferrin saturation guide dosing. PubMed CentralDiuretics (e.g., furosemide) for volume overload
When large shunts cause fluid retention or high-output failure, short-term diuretics relieve symptoms while definitive vascular treatment is arranged. Cardiology monitors electrolytes and kidney function. PubMed CentralHeart failure agents (ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers)
Selected when high-output state stresses the heart; these support the heart while AVM flow is reduced by embolization/surgery. PubMed CentralAnticoagulation (case-by-case)
Not routine; considered only for documented thrombosis or specific indications because bleeding risk can be higher around AVMs. PubMed CentralAntibiotic prophylaxis (procedure-specific)
Given before certain interventions to lower infection risk based on local protocols. PubMed CentralSclerosing agents (procedural drugs such as ethanol, STS, doxycycline)
These are interventional (not home medicines). Agents injected by specialists close malformation channels; choice depends on flow and anatomy. Ethanol is potent but carries risks; others are selected for safety profile. ScienceDirect+2Annals of Vascular Surgery+2Antihistamines (for itch over stains or dressings)
Used symptomatically to reduce scratching and skin trauma. PubMed CentralProton-pump inhibitors (procedure-related)
Given when stress-ulcer prophylaxis is indicated during complex hospital stays; not disease-specific. PubMed CentralTopical hemostatic agents (clinic use)
Alginates or thrombin-based dressings may help minor oozing while waiting for definitive care. PubMed CentralAntimicrobials for biofilm in chronic wounds (clinician-guided)
Short courses or modern dressings can help if biofilm suspected. PubMed CentralGabapentinoids (select neuropathic pain)
Sometimes used for nerve-type pain around malformations; monitor for sedation. PubMed CentralShort-course corticosteroids (rare, specific indications)
Not routine for AVMs; may be used only for special inflammatory complications under specialist care. PubMed CentralAntiemetics and peri-procedural support meds
Used around anesthesia or after embolization to reduce nausea and improve comfort. PubMed Central
Why not propranolol? Propranolol works for infantile hemangiomas (a different entity), not for AVMs like PWS. Management focuses on embolization/surgery and, in select cases, pathway inhibitors. RSNA Publications
Dietary molecular supplements
There are no supplements proven to shrink AVMs in PWS. The aim is to support skin, anemia prevention, bone/muscle strength, and overall healing. Always clear supplements with the care team, especially before procedures.
Oral iron (when deficient) — restores hemoglobin if chronic oozing causes anemia; dosing guided by ferritin and transferrin saturation. PubMed Central
Vitamin C — supports collagen and wound healing; useful if diet is poor; avoid mega-doses before procedures. PubMed Central
Vitamin D — maintains bone/muscle health for uneven limb loading; supplement if low on labs. PubMed Central
Protein (dietary or shakes) — adequate daily protein helps tissue repair after embolization or surgery. PubMed Central
Zinc (short term if deficient) — assists wound healing; avoid long-term high doses. PubMed Central
Omega-3 fatty acids — may help general cardiovascular health; stop before procedures if surgeon requests due to bleeding concerns. PubMed Central
Folate/B12 (if low) — corrects anemia causes not related to iron. PubMed Central
Calcium (if diet poor and vitamin D low) — supports bone strength with altered gait mechanics. PubMed Central
Multivitamin (basic) — covers gaps during recovery phases; avoid high-dose single vitamins. PubMed Central
Electrolyte solutions (peri-procedure per team) — help hydration around interventions if instructed. PubMed Central
Immunity boosters, regenerative or stem-cell drugs
There are no approved immune-booster drugs, regenerative drugs, or stem-cell drugs for PWS, and none are recommended in clinical guidelines. Using them outside a regulated clinical trial can be harmful and may delay proven care like embolization and surgery. When you see such claims online, ask for peer-reviewed evidence and regulatory approvals; for PWS, these do not exist today. Care should stay within specialist vascular anomaly centers and—if exploring new therapies—formal clinical trials with ethics oversight. PubMed Central+1
Surgeries and procedures
Endovascular embolization (staged)
A catheter is guided into the abnormal vessels and liquid embolic (e.g., ethanol, glue) or coils are placed to close the shunts. It reduces flow, eases pain and swelling, protects the heart, and prepares some patients for surgery. Often performed in several sessions to lower risk. PubMed Central+2ScienceDirect+2Pre-operative embolization + limited resection
For bulky or ulcerated tissue, embolization is done first to reduce bleeding, then surgeons remove select overgrown or damaged areas. This combo lowers recurrence and complications compared with surgery alone. ClinicSearchDebulking/contouring surgery
When a limb is heavy or function is limited, carefully planned tissue reduction improves mobility and hygiene. It is reserved for symptoms not controlled by less invasive steps. PubMed CentralSkin grafts or flap coverage
Used to close chronic wounds after devascularization, improving healing and comfort. PubMed CentralAmputation (rare, last resort)
Considered only for uncontrollable pain, infection, or life-threatening complications when all other options fail. PubMed Central
Preventions
Wear prescribed compression daily. PubMed Central
Protect the limb from cuts/bumps; use pads as needed. PubMed Central
Keep skin moisturized; treat small wounds early. PubMed Central
Avoid extreme heat and very strenuous activity that triggers throbbing. PubMed Central
Maintain healthy weight to reduce limb load. PubMed Central
Keep vaccinations up to date. PubMed Central
Plan dental/procedural care with your team in advance. PubMed Central
Seek care fast for signs of infection (redness, heat, fever). PubMed Central
Attend regular follow-ups and imaging as advised. PubMed Central
Discuss pregnancy plans early with your care team. PubMed Central
When to see doctors (red flags)
See your team urgently if the limb suddenly swells, turns cool or very painful, bleeds heavily, develops ulcers, or if you feel short of breath, very tired, or notice ankle swelling or a racing heartbeat (possible high-output heart strain). Call after any new skin infection or after procedures if pain or color change seems unusual. PubMed Central
What to eat and what to avoid
Eat: iron-rich foods (lean meats, legumes), vitamin-C foods (fruit, peppers), enough protein (eggs, fish, dairy/soy), and a balanced diet to support healing and weight control. Avoid or limit: alcohol excess (bleeding risk), smoking (poor wound healing), very high-dose fish oil or herbal “blood thinners” before procedures (only with doctor approval), and crash diets that slow recovery. PubMed Central
FAQs
Is PWS the same as a birthmark?
No. The red stain is part of PWS, but the deeper problem is fast-flow artery-to-vein connections that can stress the heart. NCBIWhat genes are involved?
Most often RASA1, sometimes EPHB4; testing helps confirm and guide family counseling. NCBI+1Can medicines cure it?
No. Medicines help symptoms or special mutation-guided targets, but procedures like embolization are central. PubMed CentralIs sirolimus used?
Sometimes, as an adjunct in complex vascular anomalies; responses vary in AVMs. It needs close monitoring for side effects. JAMA NetworkWhat about trametinib?
In AVMs with MAP2K1/KRAS mutations, early reports show benefit; this is off-label and typically in trials or expert centers. PubMed Central+1Is alpelisib for PWS?
It’s FDA-approved for PROS, not classic RASA1-PWS, unless PIK3CA mutation and PROS features are present. U.S. Food and Drug AdministrationWill compression really help?
Yes—many patients feel less heaviness and swelling with well-fitted garments. PubMed CentralDo AVMs come back after treatment?
They can progress or recur. Staged, planned care reduces risk and manages flow over time. PubMed CentralIs surgery always needed?
No. Many patients do well with embolization alone or with limited surgery after embolization. PubMed CentralAre there diet cures?
No diets shrink AVMs. A balanced diet supports healing and anemia correction. PubMed CentralCan I play sports?
Usually yes, with pacing, padding, and compression. Avoid contact risks that cause bleeding. PubMed CentralWhat about pregnancy?
Plan ahead; monitoring may increase because flow changes can worsen symptoms. PubMed CentralDo I need heart checks?
If flow is very high or symptoms suggest strain, cardiology will monitor and treat. PubMed CentralAre lasers a cure?
Lasers help the skin stain but not deep fast-flow channels. PubMed CentralWhere should I get care?
At a vascular anomalies center with interventional radiology and genetics. PubMed Central
Disclaimer: Each person’s journey is unique, treatment plan, life style, food habit, hormonal condition, immune system, chronic disease condition, geological location, weather and previous medical history is also unique. So always seek the best advice from a qualified medical professional or health care provider before trying any treatments to ensure to find out the best plan for you. This guide is for general information and educational purposes only. Regular check-ups and awareness can help to manage and prevent complications associated with these diseases conditions. If you or someone are suffering from this disease condition bookmark this website or share with someone who might find it useful! Boost your knowledge and stay ahead in your health journey. We always try to ensure that the content is regularly updated to reflect the latest medical research and treatment options. Thank you for giving your valuable time to read the article.
The article is written by Team RxHarun and reviewed by the Rx Editorial Board Members
Last Updated: November 10, 2025.
