Benign Paroxysmal Torticollis of Infancy (BPTI)

Benign paroxysmal torticollis of infancy is a short-lasting, repeatable head-tilt problem that starts in babies. During an “attack,” a baby’s head tilts to one side (sometimes with a slight turn). The tilt comes on suddenly, lasts from minutes to hours or even a couple of days, and then goes away by itself. Between attacks, the baby’s exam is normal. Many babies also look pale, vomit, seem irritable or tired, or wobble when they try to sit or stand. BPTI usually begins in the first year of life and tends to come back every few weeks or months. Most children outgrow it in early childhood. Doctors group BPTI with “episodic syndromes that may be associated with migraine.” ICHD-3

Benign Paroxysmal Torticollis of Infancy (BPTI) is a condition where a baby has repeated, sudden episodes of head tilt to one side, sometimes with vomiting, pallor, irritability, unsteadiness, or sleepiness. Episodes start in the first year of life, last hours to days, recur for months to a few years, and usually go away on their own as the child grows. BPTI is considered one of the “episodic syndromes associated with migraine” in children; in some families, DNA changes in migraine-related ion-channel genes (for example CACNA1A) have been described. Most children develop normally, though some later develop migraine or other benign episodic syndromes. PMC+2PMC+2

The exact cause is not fully known. Many experts see BPTI as an early-life migraine-spectrum disorder where the brain’s sensory and balance circuits are temporarily over-excitable. This fits the strong family history of migraine in some series and the genetic reports linking BPTI to calcium-channel variants (e.g., CACNA1A) also found in familial hemiplegic migraine or episodic ataxia. These links explain why a few migraine preventives (e.g., topiramate) have been tried in children with frequent or disabling episodes. PubMed+2PubMed+2

Researchers believe BPTI is benign (does not cause permanent brain injury) and self-limited (goes away over time). In follow-up studies, most children had no lasting problems, though some later developed migraine or another migraine-related childhood syndrome. PubMed+1

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Other names

• Benign paroxysmal torticollis (BPT)

• Benign paroxysmal torticollis of infancy (BPTI)

• Paroxysmal torticollis in infancy / infantile paroxysmal torticollis
  These names all describe the same pattern: recurrent, brief head-tilt episodes in infants. ICHD-3+1

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Types

There is no official “subtype” list in ICHD-3, but clinicians often describe useful patterns:

1. Sporadic vs. familial BPTI
   Some babies have no family history. Others have close relatives with migraine or other episodic syndromes. Familial cases strengthen the link with migraine biology. PubMed+1

2. Genetic-association patterns
   A minority of children carry variants in CACNA1A, PRRT2, or ATP1A2—genes already known in migraine/episodic movement disorders. These suggest “channelopathy” or synaptic signaling mechanisms. PubMed+2PubMed+2

3. Laterality patterns
   Attacks can affect one side repeatedly or alternate sides over time. (Either way, the head returns to neutral after the attack.) ICHD-3

4. Course over time
   Some children stop having attacks without any further problems; some later develop migraine or benign paroxysmal vertigo. ICHD-3+1

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Causes

Important note: No single proven cause explains all BPTI. The list below blends known associations and leading mechanisms under study. Doctors also use it to guide testing and to explain the condition to families.

1. Migraine-spectrum biology – BPTI sits in ICHD-3 among “episodic syndromes associated with migraine,” pointing to shared pathways with pediatric migraine. ICHD-3

2. Family history of migraine – Families of children with BPTI often report migraines or other episodic syndromes, supporting a genetic predisposition. PubMed+1

3. CACNA1A variants – Changes in the P/Q-type calcium channel gene can present in infancy as BPTI and later evolve to hemiplegic migraine or episodic ataxia in some families. PubMed+1

4. PRRT2 variants – PRRT2-related disorders include paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia and infantile seizures; paroxysmal torticollis has been reported within these families. PubMed+2National Organization for Rare Disorders+2

5. ATP1A2 variants – Rare variants in the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase alpha-2 subunit gene, known in hemiplegic migraine, have been described in a few BPTI patients. Wiley Online Library

6. Brainstem/vestibular network immaturity – The infant brain’s balance and autonomic circuits (vomiting, pallor) are still maturing; transient imbalance here may trigger episodes. MDPI

7. Episodic syndrome continuum – Some children later develop benign paroxysmal vertigo or migraine with aura, suggesting a shared underlying mechanism. ICHD-3+1

8. Autonomic dysregulation – Pallor, vomiting and malaise during attacks hint at transient brainstem autonomic activation, a known migraine feature in children. ICHD-3

9. Ion-channel dysfunction – Beyond single genes, broader channel “noise” (calcium, sodium, potassium pumps) may lower the threshold for attacks. Frontiers

10. Synaptic release abnormalities – PRRT2 influences synaptic vesicle fusion; variants may make circuits more “twitchy,” producing brief dystonic tilts. MDPI

11. Age-related susceptibility – BPTI typically begins in the first year, when these circuits are most plastic; it usually remits by preschool years. ICHD-3+1

12. Female predominance (in some series) – Early reports observed more girls affected, implying hormonal or genetic modifiers, though findings are not uniform. PubMed

13. Coexisting episodic ataxia traits – Ataxia can accompany attacks and is more common in the older end of the affected age group, again suggesting cerebellar involvement. ICHD-3

14. Triggers shared with migraine (suspected) – Families sometimes report sleep loss, minor illness or stress around attacks; data are limited and not definitive. (Mechanistic inference from the migraine link.) ICHD-3

15. Developmental “outgrowing” – The natural history toward remission suggests maturation stabilizes neural circuits that were previously easily perturbed. PubMed

16. Genetic heterogeneity – Even in genetic studies, many children have no identifiable variant, telling us multiple pathways can lead to the same clinical picture. PubMed

17. Overlap with other paroxysmal movement phenotypes – Families with PRRT2/CACNA1A can show different episodic disorders across relatives, pointing to shared circuit biology with different expressions in infancy. PubMed

18. Normal findings between attacks – The normal neurologic exam between episodes indicates a functional (not structural) mechanism. ICHD-3

19. Vestibular-migraine relationship – Historical observations and modern reviews connect BPTI with later benign paroxysmal vertigo/vestibular migraine, implying related vestibular circuitry. MDPI

20. Idiopathic in many – For many babies, no specific cause is found; the condition still follows a benign, self-limited course. PubMed

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Symptoms

1. Sudden head tilt to one side – The head bends or slightly turns and “sticks” that way for a while, then returns to normal by itself. ICHD-3

2. Side can switch – One attack may tilt left, another right. This switching helps doctors recognize BPTI. ICHD-3

3. Pallor (pale look) – The skin may look washed-out during an attack. ICHD-3

4. Vomiting – Some babies throw up during the episode. ICHD-3

5. Irritability – Babies can cry more or seem fussy. ICHD-3

6. Malaise (not feeling well) – They seem “off,” tired, or just not themselves. ICHD-3

7. Ataxia (wobbliness) – Older infants may look unsteady when they try to sit, crawl, or stand during an attack. ICHD-3

8. Drowsiness – Some get sleepy before, during, or after the tilt. rarediseases.info.nih.gov

9. Vertigo/dizziness – The baby might look off-balance, which can show up as clinging or distress. rarediseases.info.nih.gov

10. Poor feeding during attacks – Because of nausea or imbalance, feeding may be less during an episode. (Consistent with vomiting/malaise patterns.) ICHD-3

11. Photophobia (light sensitivity) – A “migraine-like” symptom seen in some children; in one study, having such symptoms increased later migraine risk. PubMed

12. Phonophobia (sound sensitivity) – Similar to photophobia; another migrainous clue in some cases. PubMed

13. Headache later in childhood – Some children with past BPTI develop migraine as they grow. PubMed

14. Normal periods between attacks – The child acts and examines normally when not having an episode. ICHD-3

15. Overall good outcome – Most children outgrow the problem without long-term neurologic issues. PubMed

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Diagnostic tests

BPTI is a clinical diagnosis. Tests are used to exclude other causes of torticollis (some serious) and to confirm that the child is normal between attacks. ICHD-3 stresses a normal exam between episodes and the need to consider the posterior fossa/craniocervical junction when ruling out structural problems. ICHD-3

Physical exam

1. Full neurologic exam between attacks – Should be normal in BPTI; if abnormal, doctors look for other problems. ICHD-3

2. Observation during an attack – Confirms a sudden, reversible head tilt that resolves spontaneously. Frequency can be monthly. ICHD-3

3. Eye movement and alignment check – Looks for ocular torticollis (an eye problem causing head tilt). If present, treatment differs. EyeWiki+1

4. Coordination/ataxia assessment (age-appropriate) – Wobbliness during episodes is allowed by the ICHD-3 criteria. ICHD-3

5. Neck/SCM muscle exam and head shape check – Screens for congenital muscular torticollis or cranial shape issues as alternative diagnoses. NCBI

Manual tests

6. Gentle passive range-of-motion and “return-to-neutral” – In BPTI the head can be brought back to center; there may be some resistance but it can be overcome. ICHD-3

7. Cover–uncover / alternate cover tests – Simple strabismus screening if ocular torticollis is suspected. AAFP

8. Bielschowsky head-tilt (part of Parks three-step) when strabismus suspected – Helps identify superior oblique palsy or other ocular causes, usually by ophthalmology. Wikipedia

9. Head impulse test (when older/feasible) – Vestibular bedside screen; typically normal in migraine-related episodic vertigo; helps rule vestibular injury. MedLink

Lab & pathological tests

10. Basic labs when red flags exist – CBC, electrolytes, glucose if infection, dehydration, or metabolic issues are possible alternatives. Not required in classic BPTI. NCBI

11. Inflammatory markers (CRP/ESR) if febrile neck infection is suspected – To triage for deep-neck infection or diskitis in non-BPT torticollis. PM&R KnowledgeNow

12. Iron studies / nutrition as clinically indicated – If growth or feeding concerns are present while exploring differentials such as reflux-related conditions. Medscape+1

13. Genetic testing (targeted) – Consider when history suggests CACNA1A/PRRT2/ATP1A2 families or atypical course; results rarely change immediate care but inform prognosis/family counseling. PubMed+2PubMed+2

14. ENT/GI tests when reflux is suspected (differential: Sandifer syndrome) – Because GERD can mimic paroxysmal head posturing. NCBI+1

Electrodiagnostic tests

15. EEG (or video-EEG if seizure is a concern) – Usually normal in BPTI; used to exclude epilepsy. PMC+1

16. Surface EMG during an attack (rarely done) – Historic recordings showed a dystonic neck-muscle pattern, supporting a movement-disorder mechanism. ScienceDirect

17. Vestibular testing with VNG (in older children if vertigo is prominent) – Often normal in migraine-spectrum episodic vertigo; helps rule other vestibular disease. MedLink

Imaging tests

18. MRI brain with focus on the posterior fossa and craniocervical junction (when red flags exist) – ICHD-3 emphasizes excluding lesions here if the story is not classic. ICHD-3

19. MRI cervical spine / CT (when trauma, instability, or infection suspected) – Not for routine BPTI, but important in non-benign torticollis presentations. PM&R KnowledgeNow

20. Ultrasound of the sternocleidomastoid (if the exam suggests congenital muscular torticollis instead) – Useful when the diagnosis is uncertain. Eco-Vector Journals Portal

Typical test results in classic BPTI: normal neurologic exam between attacks; normal EEG/brain imaging when they are done; and a natural history of remission. PMC+

Non-pharmacological treatments (therapies & others)

These are practical, low-risk supports you can use during or between episodes. Because BPTI is self-limited and evidence is sparse, most recommendations are based on pediatric neurology reviews and migraine-spectrum care principles. Always discuss any care plan with your pediatrician.

1. Calm episode environment
   Keep lights low, reduce noise, and hold your baby in a comfortable position. Quiet, dim settings can reduce sensory load, similar to migraine care, and often help babies settle while the episode runs its course. PMC

2. Gentle supported positioning
   Support the head and neck in the direction of comfort (do not force straight). Use rolled towels or a soft infant pillow while you directly supervise. This prevents muscle strain while you wait for the spell to ease. PMC

3. Frequent small feeds & hydration
   Offer breastmilk/formula more often to prevent dehydration, especially if there is vomiting. Small, frequent amounts are easier to keep down and lower the risk of hospital visits for fluids. PMC

4. Burping & anti-reflux posture after feeds
   Hold upright 20–30 minutes after feeding. Reducing reflux during an episode may lessen vomiting and discomfort. PMC

5. Sleep support
   Aim for regular naps and nighttime sleep; overtiredness can trigger or worsen episodic syndromes in children. Protecting sleep often reduces attack frequency in migraine-spectrum disorders. Akron Children’s Hospital

6. Trigger diary
   Write down timing, foods, infections, car rides, naps, and stressors around each spell. Pattern tracking helps your pediatrician decide if any trigger control or further evaluation is needed. PMC

7. Infection vigilance
   Fever, ear infections, or viral illnesses can precipitate spells. Early pediatric evaluation and treatment of intercurrent illness can shorten episodes and improve comfort. PMC

8. Vestibular soothing
   Slow rocking or skin-to-skin contact may calm vestibular discomfort. Stop if rocking worsens vomiting. Parent-led soothing is safe when gentle and supervised. PMC

9. Safe transport positioning
   Use an approved rear-facing car seat, with frequent rest stops if the baby becomes irritable; motion may aggravate nausea during an episode. Never prop unsafely. PMC

10. Warm bath or warm compress
    Warmth relaxes neck muscles and may reduce discomfort. Keep water temperature safe and supervise constantly. PMC

11. Gentle neck massage
    Very light, brief massage by a caregiver can ease muscle tightness that accompanies the tilt. Stop if the baby resists or seems more uncomfortable. PMC

12. Tummy-time adjustments
    If the baby dislikes tummy time during the recovery period, shorten and spread sessions through the day to prevent strain without skipping developmental practice. PMC

13. Physical therapy referral (selective)
    If episodes are frequent or the baby shows persistent preference for one side between attacks, a pediatric PT can teach safe stretches and positioning to prevent mild plagiocephaly. PMC

14. Red-flag education
    Learn danger signs (continuous vomiting, dehydration, fever, stiff neck, severe lethargy, new weakness, seizure-like activity). Seek urgent care if present. Early recognition keeps infants safe. PMC

15. Scheduled follow-up
    Regular check-ins with your pediatrician or pediatric neurologist ensure growth, development, and head shape remain on track and help revisit the need for any medicines if episodes escalate. PMC

16. Family migraine awareness
    Ask about family history of migraine. Knowing this supports the BPTI diagnosis and guides anticipatory counseling about future benign episodic syndromes or childhood migraine. Akron Children’s Hospital

17. Safe home anti-nausea plan (doctor-led)
    If your pediatrician provides an ondansetron plan for older infants/children, keep dosing instructions handy for rare severe vomiting days. Only use with a doctor’s guidance. FDA Access Data

18. Illness-day routines
    On episode days, keep activities simple, avoid bright outings, and prioritize fluids and naps. Many families find a “quiet-day routine” shortens perceived episode burden. PMC

19. Caregiver reassurance
    BPTI almost always resolves. Calm, consistent responses from caregivers reduce baby distress and make episodes easier for everyone. PMC

20. Shared written plan
    Have a one-page plan (what to do, who to call, when to go in). This helps grandparents or babysitters respond quickly and safely. PMC

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Drug treatments

There are no FDA-approved medications specifically for BPTI. When doctors use medicines, they target symptoms (pain, nausea) or prevention in unusually frequent or disabling cases, borrowing from pediatric migraine care. All dosing must be individualized by a pediatric clinician. I cite FDA labels for basic drug info where applicable, but indications below are off-label for BPTI unless stated.

Acute symptom relief (during an episode)

1. Acetaminophen (paracetamol)
   What it’s for: Pain/fever relief during an episode. Class: Analgesic/antipyretic. Evidence/notes: Widely used in infants; helpful for discomfort or fever that may accompany spells. Mechanism: Central prostaglandin synthesis modulation reduces pain signals and fever set-point. Timing: At onset of discomfort, per pediatric plan. Side effects: Generally well tolerated at correct doses; overdose can injure the liver—never exceed daily limits. Label reference: Pediatric dosing and safety are described in FDA acetaminophen labels; clinicians adapt oral/rectal dosing in infants. FDA Access Data+1

2. Ibuprofen (for infants ≥6 months)
   What it’s for: Pain/fever when the child is at least 6 months. Class: NSAID. Mechanism: Peripheral COX inhibition reduces inflammatory mediators. Timing: At episode onset, if tolerated and age-appropriate. Side effects: Stomach upset, rare kidney effects; avoid in dehydration and in infants <6 months. Label reference: FDA labeling for children’s/infant formulations indicates use begins at 6 months and stresses not exceeding labeled doses. FDA Access Data+1

3. Ondansetron (older infants/children, clinician-directed)
   What it’s for: Nausea/vomiting that’s prolonged or severe. Class: 5-HT3 receptor antagonist. Mechanism: Blocks serotonin-mediated vagal/central emetic pathways. Timing: Given per pediatrician’s instructions for significant vomiting; dosing and age limitations apply. Side effects: Constipation, headache; rare QT prolongation—avoid with certain heart risks and drug interactions. Label reference: FDA ZOFRAN/ondansetron labels provide pediatric dosing for approved indications (e.g., chemotherapy/post-op nausea); use in BPTI is off-label and clinician-guided. FDA Access Data+1

Preventive options considered in selected, frequent, or disabling cases (off-label, specialist-led)

4. Topiramate
   Purpose: Reduce frequency/severity of recurrent spells in children with frequent, disruptive episodes. Class: Antiepileptic used for migraine prevention. Mechanism: Modulates voltage-gated channels and enhances GABA; dampens cortical excitability linked to migraine spectrum. Evidence: Small series suggest benefit in some children with BPTI. Side effects: Appetite/weight change, paresthesias, cognitive slowing; dosing is specialist-titrated. Pediatrics Publications+1

5. Cyproheptadine
   Purpose: Pediatric migraine preventive potentially helpful in some BPTI patients given the migraine link. Class: First-generation antihistamine with antiserotonergic effects. Mechanism: 5-HT and calcium-channel effects may reduce episodic excitability. Evidence: Used in pediatric migraine; response varies. Side effects: Sleepiness, increased appetite/weight. Label reference: FDA labels exist for cyproheptadine; use here is off-label and age-dependent. PMC+1

6. Propranolol
   Purpose: Migraine prevention template in selected older infants/children. Class: Non-selective beta-blocker. Mechanism: May stabilize neuronal excitability and vascular tone. Evidence: Pediatric migraine experience; not BPTI-specific trials. Cautions: Asthma, bradycardia, hypotension. Specialist supervision required. Akron Children’s Hospital

7. Amitriptyline (older children)
   Purpose: Preventive therapy when sleep disturbance or frequent episodes coexist. Class: Tricyclic antidepressant used in pediatric migraine prevention. Mechanism: Modulates pain pathways and central excitability. Cautions: Sedation, anticholinergic effects; ECG screening may be considered. Specialist-directed. Akron Children’s Hospital

Why not list “20 drugs”? Because beyond the few symptom-relief and migraine-preventive options above, adding more would mean naming medicines without evidence or with safety concerns in infants (e.g., promethazine is contraindicated under age 2). That would not be responsible or evidence-based.

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Dietary “molecular supplements

For infants, routine “supplements” during BPTI episodes are not recommended without a pediatrician’s direct guidance. The safest “supplement” is breastmilk or standard infant formula, plus oral rehydration solution if vomiting risks dehydration. In older children with migraine, nutrients like riboflavin, magnesium, and CoQ10 are sometimes discussed, but evidence in infants with BPTI is lacking and dosing for babies is not established. Please speak with your pediatrician before giving any supplement. PMC

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Immunity boosters, regenerative, or stem-cell drug

There are no immune-boosting, regenerative, or stem-cell drugs for BPTI. The condition is not due to immune deficiency or tissue loss; it is a benign, functional episodic disorder that self-resolves. Any such products for infants would be unsafe and unproven. PMC

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Surgeries

Surgery has no role in treating BPTI. Procedures are not indicated because BPTI attacks remit spontaneously and are not caused by structural neck problems that surgery can fix. If a child has persistent fixed torticollis between episodes, doctors evaluate for other causes (e.g., congenital muscular torticollis) and treat those specifically—this is outside BPTI itself. PMC

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Preventions

1. Protect sleep with age-appropriate naps and consistent bedtime. Akron Children’s Hospital

2. Treat intercurrent illness early (fever, ear infections) with your pediatrician. PMC

3. Stay hydrated; offer more frequent feeds during hot weather or illness days. PMC

4. Keep a trigger diary to learn patterns and avoid triggers when possible. PMC

5. Avoid overstimulation on vulnerable days (bright lights, loud events). Akron Children’s Hospital

6. Gentle tummy-time progressions (don’t force through an episode). PMC

7. Upright post-feed positioning to reduce reflux-triggered vomiting burdens. PMC

8. Well-child visits to ensure growth/development and head shape remain normal. PMC

9. Vaccinations on schedule to reduce illness triggers. (General pediatric best practice.) PMC

10. Specialist review if episodes become more frequent/long or include new neurologic signs. PMC

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When to see a doctor urgently

Seek urgent pediatric care for red flags: dehydration signs (no tears, dry mouth, very few wet diapers), persistent vomiting, fever, stiff neck, severe lethargy, new weakness, seizure-like activity, or a first-ever prolonged episode. These features suggest illnesses other than simple BPTI and need immediate evaluation. PMC

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What to eat / what to avoid

What to offer: For infants, continue breastmilk or formula on demand; use oral rehydration solution as advised if vomiting risks dehydration. For older infants on solids, offer bland, easy-to-digest foods after vomiting settles (e.g., banana, rice cereal, applesauce) and plenty of fluids. PMC

What to avoid: Avoid new foods during an active episode, strongly flavored/acidic foods that can worsen nausea, and dehydrating beverages (anything sugary/salty beyond standard ORS guidance). Do not give herbal or “natural” remedies to infants without pediatric approval. PMC

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FAQs

1) Is BPTI dangerous?
BPTI looks scary but is usually harmless and self-limited. Most children outgrow it. Your pediatrician will track growth and development and watch for red flags. PMC

2) How long do episodes last?
From a few hours to a few days, with normal periods in between. Frequency often drops over time. PMC

3) Will my child need scans or blood tests?
Doctors usually diagnose BPTI from the history and exam. Tests are reserved for unusual features or red flags. PMC

4) Can BPTI cause crooked neck long-term?
Not typically. If neck preference persists between episodes, pediatric PT and positioning can help, and your clinician will check for other causes. PMC

5) Is BPTI related to migraine?
Yes, it is considered an episodic syndrome associated with migraine in children, and some families have migraine-related gene variants. PMC+1

6) Do medicines cure BPTI?
No medicine “cures” it. Some medicines help symptoms (pain, nausea). In frequent or hard cases, doctors may try migraine preventives off-label. Pediatrics Publications+1

7) Is ondansetron safe for babies?
Ondansetron has FDA labeling for pediatric nausea in specific settings, but its use for BPTI is off-label and age-/dose-restricted. Your doctor decides if it’s appropriate. FDA Access Data

8) Can I use ibuprofen for my 4-month-old?
No—standard OTC ibuprofen labeling starts at 6 months. Ask your pediatrician about pain control in younger infants. FDA Access Data

9) Will my child outgrow BPTI?
Most do, with a benign course and normal development. PMC

10) Could my child later have migraine?
Some children with BPTI later develop migraine or other benign episodic syndromes. Knowing your family history helps guide counseling. Akron Children’s Hospital

11) Should we do genetic testing?
Testing is not routine. It may be considered if there are unusual neurologic features or a strong family history of CACNA1A-related disorders; discuss with a specialist. PubMed

12) Are there proven supplements for BPTI?
No infant-safe supplements have proven benefit for BPTI. Focus on hydration, feeding, and sleep; always ask your pediatrician before giving anything. PMC

13) Can physical therapy help?
PT can help if there’s persistent positional preference or mild flattening. It does not stop episodes but supports neck symmetry. PMC

14) What if episodes are very frequent?
See a pediatric neurologist. A preventive such as topiramate or cyproheptadine may be considered off-label after weighing risks and benefits. Pediatrics Publications+1

15) When should we go to the ER?
If there are red flags: dehydration signs, nonstop vomiting, high fever, stiff neck, extreme sleepiness, new weakness, or seizure-like events. PMC

Disclaimer: Each person’s journey is unique, treatment plan, life style, food habit, hormonal condition, immune system, chronic disease condition, geological location, weather and previous medical  history is also unique. So always seek the best advice from a qualified medical professional or health care provider before trying any treatments to ensure to find out the best plan for you. This guide is for general information and educational purposes only. Regular check-ups and awareness can help to manage and prevent complications associated with these diseases conditions. If you or someone are suffering from this disease condition bookmark this website or share with someone who might find it useful! Boost your knowledge and stay ahead in your health journey. We always try to ensure that the content is regularly updated to reflect the latest medical research and treatment options. Thank you for giving your valuable time to read the article.

The article is written by Team RxHarun and reviewed by the Rx Editorial Board Members

Last Updated: October 21, 2025.

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