Anophthalmia/microphthalmia–esophageal atresia (AEG) syndrome is a rare genetic condition in which a baby is born with one or both eyes missing or very small (anophthalmia or microphthalmia) and also has an esophagus that ends in a blind pouch and does not connect to the stomach (esophageal atresia). Many babies also have a connection between the esophagus and windpipe (tracheoesophageal fistula). The eye changes greatly reduce vision, and the esophagus problem makes swallowing impossible until it is surgically repaired soon after birth. AEG most often results from changes (pathogenic variants) in the SOX2 gene and is usually autosomal dominant (a single altered copy can cause the syndrome), although many cases are new in the child (de novo). MedlinePlus+2Orpha+2
Anophthalmia/microphthalmia–esophageal atresia syndrome—often called AEG syndrome or SOX2 anophthalmia syndrome—is a rare genetic condition in which a baby is born with very small eyes (microphthalmia) or no visible eyes (anophthalmia) and also has an esophagus that does not connect normally to the stomach (esophageal atresia), sometimes with a tube between the airway and esophagus (tracheoesophageal fistula). The same gene change can affect other organs that develop early in pregnancy, so some children also have brain differences, feeding and breathing problems at birth, hormone (pituitary) problems, learning delays, and genital underdevelopment (for example, small penis or undescended testes in boys). The most common cause is a new (de novo) change in a single copy of the SOX2 gene on chromosome 3q26.33, which acts like a “master switch” for early eye and foregut development. AEG syndrome is typically autosomal dominant, but most cases are not inherited from a parent because the change occurs for the first time in the child. Orpha+3NCBI+3MedlinePlus+3
SOX2 is a master switch gene for early eye and foregut development. When one copy is not working (haploinsufficiency), the eye structures may not form and the esophagus may not connect. Other eye-patterning genes—OTX2, PAX6, RAX, CHX10/VSX2, STRA6—can also cause severe microphthalmia/anophthalmia, though SOX2 is the single most frequent monogenic cause. Environmental factors in pregnancy (for example retinoic acid/isotretinoin exposure or some congenital infections like rubella/CMV) have also been linked to eye malformations in general. PMC+6PMC+6PubMed+6
Other names
Anophthalmia–esophageal–genital syndrome (AEG syndrome)
SOX2 anophthalmia syndrome / SOX2 disorder
Syndromic microphthalmia with esophageal atresia
These names all refer to the same clinical spectrum linked most often to SOX2 variants. Oxford Academic+1
Types
By eye findings
Anophthalmia (clinical or true): no visible eye tissue in the orbit (sometimes there is tiny residual tissue—“clinical anophthalmia”—that imaging can detect).
Severe microphthalmia: very small eyes that may not see; this can look like anophthalmia externally.
Eye malformations form a spectrum; SOX2 changes are a leading single-gene cause of the most severe end of this spectrum. MedlinePlus+2BMJ Open+2
By esophageal pattern (Gross classification, most common at birth)
Type C: esophageal atresia with distal tracheoesophageal fistula (most common).
Type A: pure esophageal atresia (no fistula).
Type B/D: rare proximal or double fistulas.
(Rare variants are described, but A–D remain standard.) Medscape+1
By extent of body involvement
Isolated ocular and esophageal features.
Multisystem form: may include brain anomalies, pituitary hypoplasia, developmental delay, seizures, short stature, and genital anomalies—especially in SOX2-positive cases. NCBI
Causes
Most children with the full AEG picture have a change in the SOX2 gene. A smaller number have chromosomal deletions that remove SOX2 or changes in different eye-development genes. Environmental causes explain a minority of anophthalmia/microphthalmia in general. Each item below is briefly explained.
Heterozygous loss-of-function variants in SOX2 (nonsense, frameshift, splice): the core cause of AEG syndrome; usually de novo. Oxford Academic+1
3q26.33 microdeletions including SOX2: remove the gene entirely; phenotype overlaps AEG. Chromosome Disorder Outreach, Inc+1
SOX2 regulatory region alterations (deletions/insertions affecting enhancers): disrupt SOX2 expression during early eye/foregut development. (Mechanism summarized in GeneReviews.) NCBI
Chromosomal translocations disrupting 3q26.3: can delete or split SOX2 (reported de novo). PubMed
Germline mosaicism in a parent: rare; may explain recurrence when parents test negative in blood. Arizona Genetic Eye Diseases Database
OTX2 variants: another major eye-patterning gene; can produce anophthalmia/microphthalmia with systemic defects (AEG-like differential). PMC
PAX6 variants: classic eye development gene; causes severe ocular malformations (differential cause). PMC
RAX variants: early retinal/eye field gene; severe bilateral microphthalmia/anophthalmia. PMC
VSX2 (CHX10) variants: severe microphthalmia with retinal maldevelopment. PMC
STRA6 variants (vitamin A/retinoic acid pathway): syndromic microphthalmia (differential). PMC
BCOR, BMP4, FOXE3, and other eye genes: collectively explain a fraction of cases. BioMed Central
Large chromosomal imbalances (duplications/deletions) beyond 3q: recognized contributors to anophthalmia/microphthalmia. Lippincott Journals
Maternal isotretinoin (retinoic acid) exposure: established ocular teratogen; linked to anophthalmia/microphthalmia. PMC
Thalidomide exposure: historical teratogen associated with severe eye defects. PMC
Heavy alcohol exposure (fetal alcohol spectrum): can include microphthalmia among anomalies. PMC
Severe vitamin A deficiency or excess in early pregnancy: retinoid signaling imbalance affects eye morphogenesis. Lippincott Journals
Maternal pre-gestational diabetes: increases risk of multiple malformations, including ocular. Lippincott Journals
Congenital infections (e.g., rubella, CMV, toxoplasmosis): occasionally associated with microphthalmia. Lippincott Journals
Unknown multifactorial factors: many cases lack an identified single cause even after testing. ScienceDirect
Rare new descriptions/variants continue to expand the spectrum; however, SOX2 remains the principal, well-proven driver for classic AEG. BioMed Central
Common symptoms and signs
Absent or very small eyes at birth (one or both sides). Some sockets look empty externally but small ocular remnants may exist. MedlinePlus
Feeding difficulty immediately after birth, frothy secretions, and inability to pass a feeding tube—suggesting esophageal atresia. Medscape
Coughing, choking, cyanosis with first feeds due to a tracheoesophageal fistula. Medscape
Respiratory distress from pooled secretions or aspiration. Medscape
Failure to thrive because of feeding problems and repeated chest infections. Medscape
Genital anomalies (especially in boys: micropenis, undescended testes) from hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. NCBI
Delayed puberty in adolescence (both sexes) if pituitary function is low. NCBI
Short stature and growth delay from pituitary hormone deficiency. NCBI
Brain malformations (e.g., corpus callosum anomalies); some children have seizures. NCBI
Learning/developmental delay or intellectual disability of variable degree. NCBI
Hypotonia (low muscle tone) in infancy. NCBI
Hearing loss (sensorineural or conductive) reported in part of the spectrum. NCBI
Gastroesophageal reflux after surgical repair of atresia; feeding aversion. Medscape
Associated organ anomalies (heart, kidneys) in a subset—screening is routine. NCBI
Cosmetic and socket growth issues in anophthalmia requiring prosthetic expansion. NCBI
Diagnostic tests
A) Physical examination (bedside assessment)
Newborn general exam: looks for eye absence/small eyes, facial features, limb or genital anomalies; guides which systems need urgent imaging and labs. NCBI
Airway and breathing assessment: evaluates distress, secretions, and aspiration risk before feeding trials. Medscape
Abdominal exam: distention can suggest a distal fistula with air entering the stomach. Medscape
Genital exam: documents micropenis/cryptorchidism in boys or atypical genital development. NCBI
Neurologic exam: tone, reflexes, seizure signs; supports brain imaging decisions. NCBI
B) Manual/bedside procedures
Attempted passage of a soft nasogastric (NG) tube: in esophageal atresia, the tube coils in the upper pouch and fails to reach the stomach—an early clue. (Performed gently under protocol.) Medscape
Ocular socket palpation and gentle inspection: defines soft-tissue volume and prosthetic fit planning (specialist exam). NCBI
Bedside swallow/feeding assessment after stabilization: identifies aspiration risk and need for alternative feeding plan. Medscape
Growth and pubertal staging in follow-up: monitors effects of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. NCBI
Developmental screening tools (e.g., Bayley scales): quantifies early delays to trigger therapies. NCBI
C) Laboratory and pathological tests
Chromosomal microarray (CMA): detects 3q26.33 deletions that remove SOX2 and other copy-number changes. Chromosome Disorder Outreach, Inc
SOX2 gene sequencing (single-gene or panel): finds point variants/indels; the first-line genetic test when AEG is suspected. Oxford Academic+1
Exome or genome sequencing: captures SOX2 and the broad differential (e.g., OTX2, PAX6, RAX, STRA6, VSX2) when initial tests are negative. BioMed Central
Pituitary hormone panel (LH/FSH, estradiol/testosterone, TSH, free T4, ACTH/cortisol, IGF-1): screens for central hypogonadism and other deficiencies. NCBI
Infectious work-up (as indicated): TORCH (toxoplasma, rubella, CMV, HSV) if history suggests infection-related microphthalmia. Lippincott Journals
D) Electrodiagnostic tests
Visual evoked potentials (VEP): can document absent or minimal cortical response in anophthalmia/severe microphthalmia; helpful in atypical cases or unilateral disease. PMC
Electroretinography (ERG): measures retinal function if any ocular tissue exists; often extinguished in severe cases. PMC
Electroencephalography (EEG): evaluates seizures when brain malformations are present. NCBI
E) Imaging tests
Orbital MRI (or CT if MRI unavailable): distinguishes true vs. clinical anophthalmia, measures microphthalmic remnants, and maps bony orbit for prosthetic planning. MedlinePlus
Chest/abdomen radiograph with NG tube in place: shows tube coiled in upper pouch (atresia) and air in stomach if a distal fistula exists—key for surgical planning. Echocardiogram and renal ultrasound are commonly added to screen for associated anomalies. Medscape
Non-pharmacological treatments (therapies & others)
Early surgical repair of esophageal atresia with TEF management (foundation of care). The first treatment is surgery to connect the upper and lower esophagus and close any fistula. This restores the food passage and reduces aspiration. Timing and technique vary by anatomy, but the goal is safe swallowing as soon as possible. NASPGHAN
Peri-operative feeding plan. After repair, teams use imaging (esophagram) to check healing, then carefully start oral or tube feeds. Breast milk is preferred; paced feeds, small volumes, and upright positioning lower reflux and choking. UC Davis Health
Feeding therapy and swallowing rehabilitation. Speech-language and occupational therapists teach safe swallow strategies, pacing, and texture progression. This reduces gagging and increases oral intake over time. PMC+1
Thickened or modified feeds (case-by-case). Thickening or pureed diets can lessen retching and aspiration in selected children, especially after fundoplication or with severe gagging. Decisions are individualized to avoid constipation or excess calories. PMC+1
Nutritional support and growth monitoring. Dietitians track weight/length and micronutrients, using gastrostomy if needed. Many infants transition from tube to full oral feeds between 1–2 years as skills and anatomy improve. Boston Children’s Hospital
Eye socket expansion with conformers (non-surgical first-line). Clear acrylic conformers, fitted by an ocularist and progressively enlarged, gently stretch the eyelids and socket so the face grows more symmetrically. This is the mainstay for congenital anophthalmia/microphthalmia. AAO+1
Custom ocular prosthesis (cosmesis and socket health). After expansion, a custom prosthesis supports normal lid function and appearance. It also helps keep the socket shape. Regular polishing and refitting are part of care. NCBI
Serial conformer therapy (clinic-based). Studies show good socket growth with serial acrylic conformers alone, often avoiding repeated surgeries. Families return for gradual upsizing over months to years. PubMed+2JAAPOS+2
Hydrophilic expander techniques (selected cases). Some centers use expandable hydrogel “sizers” to accelerate soft-tissue expansion when conformers alone are insufficient; these are chosen case-by-case. Dove Medical Press
Multidisciplinary follow-up protocol. Standardized pathways schedule endoscopies, reflux checks, and growth/feeding reviews through childhood and into transition to adult services. UC Davis Health
Reflux-minimizing lifestyle measures. Upright feeds, careful burping, avoiding tight waistbands, and spacing meals before sleep help reduce symptoms alongside (or sometimes instead of) medications. NASPGHAN
Airway hygiene and aspiration prevention. Positioning, chest physiotherapy when indicated, and rapid treatment of respiratory infections protect fragile lungs in children with EA/TEF history. NASPGHAN
Developmental and low-vision support. Early intervention programs, orientation/mobility training, and low-vision services help children meet milestones despite severe visual impairment. MedlinePlus
Genetic counseling for families. Counseling explains recurrence risk, variable expression, and options for future pregnancies; SOX2 changes are usually de novo but can be inherited. Orpha+1
Immunization according to schedule. Routine vaccines prevent severe infections that can complicate feeding and recovery; teams consider RSV prophylaxis for qualifying high-risk infants per local policy. Canada.ca+1
Oral-motor desensitization. Gentle oral play, non-nutritive sucking, and taste-smell steps help babies who developed oral aversion during long hospital stays. PMC
Parental coaching and support groups. Education on pacing, equipment care, conformer handling, and signs of complications reduces anxiety and improves daily care. NASPGHAN
Vision-friendly environment adaptations. High-contrast toys, safe layouts, and tactile learning materials encourage development. MedlinePlus
Regular dental and ENT care. Reflux, aspiration, and altered oral motor patterns can impact teeth and airways; coordinated surveillance prevents downstream problems. NASPGHAN
Transition planning to adult care. Adolescents need structured handover for GERD surveillance, stricture risk, and prosthesis maintenance in adulthood. UC Davis Health
Drug treatments
(Use and dosing are specialist-directed and weight-based in infants/children.)
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs, e.g., omeprazole, esomeprazole). Purpose: protect the surgical join and treat reflux esophagitis common after EA repair. Mechanism: block acid secretion (H+/K+ ATPase). Evidence shows PPIs improve esophagitis; guidelines often recommend a first-year course, although the ideal duration is debated. Side effects can include diarrhea, infections, and nutrient malabsorption with long use. ppch.pl+3Wiley Online Library+3PMC+3
H2-receptor antagonists (e.g., ranitidine alternatives, famotidine). Purpose: second-line or adjunct acid suppression when PPIs are not tolerated. Mechanism: block histamine-mediated acid secretion. Caution: tachyphylaxis; use is individualized. NASPGHAN
Alginate formulations. Purpose: form a “raft” on stomach contents to reduce reflux episodes. Mechanism: alginates float and displace acid from the esophageal junction. Helpful as add-on in symptomatic reflux. NASPGHAN
Prokinetics (e.g., erythromycin low-dose). Purpose: improve gastric emptying and reduce regurgitation in selected cases. Mechanism: motilin receptor agonism increases antral contractions. Caution: QT effects, interactions; specialist oversight required. NASPGHAN
Baclofen (selected older children). Purpose: reduce transient lower-esophageal sphincter relaxations to lessen reflux. Mechanism: GABA-B agonist. Caution: sedation, dizziness—used by specialists as a targeted add-on. NASPGHAN
Inhaled bronchodilators (e.g., salbutamol/albuterol) for reactive airways. Purpose: relieve wheeze triggered by aspiration or reflux. Mechanism: beta-2 bronchodilation. Side effects: tremor, tachycardia. NASPGHAN
Inhaled corticosteroids (if asthma-like inflammation). Purpose: control airway inflammation from chronic aspiration or hyperreactivity. Caution: use the lowest effective dose; monitor growth. NASPGHAN
Antibiotics (for aspiration pneumonia or post-op infections). Purpose: treat confirmed infections quickly to protect lungs. Mechanism: pathogen-specific; avoid unnecessary use. NASPGHAN
Topical ocular lubricants (non-preserved artificial tears/ointments). Purpose: protect delicate conjunctival surfaces in microphthalmia/anophthalmia and around prostheses. Mechanism: barrier hydration; reduces irritation. NCBI
Topical antibiotic-steroid combinations (short courses, post-procedural). Purpose: prevent infection and reduce inflammation after socket procedures. Caution: short, supervised courses. NCBI
Analgesics (acetaminophen/paracetamol, carefully dosed). Purpose: comfort after surgeries; improves feeding and breathing. Mechanism: central COX inhibition (paracetamol). Use pediatric dosing only. NASPGHAN
Acid-neutralizing antacids (short-term). Purpose: quick symptom relief for breakthrough heartburn in older children. Mechanism: neutralize acid. Not a chronic solution. NASPGHAN
Sucralfate (selected cases). Purpose: mucosal protective coating in esophagitis. Mechanism: adheres to ulcerated mucosa. Caution: aluminum load in infants; specialist judgment needed. NASPGHAN
Antiemetics (e.g., ondansetron, short-term). Purpose: reduce vomiting during intercurrent illness to protect anastomosis. Mechanism: 5-HT3 blockade. Use sparingly. NASPGHAN
Nebulized hypertonic saline (airway clearance, selected). Purpose: help mobilize secretions in chronic cough. Mechanism: draws water into mucus; may ease clearance. NASPGHAN
Palivizumab (RSV monoclonal prophylaxis) for qualifying high-risk infants. Purpose: reduce RSV hospitalizations in infants with significant cardiopulmonary risk; some programs extend to EA/airway-fragile cohorts. Mechanism: passive immunity against RSV. Use per regional criteria. The Open Microbiology Journal+1
Proton pump inhibitor step-down protocols. Purpose: limit long-term exposure once esophagitis heals and growth is stable. Mechanism: gradual taper with monitoring. Evidence on “best” duration is mixed. PMC+1
Antifungals for candidal esophagitis (when proven). Purpose: treat opportunistic infection in chronically acid-suppressed patients. Mechanism: ergosterol inhibition. Use only with endoscopic/clinical confirmation. NASPGHAN
Topical peri-prosthetic antibiotics (brief, targeted). Purpose: manage conjunctival/socket bacterial overgrowth around prostheses when indicated. Mechanism: local antimicrobial effect. Short courses only. NCBI
Vitamin and iron correction when deficient (medicine-assisted nutrition). Purpose: correct anemia or micronutrient deficits that can follow prolonged feeding challenges. Mechanism: restores stores to support growth. Lab-guided only. Boston Children’s Hospital
Dietary molecular supplements
(These are not disease-specific cures; use is guided by pediatric teams.)
Vitamin D supports bone and immune health during rapid growth and limited sun exposure; dosing is age/weight-based. Boston Children’s Hospital
Iron corrects iron-deficiency anemia from prolonged illness or limited intake; labs guide therapy to avoid overload. Boston Children’s Hospital
Elemental calcium helps meet needs in children with restricted diets while feeds are advanced. Boston Children’s Hospital
Omega-3 fats (via diet/formula) may support overall nutrition in low oral intake periods; not a reflux treatment. Boston Children’s Hospital
Zinc may be used if deficiency affects growth or wound healing; check levels first. Boston Children’s Hospital
Multivitamin/mineral supplements can bridge gaps during tube-to-oral transitions; composition is individualized. Boston Children’s Hospital
Thickening agents (starch/gum-based) are dietary adjuncts—not “supplements”—but can reduce gagging/aspiration in selected children. PMC
Protein modulars increase calories/protein density when volumes must stay small. Boston Children’s Hospital
Medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) oils can raise energy density for poor weight gain; monitor tolerance. Boston Children’s Hospital
Fiber blends may help constipation from acid suppressants or thickened feeds—introduce gradually. PMC
Immunity-booster / regenerative / stem-cell drugs
Routine vaccines are the proven “immune boosters.” They train the immune system to prevent severe infections that can worsen feeding and breathing problems. There are no disease-specific immune shots for AEG. Canada.ca
Palivizumab (RSV monoclonal) is seasonal, targeted passive immunity for qualifying high-risk infants; it lowers RSV hospitalization risk but is not a general immune booster. PMC
No approved stem-cell/“regenerative” medicines exist to restore missing eyes or repair congenital esophageal formation errors; any such therapy should only occur in regulated clinical trials. MedlinePlus
Nutritional repletion (iron, vitamins) supports normal immune function in deficiency; it is not immune “stimulation.” Lab-guided only. Boston Children’s Hospital
Influenza and COVID-19 vaccines (age-eligible) reduce respiratory infections that can trigger aspiration events. Canada.ca
Antibiotics treat infections when present; they don’t boost immunity and should not be used preventively without clear indication. NASPGHAN
Surgeries
Primary esophageal repair (± fistula ligation). Surgeons connect the esophageal ends and close any airway fistula. This is lifesaving and allows feeding. NASPGHAN
Gastrostomy (feeding tube) ± fundoplication. Provides reliable nutrition while the esophagus heals or if swallowing is unsafe; fundoplication is considered for severe reflux/aspiration. PMC
Endoscopic dilations. Treat symptomatic anastomotic strictures that cause food sticking and poor intake. UC Davis Health
Socket surgery (dermis-fat grafts, lid/fornix reconstruction). Used when conformers alone cannot build adequate volume or when sockets contract. NCBI
Airway procedures (as needed). Tracheal or laryngeal interventions are sometimes needed for persistent breathing issues or complex TEF anatomy. NASPGHAN
Ways to prevent problems
Early repair and structured follow-up reduce strictures and reflux damage. NASPGHAN
Positioning and pacing feeds lower aspiration risk. UC Davis Health
Growth and micronutrient monitoring prevents hidden deficiencies. Boston Children’s Hospital
Ocularist-led socket care prevents contracture and keeps prostheses comfortable. AAO
Vaccination + RSV risk assessment prevent severe respiratory illness. Canada.ca
Dental/ENT surveillance catches reflux-related complications early. NASPGHAN
Reflux-reduction habits (upright feeds, smaller meals) complement medicines. NASPGHAN
Family training in conformer handling, tube care, and red flags. UC Davis Health
Genetic counseling informs future pregnancy planning. Orpha
Pregnancy teratogen avoidance and infection prevention (no isotretinoin; rubella immunization before pregnancy) reduce general risk of severe eye malformations. CDC+1
When to see a doctor urgently
Seek care now for any of the following: repeated choking or coughing with feeds, blue spells or breathing trouble, vomiting blood, food impaction or drooling with inability to swallow, fever or chest infection signs, sudden pain or swelling around the eye socket/prosthesis, poor weight gain, or dehydration. These may signal stricture, leak, severe reflux esophagitis, aspiration pneumonia, or socket infection and need prompt assessment. NASPGHAN
What to eat & what to avoid
Eat: breast milk or appropriate formula; smooth purées advancing to soft textures as therapists advise; small, frequent meals; adequate protein; dietitian-guided calories; fiber and fluids to prevent constipation if on thickeners or acid suppressants. Avoid/limit: large fatty meals, acidic/spicy foods in older children if they worsen reflux, lying flat right after eating, and unsupervised use of over-the-counter thickeners in young infants. Follow your team’s step-by-step plan. UC Davis Health+1
Frequently asked questions
Is AEG curable? The esophagus can be surgically repaired and children can grow well; the eye formation problem cannot be reversed, but socket growth and appearance can be optimized with conformers and a prosthesis. NASPGHAN+1
Is this inherited? Often it’s a new change (de novo) in SOX2, but it can run in families; genetic counseling explains your situation and risks. Orpha+1
Will my child be able to eat normally? Many children move from tube to full oral feeding by 1–2 years with therapy and time. Boston Children’s Hospital
Why is reflux so common after EA repair? The esophagus and its valve can be shorter or less coordinated; acid suppression and feeding plans help while the child grows. NASPGHAN
How long should my child take a PPI? Many teams use PPIs through the first post-op year, then reassess; long-term use requires balancing benefits and risks. PMC+1
Do thickeners always help? They help some children but not all; therapists decide based on choking, gagging, and growth. PMC
Can a prosthetic eye restore sight? No; it improves appearance and supports socket health. NCBI
Will my child need more surgeries? Sometimes—dilations for strictures, fundoplication for severe reflux, or socket procedures if expansion stalls. UC Davis Health
Are stem-cell treatments available? No approved stem-cell treatments exist to regrow eyes or fix esophageal formation; avoid unproven clinics. MedlinePlus
Should we get RSV protection? Your team will assess eligibility; some high-risk infants benefit from palivizumab during RSV season. Canada.ca
What causes AEG? Most often a change in SOX2; other genes and rare environmental factors can contribute to severe eye malformations. Oxford Academic+1
Can AEG be seen before birth? Severe microphthalmia/anophthalmia and some foregut anomalies may be suspected on prenatal imaging; confirmation and planning occur with a specialized team. Obstetrics & Gynecology
How do we protect teeth and lungs? Good reflux control, dental care, and quick treatment of chest infections reduce complications. NASPGHAN
Will my child’s face grow normally? With early conformers and prosthetic care, many children achieve good symmetry as the socket grows. PubMed
Where can I read more? MedlinePlus Genetics, Orphanet, and clinical guidelines from ESPGHAN/NASPGHAN are reliable, plain-language starting points. MedlinePlus+2Orpha+2
Disclaimer: Each person’s journey is unique, treatment plan, life style, food habit, hormonal condition, immune system, chronic disease condition, geological location, weather and previous medical history is also unique. So always seek the best advice from a qualified medical professional or health care provider before trying any treatments to ensure to find out the best plan for you. This guide is for general information and educational purposes only. Regular check-ups and awareness can help to manage and prevent complications associated with these diseases conditions. If you or someone are suffering from this disease condition bookmark this website or share with someone who might find it useful! Boost your knowledge and stay ahead in your health journey. We always try to ensure that the content is regularly updated to reflect the latest medical research and treatment options. Thank you for giving your valuable time to read the article.
The article is written by Team RxHarun and reviewed by the Rx Editorial Board Members
Last Updated: September 19, 2025.
