Chromophobe renal cell adenocarcinoma (usually called chromophobe renal cell carcinoma, chRCC) is a rare type of kidney cancer. It starts in special cells called intercalated cells in the small tubes of the kidney that help clean the blood and make urine. This cancer usually grows slowly and, compared with many other kidney cancers, it is often found earlier and has a better chance for long-term control.
Chromophobe renal cell adenocarcinoma is a rare kidney cancer that starts in special cells called “intercalated cells” in the kidney’s collecting ducts. Doctors usually call it chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (chRCC), but some older texts still say “adenocarcinoma.” It tends to grow more slowly than the common clear-cell kidney cancer and is often found at an earlier stage, so survival is usually better when it is removed completely by surgery.
Under the microscope, chromophobe tumors have pale cells with clear, sharp borders and a special staining pattern, which helps the pathologist separate them from other kidney tumors. These tumors often show loss of whole chromosomes and changes in genes such as TP53 and PTEN, which disturb normal cell growth and allow cancer cells to survive longer than they should.
In this cancer, the tumor cells look “pale” or “empty” under the microscope and have special changes in their chromosomes and genes, such as TP53 and PTEN changes. These changes help doctors know that it is chromophobe type and not another kidney cancer.
Other names
Doctors and researchers may use different names for the same disease. Some other names or closely related terms are:
Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (chRCC)
Chromophobe cell renal carcinoma
Chromophobe kidney cancer
Chromophobe RCC, chromophobe variant of RCC
Hybrid oncocytoma/chromophobe renal cell tumor (when features of both tumors are present)
All these names point to a kidney cancer that has the same basic pattern of pale-looking tumor cells and similar chromosomal changes.
Types
Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma is not all the same. Pathologists divide it into a few types based on how the cells look under the microscope.
Classic chromophobe type – This is the most common type. The cells are pale or clear, with very clear borders around each cell and “wrinkled” (raisinoid) nuclei. This is the typical image of chromophobe RCC that you see in textbooks.
Eosinophilic chromophobe type – In this type, the tumor cells are more pink or red (eosinophilic) instead of pale. They still have the typical cell borders and nuclear features of chromophobe RCC but can look similar to an oncocytoma (a usually benign tumor).
Hybrid oncocytic/chromophobe tumor – This tumor shows mixed features of oncocytoma and chromophobe RCC in the same mass. It can be seen in some hereditary syndromes such as Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome.
Chromophobe RCC with sarcomatoid or high-grade features – In a small number of cases, parts of the tumor become very aggressive and look like a sarcoma or very high-grade carcinoma. These tumors behave more aggressively and have a higher risk of spreading.
Causes
Doctors do not know one single cause for chromophobe renal cell carcinoma. Instead, they have found risk factors that make this cancer more likely. Having one or more risk factors does not mean a person will surely get this cancer, but it increases the chance.
Older age – Chromophobe RCC is mainly found in people in their 50s to 70s. As people age, cells have more time to collect DNA damage, which can lead to cancer, including kidney cancers.
Male or female sex (both affected) – Unlike some other kidney cancers, chromophobe RCC affects men and women in similar numbers. This shows that sex hormones may be less important here, but age and other factors still matter.
Family history of kidney cancer – Having close relatives (parents, brothers, sisters) with kidney cancer increases risk. Family history suggests that some people inherit gene changes that make kidney cells more likely to become cancerous.
Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome – This rare inherited condition causes skin bumps, lung cysts, and a higher risk of certain kidney tumors, especially hybrid and chromophobe tumors. Mutations in the FLCN gene are involved.
Tuberous sclerosis complex – This inherited disorder causes many benign tumors in different organs and increases risk of some kidney cancers, including chromophobe type in a few patients. It involves TSC1 or TSC2 gene mutations.
Cowden syndrome (PTEN hamartoma syndrome) – This genetic syndrome, caused by PTEN gene mutations, raises risk of several cancers (breast, thyroid, endometrium) and is also linked to chromophobe RCC in some cases.
Obesity (high body mass index) – Extra body fat changes hormone levels and causes chronic low-grade inflammation. These changes increase risk for renal cell carcinoma, including chromophobe type.
High blood pressure (hypertension) – People with long-standing high blood pressure have a higher risk of kidney cancer. High pressure may damage kidney blood vessels and tissue over time, possibly helping cancer to grow.
Smoking – Cigarette smoke contains many chemicals that damage DNA and blood vessels. Smoking is one of the strongest lifestyle risk factors for renal cell carcinoma in general.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) – Long-term kidney damage and scarring can increase the risk of kidney tumors, especially when the kidneys are small and irregular. The damaged tissue may be more prone to malignant change.
Long-term dialysis – People on dialysis for many years have a higher rate of renal cell carcinoma. Chronic uremia and cystic changes in the kidneys may promote cancer growth.
Exposure to certain workplace chemicals – Contact with some solvents, heavy metals, and industrial chemicals has been linked to renal cell carcinoma in some studies, though data are mixed. These chemicals may damage kidney cells directly.
Long-term use of some pain medicines – Long-term heavy use of certain painkillers (especially older types of NSAIDs and phenacetin in the past) may raise kidney cancer risk. These drugs can harm kidney tissue over time.
Diabetes and metabolic syndrome – People with diabetes, abnormal blood fats, and central obesity have a higher risk of renal cell carcinoma. Insulin resistance and chronic inflammation may encourage tumor growth.
Previous kidney radiation – Rarely, radiation given for another cancer near the kidney can later damage kidney cells and slightly increase the chance of a kidney tumor.
Inherited changes in tumor-suppressor genes (TP53, PTEN) – Studies show that chromophobe RCC often has changes in genes that normally help control cell growth, like TP53 and PTEN. Some of these are acquired during life; some may be inherited.
Mitochondrial DNA and chromosomal losses – Chromophobe RCC often has loss of several whole chromosomes (for example 1, 2, 6, 10, 13, 17, 21). These large-scale changes can disrupt many genes and promote cancer growth.
Male sex for RCC overall – For kidney cancer in general, men are affected more often. Even though chromophobe RCC itself affects men and women about equally, the overall environment that leads to RCC is more common in men, probably due to lifestyle and hormonal factors.
Western-type diet and low physical activity – Diets rich in processed meat, high calories, and low in fruits and vegetables, plus little exercise, are linked to obesity and metabolic problems, which then raise RCC risk.
Unknown or random DNA mistakes – In many people, no clear risk factor is found. Random DNA mistakes during cell division over many years can still lead to chromophobe RCC, even in someone with a healthy lifestyle.
Symptoms
Early chromophobe RCC often causes no symptoms and is sometimes found by accident on a scan done for another reason. When the tumor grows larger or spreads, symptoms may appear.
Blood in the urine (hematuria) – The urine may look pink, red, or cola-colored, or blood is found only on a urine test. Blood appears because the tumor breaks small blood vessels inside the kidney.
Pain in the side or back (flank pain) – A dull or sometimes sharp pain can occur on one side of the back or flank. The growing tumor stretches the kidney capsule or presses on nearby nerves.
A lump or mass in the abdomen or flank – Some people or doctors can feel a firm lump in the side or belly. This happens when the tumor becomes large enough to be felt through the abdominal wall.
Unexplained weight loss – Losing weight without trying can be a sign of cancer. Tumors use energy and release substances that change how the body uses calories and protein.
Tiredness and weakness (fatigue) – Many people feel very tired. Cancer can cause anemia, inflammation, and poor appetite, all of which lower energy.
Fever without infection – Some kidney cancers cause fevers that come and go with no clear infection. This may be due to inflammatory chemicals released by the tumor.
Loss of appetite and feeling full quickly – A tumor in the abdomen can reduce appetite. Also, cancer-related substances can change taste and hunger signals in the brain.
High blood pressure (worsening or new) – The kidney helps control blood pressure. A tumor can interfere with this and release hormones that raise blood pressure.
Swelling in legs or ankles (edema) – If the tumor affects kidney function or blocks major veins, fluid can build up in the legs and feet, causing swelling.
Anemia (low red blood cells) – People may feel very tired, short of breath, or pale. The tumor or chronic inflammation can reduce red blood cell production in the bone marrow.
Bone pain – If chromophobe RCC spreads (metastasizes) to bones, it can cause deep, persistent bone pain, sometimes with fractures after minor injury.
Cough or shortness of breath – When cancer spreads to the lungs, it may cause a long-lasting cough, chest pain, or trouble breathing. Sometimes small lung spots are found on scans before symptoms.
Abdominal fullness or pressure – A very large tumor can press on the stomach or intestines, causing bloating, discomfort, or feeling full after small meals.
Night sweats or general feeling of illness – Some people have drenching night sweats and feel generally unwell. These are non-specific but can appear in many cancers, including kidney cancer.
No symptoms at all (incidental tumor) – Many chromophobe RCCs are found by chance on ultrasound or CT scans done for other reasons, such as back pain or gallbladder problems.
Diagnostic tests
Doctors use a mix of examination, lab tests, and imaging to diagnose chromophobe RCC. The final and most certain diagnosis comes from looking at tumor tissue under the microscope after a biopsy or surgery.
Physical exam tests
General physical examination – The doctor looks at the whole body: weight, vital signs, skin color, breathing, and overall fitness. This exam helps find signs such as anemia, weight loss, or fever that might point to a kidney cancer or its effects.
Abdominal and flank palpation – The doctor gently presses (palpates) the abdomen and sides to feel for any mass or enlarged kidney. A large, firm lump in the flank area can suggest a kidney tumor.
Blood pressure measurement – Blood pressure is checked because kidney tumors can cause or worsen high blood pressure. Persistent or unexplained high blood pressure may be a clue that the kidneys are involved.
Check for leg swelling and varicocele – The doctor looks for swollen legs or a new, large varicose vein in the scrotum (varicocele), especially on the left side. These can occur if a kidney tumor blocks the main veins that drain the kidney.
Manual tests
Costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness test – The doctor gently taps over the back area where the kidney lies. Pain in this area (CVA tenderness) can suggest kidney problems, including infection, stones, or sometimes a tumor.
Manual lymph node examination – The neck, armpit, and groin are felt by hand to find enlarged lymph nodes. Enlarged nodes may mean that cancer has spread, although many other conditions can also enlarge nodes.
Manual weight and body mass index (BMI) check – Weight and height are measured and BMI is calculated. Obesity is a known risk factor for kidney cancers, so this simple manual measurement helps build the risk picture.
Performance status assessment (simple walking test) – The doctor may ask the patient to walk, climb a few steps, or perform simple movements. This manual assessment helps judge how fit the person is and whether they can safely undergo surgery or other treatments.
Lab and pathological tests
Urinalysis – A urine sample is tested for blood, protein, and other substances. Microscopic blood in the urine can be an early sign of a kidney tumor. Urinalysis also checks for infection or stones.
Complete blood count (CBC) – This test measures red cells, white cells, and platelets. It can show anemia, infection, or other problems related to cancer or kidney disease.
Kidney function tests (creatinine, urea, eGFR) – These blood tests show how well the kidneys are working. They are very important before any surgery or contrast imaging, and they help track how much healthy kidney tissue remains.
Liver function tests and blood chemistry (including calcium) – These tests can show if the cancer has affected the liver or bones and can detect paraneoplastic effects, such as high calcium, which sometimes appears in kidney cancers.
Coagulation profile (clotting tests) – Because surgery or biopsy may be needed, doctors check how well the blood clots. Some cancers and some medicines can change clotting and raise bleeding or clot risks.
Tumor biopsy with histopathology – A core needle biopsy or surgical sample is taken from the kidney mass. A pathologist examines the tissue under the microscope to confirm it is renal cell carcinoma and specifically chromophobe type based on the cell appearance.
Immunohistochemistry and molecular tests – Special stains (for example CK7, CD117, SDHB) and sometimes genetic tests help confirm chromophobe RCC and distinguish it from oncocytoma or other RCC types. These tests look for markers typical of chromophobe cells and for chromosomal losses.
Electrodiagnostic tests
Electrocardiogram (ECG) – An ECG records the heart’s electrical activity. It does not diagnose chromophobe RCC directly, but it is important before major surgery or systemic treatments to check if the heart is strong enough for anesthesia and medicines.
Nerve conduction studies or electromyography (EMG) in selected cases – Very rarely, kidney cancers can be linked with nerve or muscle problems (paraneoplastic syndromes). If a patient has unusual weakness or nerve symptoms, electrodiagnostic tests help check if nerves or muscles are affected. These tests do not confirm kidney cancer but help understand related problems.
Imaging tests
Ultrasound of the kidney – Ultrasound uses sound waves to create pictures of the kidney. It can show a solid mass, cyst, or mixed lesion and is often the first imaging test that suggests a kidney tumor. It is painless and uses no radiation.
Contrast-enhanced CT scan of abdomen and pelvis – CT is the main imaging test for kidney tumors. It shows the size, shape, and location of the mass, its blood supply, and whether it has invaded nearby structures or lymph nodes. Chromophobe RCC often appears as a well-defined solid mass, sometimes with a central scar or calcification.
MRI and chest imaging (chest CT or X-ray) – MRI can be used if CT contrast is not safe or to get more detail about the tumor and nearby veins. Chest CT or X-ray looks for spread to the lungs, which are common sites of metastasis from kidney cancers. Together, these images help stage the cancer (how far it has spread).
Non-Pharmacological Treatments (Therapies and Other Approaches )
These treatments do not rely mainly on cancer drugs. Many are used together with medicines to improve survival, control symptoms, and protect quality of life.
Radical Nephrectomy (Complete Kidney Removal)
This is the main curative treatment when the tumor is large or centrally located. The surgeon removes the whole kidney, the surrounding fat, and sometimes nearby lymph nodes. This reduces the entire visible cancer load in one operation and gives the best chance of long-term control for local disease. It can be done with open or minimally invasive (laparoscopic/robotic) techniques, depending on tumor size and patient fitness.Partial Nephrectomy (Kidney-Sparing Surgery)
In partial nephrectomy, only the tumor and a small rim of normal kidney are removed, and the rest of the kidney is preserved. This is preferred for smaller tumors or when the patient has only one working kidney, because it protects kidney function while still aiming to remove all cancer. It is a key option for many chromophobe tumors, which are often found early and small.Thermal Ablation (Cryoablation and Radiofrequency/Microwave Ablation)
Ablation uses extreme cold (cryo) or heat (radiofrequency or microwave) to destroy tumor cells through a needle inserted into the tumor under imaging guidance. It is usually considered for small tumors or for patients who cannot tolerate surgery. It preserves most of the kidney, has shorter recovery, but may have a slightly higher risk of local recurrence, so follow-up imaging is very important.Active Surveillance for Small Tumors
Very small, slow-growing chromophobe tumors may be watched with regular scans instead of treated immediately. This option is sometimes used in older or frail patients where surgery or ablation carries more risk than benefit. If the tumor starts to grow faster or causes symptoms, curative treatment can be offered at that time.Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT) for Metastases
Kidney cancers are relatively resistant to traditional low-dose radiation, but high-precision, high-dose SBRT can shrink or control painful bone, brain, or lung metastases. It is non-invasive, delivered over a few sessions, and mainly used for symptom control or to treat a few isolated metastases.Arterial Embolization for Bleeding or Pain
In patients who are not fit for surgery but have severe bleeding in urine or pain, a radiologist can block the blood vessels feeding the tumor using tiny particles. This starves the tumor of blood, reduces size, and can control life-threatening bleeding or pain as a palliative measure.Structured Exercise and Physiotherapy Programs
Gentle aerobic and resistance exercise programs, adapted to the person’s strength and kidney function, help reduce fatigue, keep muscles strong, and improve mood. Regular physical activity is associated with better functional status and may help people tolerate systemic treatments more easily.Nutrition Counseling for Kidney and Cancer Health
A dietitian helps the patient choose foods that support good energy, stable weight, and healthy kidney function. This often means enough calories and protein, lots of vegetables and fruits, and controlled salt, especially if kidney function is reduced or blood pressure is high.Smoking Cessation Programs
Stopping smoking lowers the risk of new kidney problems, heart disease, and possibly new cancers. Counseling, group support, and approved stop-smoking aids can greatly improve success rates and support overall cancer outcome.Weight Management and Metabolic Health Coaching
Maintaining a healthy body weight and controlling diabetes and cholesterol reduce stress on the heart and kidneys. Lifestyle programs that combine diet, exercise, and behavior change help patients feel stronger and may lower peri-operative and long-term medical risks.Blood Pressure and Kidney-Function Monitoring (Lifestyle Focus)
Even when medicines are used for blood pressure, lifestyle steps such as low-salt diet, regular activity, and limiting alcohol are crucial. Careful monitoring protects the remaining kidney after surgery and helps doctors adjust any cancer drugs that can affect blood pressure or kidney function.Psychological Counseling and Psycho-Oncology Support
A cancer diagnosis is emotionally heavy. Psychologists and counselors help patients and families manage anxiety, depression, and fear of recurrence using simple tools like supportive listening, cognitive-behavior therapy, and stress-management training.Mind–Body Therapies (Relaxation, Mindfulness, Yoga)
Mindfulness exercises, breathing techniques, yoga, and guided imagery do not treat the tumor itself, but they can reduce stress, improve sleep, and lessen pain perception. These practices are safe when supervised and can be combined easily with standard care.Pain-Focused Non-Drug Therapies
Heat and cold packs, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), massage, and acupuncture may help relieve muscle and joint pain or post-surgical discomfort. They are typically used alongside, and sometimes allow lower doses of, pain medicines.Occupational Therapy and Fatigue Management
Occupational therapists teach patients how to organize daily activities, use energy-saving tricks, and adapt the home or workplace to match their current strength. This makes it easier to stay independent during treatment and recovery.Sexual Health and Fertility Counseling
Cancer and its treatments can affect intimacy, body image, and, in younger people, future fertility. Counseling gives space to talk openly, discuss options like sperm or egg banking before treatment, and adjust expectations and plans with partners.Structured Follow-Up and Imaging Surveillance
Regular clinical visits and scans help detect recurrence early, when local treatments may still be possible. Follow-up schedules are based on stage, type of surgery, and overall risk, and usually continue for years.Multidisciplinary Tumor Board Review
Complex cases are often discussed in meetings that include urologists, medical oncologists, radiation oncologists, radiologists, and pathologists. This team approach improves decision quality, especially for rare tumors like chromophobe type.Palliative Care and Symptom-Control Clinics
Palliative care teams manage pain, breathlessness, nausea, and emotional distress at any stage of disease, not only at the end of life. Early palliative care often improves quality of life and may help people live longer with advanced cancer.Participation in Clinical Trials
Because chromophobe renal cell adenocarcinoma is rare, clinical trials are especially important. Trials test new drug combinations, immunotherapies, and supportive-care strategies and may offer access to treatments not yet widely available.
Drug Treatments
Most systemic (whole-body) treatments for chromophobe renal cell adenocarcinoma follow evidence from broader non-clear-cell renal cell carcinoma or all-type RCC studies. Many are approved by the U.S. FDA for “advanced renal cell carcinoma” based on large trials.
Dosage note: For safety, exact numerical doses and schedules are not given here. Real dosing must follow the official prescribing information and the treating oncologist’s judgement.
Sunitinib (Sutent – VEGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor)
Sunitinib is an oral targeted drug that blocks vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs) and other kinases that drive tumor blood-vessel growth. It is FDA-approved for advanced RCC and can slow tumor growth and shrink some tumors. Typical regimens use repeating cycles of daily capsules with rest periods, and common side effects include fatigue, high blood pressure, diarrhea, and skin changes.Pazopanib (Votrient – VEGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor)
Pazopanib is another oral VEGFR inhibitor used for advanced RCC. It works by starving the tumor of its blood supply and growth signals. It is taken once daily on an empty stomach and can cause liver-function changes, high blood pressure, diarrhea, hair-color changes, and fatigue, so regular blood tests and pressure checks are needed.Axitinib (Inlyta – VEGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor)
Axitinib is a more selective VEGFR inhibitor used after prior systemic therapy, and in combination with immunotherapy (pembrolizumab or avelumab) as a first-line option for advanced RCC. It is taken orally twice daily, with dose adjustments based on tolerance. Main side effects are high blood pressure, diarrhea, hand–foot syndrome, and fatigue.Cabozantinib (Cabometyx – Multi-Target Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor)
Cabozantinib blocks VEGFR, MET, and AXL, which are involved in tumor growth, blood supply, and metastasis. It is approved for advanced RCC alone and in combination with nivolumab as first-line treatment. Side effects can include diarrhea, hand–foot skin reactions, high blood pressure, mouth sores, and fatigue, and careful monitoring is required.Everolimus (Afinitor – mTOR Inhibitor)
Everolimus targets the mTOR pathway, which controls cell growth and metabolism. It is used in advanced RCC, often after VEGFR inhibitors, and sometimes combined with lenvatinib. It is taken as a daily tablet, and common side effects include mouth sores, high blood sugar, high cholesterol, fatigue, and increased infection risk.Temsirolimus (Torisel – mTOR Inhibitor, Intravenous)
Temsirolimus is an IV mTOR inhibitor used especially in people with poor-risk advanced RCC. It is given once weekly by infusion and slows tumor cell growth and blood-vessel formation. Side effects include rash, mouth sores, high cholesterol, low blood counts, and risk of infections, so regular lab monitoring is important.Lenvatinib Plus Everolimus (VEGFR TKI + mTOR Inhibitor)
Lenvatinib is a VEGFR, FGFR, and other kinase inhibitor. The combination of lenvatinib with everolimus is approved for advanced RCC after prior anti-angiogenic therapy and has shown clinically meaningful tumor shrinkage, including in non-clear-cell subtypes in small studies. Side effects can be stronger than with either drug alone, so doses may need careful adjustment.Tivozanib (Fotivda – VEGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor)
Tivozanib is a highly selective VEGFR-1,-2,-3 inhibitor approved for adults with relapsed or refractory advanced RCC after at least two prior systemic therapies. It is taken orally in cycles and can improve progression-free survival compared with another TKI in heavily pretreated patients. Side effects include high blood pressure, fatigue, diarrhea, and voice changes.Belzutifan (Welireg – HIF-2α Inhibitor)
Belzutifan blocks hypoxia-inducible factor-2 alpha (HIF-2α), a key driver of tumor survival in RCC. It is approved for people with von Hippel–Lindau disease–associated RCC and, more recently, for advanced RCC with a clear-cell component after immunotherapy; it may be considered in selected patients but evidence in chromophobe-only tumors is limited. Side effects include anemia, low oxygen, and fatigue, so regular blood and oxygen checks are needed.Nivolumab (Opdivo – PD-1 Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor)
Nivolumab helps the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells by blocking the PD-1 “brake” on T-cells. It is approved as single-agent therapy after previous anti-angiogenic treatment and in combinations for untreated advanced RCC. Side effects can include immune-related inflammation of lungs, colon, liver, skin, or endocrine glands, so prompt management is critical.Nivolumab plus Ipilimumab (PD-1 + CTLA-4 Blockade)
This dual-immunotherapy combination is a standard first-line option in intermediate- or poor-risk advanced RCC and has shown durable responses. It boosts T-cell activation more strongly than single-agent PD-1 blockade, so it can cause more immune-related side effects affecting multiple organs and needs very close monitoring.Nivolumab plus Cabozantinib
This combination pairs immunotherapy with a potent TKI and is approved as first-line treatment for advanced RCC. Evidence in non-clear-cell, including chromophobe, is still limited, and one specific chromophobe cohort reported low response, so individual risk–benefit discussion and trial data are important.Pembrolizumab (Keytruda – PD-1 Inhibitor, Alone or in Combinations)
Pembrolizumab is a PD-1 blocker widely used in many cancers. In RCC it is used mainly in combination with TKIs like axitinib or lenvatinib as first-line therapy, with emerging data for non-clear-cell subtypes. Side effects are similar to other immune checkpoint inhibitors, including immune-related organ inflammation that may need steroids.Pembrolizumab plus Axitinib
This combination uses pembrolizumab to stimulate immune attack and axitinib to cut off tumor blood supply. It is a guideline-listed first-line option for advanced RCC and has shown strong response rates in clear-cell disease, with growing experience in non-clear-cell cancers. Tolerability requires monitoring for both TKI- and immune-related toxicity.Pembrolizumab plus Lenvatinib
Lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab is another powerful combination now recommended for advanced RCC and has specific phase-2 data including chromophobe and other non-clear-cell subtypes. It appears active but can cause significant hypertension, diarrhea, and immune-related problems, so multidisciplinary care is helpful.Avelumab plus Axitinib (Bavencio + Inlyta)
Avelumab is a PD-L1 antibody. In combination with axitinib it is approved as a first-line treatment for advanced RCC. While most data are in clear-cell disease, some non-clear-cell patients may receive it by extrapolation, and monitoring follows general immune-therapy principles.Sorafenib (Multi-Kinase TKI, Older Agent)
Sorafenib targets several kinases including VEGFR and RAF and was one of the earliest TKIs for RCC. It is now less commonly used when newer TKIs or combinations are available, but may still be considered in selected patients who have already tried other options or in resource-limited settings.Bevacizumab plus Everolimus
Bevacizumab is an antibody against VEGF. In combination with everolimus, it has shown activity in some non-clear-cell RCC variants. It is generally given as IV bevacizumab plus oral everolimus and requires monitoring for high blood pressure, protein in urine, bleeding risk, and metabolic changes.High-Dose Interleukin-2 (IL-2) – Historical Immunotherapy
High-dose IL-2 is an older immune therapy that can cause long-lasting complete responses in a small number of RCC patients, but it has serious, intensive-care–level side effects. Because of high toxicity and better-tolerated checkpoint inhibitors, it is now rarely used and only in very carefully selected, fit patients at specialized centers.Other Clinical-Trial Agents (New TKIs, Antibodies, Cellular Therapies)
Many newer drugs and combinations, including other TKIs, bispecific antibodies, and cell-based therapies, are in trials for RCC and sometimes include chromophobe or mixed-histology patients. Enrolling in these trials can provide access to cutting-edge treatments and helps build future evidence for this rare tumor type.
Dietary Molecular Supplements
These supplements do not cure chromophobe renal cell adenocarcinoma. Evidence is usually from lab, animal, or general cancer studies, not from large kidney-cancer trials. Any supplement can interact with cancer drugs or harm kidney function, so they must only be used with oncologist and nephrologist approval.
For each supplement, typical safe doses vary by product; patients should follow medical advice and product labeling rather than self-dosing.
Omega-3 Fatty Acids (Fish Oil or Algal Oil)
Omega-3 fats (EPA and DHA) may help reduce inflammation, support heart health, and improve appetite and weight stability in cancer patients. They can improve triglyceride levels and may slightly reduce treatment-related inflammation and fatigue. However, they can increase bleeding risk at higher doses and may interact with blood-thinning medicines, so careful medical supervision is needed, especially before surgery.Vitamin D
Vitamin D has important roles in bone health, immune function, and cell growth regulation. Low vitamin D is common in people with kidney disease and cancer, and correcting deficiency can support bones and muscles and may modestly improve immune function. Supplement type and dose depend on blood levels and kidney function, and excess vitamin D can raise calcium levels and harm kidneys, so lab monitoring is essential.Curcumin (Turmeric Extract)
Curcumin shows anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects in lab models and can influence signaling pathways involved in tumor growth and spread. In people, it is mostly used as a supportive supplement for inflammation, and absorption can be low unless special formulations are used. It may interact with blood thinners and some cancer drugs, so oncologists should review any planned use.Green Tea Catechins (EGCG)
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) from green tea has anti-oxidant and anti-proliferative effects in lab studies and may support metabolic and cardiovascular health. High-dose extracts can stress the liver, especially when combined with other medicines that affect the liver, so standard food-level intake (normal cups of tea) is usually preferred over concentrated capsules unless supervised.Sulforaphane (Broccoli Sprout Extract)
Sulforaphane activates cell defense pathways that help detoxify harmful substances and may support anti-cancer mechanisms in lab work. Supplement forms try to concentrate this compound, but clinical data in kidney cancer are very limited. Because it can influence drug-metabolism enzymes, any concentrated product should be reviewed with the oncology team before use.Selenium (Within Safe Limits)
Selenium is a trace element involved in anti-oxidant enzymes. Very low levels may be linked with higher cancer risk, but too much selenium can be toxic and cause hair loss, nail changes, and nerve problems. If a deficiency is proven, carefully dosed replacement can be helpful; random high-dose use without testing is not recommended.Zinc (Correction of Deficiency)
Zinc is important for immune function and wound healing. Moderate supplementation can help correct documented deficiency, especially after surgery or in people with poor intake. High doses, however, can upset copper balance and immunity, so it should be used short-term and under supervision.Probiotics (Selected Strains)
Certain probiotic strains may help maintain gut health, reduce antibiotic-associated diarrhea, and possibly modulate immune responses. In immunocompromised patients, however, there is a small risk of infection from live bacteria, so product choice and timing need to be checked with the oncologist.Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10)
CoQ10 is involved in mitochondrial energy production and has been used to reduce statin-related muscle pain and general fatigue in small studies. It is generally well-tolerated but can interact with blood-thinning drugs, and its direct impact on cancer outcomes is unproven, so it should be used only as a supportive option with medical consent.Medical-Grade Oral Nutrition Supplements
Ready-to-drink formulas designed for kidney or cancer patients contain balanced macronutrients, vitamins, and minerals. They help maintain weight and muscle mass when appetite is low or chewing is difficult. Formulas should be chosen by a dietitian to fit kidney function, blood sugar control, and any treatment-related restrictions (for example, potassium or phosphorus limits).
Immune-Boosting and Regenerative/Stem-Cell–Related Drugs
There are no standard stem-cell drugs specifically approved for chromophobe renal cell adenocarcinoma. The items below describe advanced or emerging approaches that affect immunity or cell repair, often within clinical trials.
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (PD-1/PD-L1/CTLA-4 Blockers)
Drugs like nivolumab, pembrolizumab, ipilimumab, and avelumab work by “releasing the brakes” on T-cells so they can better recognize and attack cancer cells. They are not classic “immune boosters,” because they can also trigger immune-related side effects in normal organs, but they are a major modern way to harness the immune system against RCC.VEGFR TKIs plus Immunotherapy (Combined Immune and Vascular Modulation)
Combinations such as nivolumab–cabozantinib, pembrolizumab–axitinib, pembrolizumab–lenvatinib, and avelumab–axitinib appear to remodel both tumor blood vessels and the immune micro-environment. This may allow more immune cells to enter the tumor and stay active, leading to better responses in many RCC patients in trials.Experimental Cancer Vaccines and Dendritic-Cell Therapies
Some research centers test vaccines made from a patient’s own tumor or immune cells to teach the immune system to recognize kidney cancer antigens. These approaches aim to create long-lasting immune memory but are still experimental and available only in clinical studies.Adoptive Cell Therapies (Engineered T-Cells and NK Cells)
Lab-grown or genetically modified immune cells, such as CAR-T cells or expanded natural killer cells, are being studied in solid tumors including RCC. The idea is to infuse highly active anti-tumor cells back into the patient to directly attack cancer, but this is still in early development for kidney cancer and usually accessible only in specialized trials.HIF-2α Inhibition (Belzutifan) as a Micro-environment Modifier
By blocking HIF-2α, belzutifan alters how tumor cells respond to low oxygen and can change the local immune and metabolic environment. This may make tumors less aggressive and potentially more sensitive to other treatments, although data in pure chromophobe tumors are not yet strong.Supportive Hematopoietic Growth Factors (for Bone-Marrow Recovery)
Drugs like G-CSF (for neutrophils) or erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) are sometimes used to correct severe treatment-related low white cells or anemia. They do not attack the tumor directly but help the bone marrow recover, allowing systemic treatments to continue more safely. Their use must balance benefits with risks like blood clots.
Surgeries ( Key Procedures, and Why They Are Done)
Radical Nephrectomy
Removal of the entire kidney, fat around it, and sometimes nearby lymph nodes. It is done when the tumor is large, centrally located, or invading nearby structures, and aims to cure localized disease by taking out all gross cancer in one operation.Partial Nephrectomy (Nephron-Sparing Surgery)
Only the tumor and a margin of normal tissue are removed. This is done mainly for smaller tumors or when preserving kidney function is very important, such as in people with a single kidney or chronic kidney disease. It balances cancer control with long-term kidney health.Lymph Node Dissection (Selective)
Enlarged or suspicious lymph nodes near the kidney may be removed at the time of nephrectomy. This is done mainly for accurate staging and, in some high-risk cases, possible disease control, although routine removal of normal-appearing nodes is not always beneficial.Metastasectomy (Removal of Metastatic Lesions)
In selected patients with one or a few metastases (for example, in lung or bone) and well-controlled main disease, surgeons may remove those metastases. This is done to reduce tumor load, relieve symptoms, and sometimes prolong survival when complete resection is feasible.Palliative Procedures (e.g., Debulking, Embolization-Assisted Surgery)
When cure is not possible, surgery may still be done to control bleeding, severe pain, or other symptoms—for example, removing a very large tumor causing pressure, or combining surgery with arterial embolization. The main purpose is comfort and quality of life, not long-term cure.
Prevention
Most chromophobe kidney cancers cannot be completely prevented, but healthy habits can lower overall kidney-cancer risk and protect the remaining kidney.
Do not smoke; seek help to quit if you already smoke.
Maintain a healthy body weight with balanced food and regular movement.
Control blood pressure with lifestyle steps and, if needed, medicines.
Manage diabetes and cholesterol to protect blood vessels and kidneys.
Avoid unnecessary long-term use of painkillers such as NSAIDs without medical guidance.
Limit exposure to known industrial chemicals and solvents where possible.
Stay well hydrated, unless your kidney doctor advises fluid restriction.
Get regular check-ups if you have inherited kidney-cancer syndromes or strong family history.
Follow kidney-protective advice after nephrectomy to protect the remaining kidney.
Keep all follow-up visits and imaging appointments after treatment so problems are found early.
When to See a Doctor
You (or your family member) should see a doctor as soon as possible if any of these appear and do not quickly improve:
Blood in the urine (even once), especially if it is painless.
Persistent dull or sharp pain in the side, back, or flank.
A lump or fullness in the side or abdomen.
Unexplained weight loss, fever, night sweats, or extreme tiredness.
New or rapidly worsening high blood pressure or kidney-function problems.
Sudden bone pain, cough, or shortness of breath in someone with a history of kidney cancer.
If you already have chromophobe renal cell adenocarcinoma, you should contact your cancer team quickly if you have new severe symptoms such as chest pain, trouble breathing, strong headache, confusion, high fever, yellow eyes/skin, or severe diarrhea—these may be emergency side effects of treatment.
What to Eat and What to Avoid
Diet must always be adjusted to kidney function and treatment; a renal dietitian’s advice is best.
Helpful to Eat (with medical approval):
Plenty of vegetables and fruits (varied colors) for fiber, vitamins, and plant compounds.
Whole grains such as brown rice, oats, and whole-wheat bread for steady energy and fiber.
Lean proteins like fish, skinless poultry, eggs, and plant proteins (beans, lentils) in amounts suited to kidney function.
Healthy fats from olive oil, nuts, seeds, and small portions of avocado.
Adequate fluids, mainly water, if your kidney doctor does not restrict fluid intake.
Better to Limit or Avoid (especially with kidney issues):
Very salty processed foods like instant noodles, chips, canned soups, and processed meats.
Sugary drinks and sweets that add calories without nutrition and can worsen diabetes.
Large amounts of red and processed meat, which may increase cardiovascular and possibly cancer risks.
Excessive alcohol, which can strain liver and kidneys and interact with medicines.
High-dose herbal or “detox” products not checked by your oncologist, as many can damage the liver or kidneys or interact with cancer drugs.
Frequently Asked Questions
1. Is chromophobe renal cell adenocarcinoma cancer serious?
Yes. It is a malignant kidney tumor, but it usually grows more slowly than common clear-cell kidney cancer and often has a better outlook when caught early and removed completely by surgery.
2. What is the main treatment for early-stage chromophobe renal cell adenocarcinoma?
The main treatment for localized disease is surgery—partial or radical nephrectomy—to remove the tumor with a margin of healthy tissue, aiming for complete cure.
3. Do all patients need chemotherapy?
Standard “traditional” chemotherapy is usually not very effective in RCC and is rarely used. Most drug treatments are targeted therapies or immunotherapies, and some patients with small, fully removed tumors may not need systemic drugs at all.
4. Are immunotherapy drugs useful in chromophobe renal cell adenocarcinoma?
Immune checkpoint inhibitors are widely used for advanced RCC and show activity in non-clear-cell tumors, but data in pure chromophobe tumors are still limited. Oncologists often consider them, especially in trials, based on overall non-clear-cell evidence.
5. What is the role of targeted therapy in this cancer?
VEGFR TKIs like sunitinib, pazopanib, axitinib, cabozantinib, tivozanib and others are common options for advanced or metastatic disease. They work by blocking signals that tumors use to grow blood vessels and survive.
6. Can lifestyle changes cure chromophobe renal cell adenocarcinoma?
No. Lifestyle changes cannot cure a cancer that is already present, but they support general health, help the body cope with surgery and drugs, and may reduce complications and other diseases.
7. Is this cancer linked to inherited syndromes?
Most cases are sporadic, but some occur in people with inherited conditions such as Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome or other rare genetic syndromes, so genetic counseling may be offered in selected patients.
8. How often will I need scans after surgery?
Follow-up schedules depend on stage and risk but usually include imaging every few months at first, then less often over time if no recurrence is seen, plus regular clinical visits and blood tests.
9. Does having one kidney after nephrectomy cause big problems?
Many people live a normal life with one kidney, but long-term monitoring of blood pressure, kidney function, and urine protein is important, and some patients need diet adjustments or medicines to protect the remaining kidney.
10. Are there specific foods that shrink this tumor?
No single food or supplement is proven to shrink chromophobe kidney tumors in humans. A balanced, kidney-friendly diet supports overall health and treatment tolerance but does not replace medical therapy.
11. Can young people get chromophobe renal cell adenocarcinoma?
It is more common in adults, usually middle-aged or older, but can rarely occur in younger people, especially if there is an underlying genetic syndrome.
12. How important are clinical trials for this cancer?
Very important. Because chromophobe tumors are rare, trials are crucial to learn which drug combinations work best, and patients in trials may access promising treatments early.
13. Is it safe to take herbal medicines during treatment?
Many herbal products can interact with cancer drugs or harm the liver or kidneys, so they should never be taken without full review by the oncology and kidney teams. “Natural” does not automatically mean safe.
14. How long can someone live with metastatic chromophobe renal cell adenocarcinoma?
Survival varies widely. Some people respond well and live many years with modern therapies, while others have more aggressive disease. Prognosis depends on tumor burden, risk factors, response to treatment, and overall health.
15. What should I or my family do first if this diagnosis is made?
The most important steps are to see a urologic oncologist or kidney cancer specialist, bring all reports and scans, discuss stage and options calmly, and consider a second opinion or clinical-trial center if available. Support from family, counselors, and patient groups can also make the journey easier.
Disclaimer: Each person’s journey is unique, treatment plan, life style, food habit, hormonal condition, immune system, chronic disease condition, geological location, weather and previous medical history is also unique. So always seek the best advice from a qualified medical professional or health care provider before trying any treatments to ensure to find out the best plan for you. This guide is for general information and educational purposes only. Regular check-ups and awareness can help to manage and prevent complications associated with these diseases conditions. If you or someone are suffering from this disease condition bookmark this website or share with someone who might find it useful! Boost your knowledge and stay ahead in your health journey. We always try to ensure that the content is regularly updated to reflect the latest medical research and treatment options. Thank you for giving your valuable time to read the article.
The article is written by Team RxHarun and reviewed by the Rx Editorial Board Members
Last Updated: January 15, 2026.
