Central Neurocytoma

Central neurocytoma is a rare brain tumor that usually grows inside the fluid spaces of the brain (the ventricles), most often near the lateral ventricle. It is usually slow-growing and often affects young adults, but it can happen at other ages too. Because it sits in a tight space where brain fluid (CSF) must flow, the tumor can block the fluid pathway and raise pressure inside the head (this is called obstructive hydrocephalus). Many people do well when the tumor can be removed with surgery, but some tumors come back or cannot be fully removed because of their location. This article is for education, not personal medical advice, and treatment choices must be decided by a neurosurgeon/oncology team using scans and pathology. [Orpha+2PMC+2]

Central neurocytoma is a rare brain tumor that usually grows inside the fluid spaces of the brain (the ventricles), most often in the lateral ventricle near the foramen of Monro. It is made of tumor cells that look and behave like young (immature) nerve cells, so doctors call it a neuronal / neurocytic tumor. Because it sits inside the ventricles, it can block normal flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and cause obstructive hydrocephalus and high pressure inside the head, which is why many symptoms are pressure-related. In modern classification, central neurocytoma is generally considered a WHO grade 2 (low-grade) tumor, meaning it often grows slowly, but it still needs careful diagnosis and follow-up. [WHO grade 2; intraventricular neurocytic tumor; obstructive hydrocephalus mechanism] Radiopaedia+2PMC+2

The main goal is to remove the tumor safely and open the blocked brain-fluid pathway so pressure symptoms improve. When the tumor cannot be fully removed, doctors may add radiotherapy or stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) to help control growth. Chemotherapy is not the “standard first step” for most patients, but it is sometimes used for recurrence, atypical features, or when surgery/radiation options are limited. [PMC+3PMC+3MDPI+3]

Other names

Doctors may use these names for central neurocytoma, especially in radiology or pathology reports: intraventricular neurocytoma, ventricular neurocytoma, intraventricular neuronal tumor, and sometimes central (intraventricular) neurocytic tumor. These names point to the same idea: a neuronal tumor that is centered in the ventricles. [Naming based on intraventricular location and neuronal differentiation] PMC+2Radiopaedia+2

Types

• Typical (classic) central neurocytoma (the usual low-grade form, often with a low Ki-67/MIB-1 index). [Typical CN described as low-grade/WHO grade 2; low proliferation often discussed] PMC+2Radiopaedia+2

• Atypical central neurocytoma (used when the tumor shows more aggressive features, often including a higher Ki-67/MIB-1 labeling index and/or “atypical” microscopic features; exact cutoffs vary across studies). [Atypical CN concept and Ki-67/MIB-1 discussion] Surgical Neurology International+2btrt.org+2

• Extraventricular neurocytoma (a related neurocytoma that arises outside the ventricles; it is not “central,” but it matters because it can look similar under the microscope). [EVN vs CN distinction; different location and molecular patterns] PMC+1

Causes

Central neurocytoma usually appears sporadically, meaning most people have no clear single cause that doctors can point to. The items below include (1) what is known or suspected for neurocytoma biology and (2) broader, evidence-based causes/risk factors for CNS tumors in general—because strong, proven “cause lists” specifically for central neurocytoma are limited. [Cause often unknown; origin theories; CNS tumor risk-factor evidence is limited] EyeWiki+2Cancer.gov+2

1. Unknown (sporadic) cause: In many patients, no exposure, infection, or inherited condition is found. That is common for rare brain tumors like this. [Etiology often unclear/unknown in CN descriptions] EyeWiki+1

2. Likely start from periventricular “precursor” cells: Some evidence suggests neurocytomas may arise from progenitor cells near the ventricles that can form neuronal-like cells. This explains why the tumor often grows close to the ventricle wall and septum pellucidum region. [Progenitor/subependymal plate hypotheses] ruralneuropractice.com+2Springer Link+2

3. Random DNA mistakes when cells divide: A simple way to say this is: sometimes, during normal cell growth, DNA copying errors happen. If errors affect growth-control genes, a tumor can begin. [Random DNA mistakes and cancer genetics] Cancer.gov+1

4. Inherited (passed-down) gene changes in some families: Rarely, people inherit gene changes that raise the risk of many cancers, including some CNS tumors. This is not “most cases,” but it is a real pathway for tumor risk in general. [Inherited genetic changes and cancer risk] Cancer.gov+1

5. Ionizing radiation exposure (strong radiation): Among environmental factors, ionizing radiation is one of the best-supported risks for brain/CNS tumors overall (for example, radiation used in cancer treatment). It is not proven as a common cause of central neurocytoma, but it is a validated CNS tumor risk factor. [Ionizing radiation evidence for CNS tumors] PMC+2PMC+2

6. Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1): NF1 is an inherited tumor syndrome associated with CNS tumors in general. If someone has NF1, doctors think carefully about tumor risk and symptoms. [Familial tumor syndromes linked to CNS neoplasms] Cancer.gov

7. Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2): NF2 is another inherited syndrome linked to CNS neoplasms (especially certain tumor types). It represents a clear genetic “cause pathway” for CNS tumor development. [Familial tumor syndromes linked to CNS neoplasms] Cancer.gov

8. Von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) disease: VHL is associated with several tumors, including some in the CNS. It is a recognized inherited risk background for CNS neoplasms. [Familial tumor syndromes linked to CNS neoplasms] Cancer.gov

9. Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC): TSC is linked to CNS tumor development through inherited growth-control pathway changes. It is on major cancer references as a CNS neoplasm–associated syndrome. [Familial tumor syndromes linked to CNS neoplasms] Cancer.gov

10. Li-Fraumeni syndrome: This inherited syndrome (often involving TP53 pathway changes) is linked with multiple cancers and is listed among syndromes associated with CNS neoplasms. [Familial tumor syndromes linked to CNS neoplasms] Cancer.gov

11. Turcot syndrome type 1: Turcot syndromes are inherited conditions associated with CNS neoplasms. They are uncommon, but they show how inherited genetics can contribute to CNS tumors. [Familial tumor syndromes linked to CNS neoplasms] Cancer.gov

12. Turcot syndrome type 2: This is another Turcot subtype listed in major cancer references as associated with CNS neoplasms. [Familial tumor syndromes linked to CNS neoplasms] Cancer.gov

13. Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (Gorlin syndrome): This syndrome is also listed among familial syndromes associated with CNS neoplasms. [Familial tumor syndromes linked to CNS neoplasms] Cancer.gov

14. Severe immune suppression (for some CNS tumors): Major cancer references note that transplant recipients and people with AIDS have higher risk of primary CNS lymphoma. This does not mean immune suppression “causes neurocytoma,” but it shows immune state can be a cause pathway for some CNS tumors. [Immune suppression and CNS lymphoma risk] Cancer.gov

15. Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) (for some CNS tumors): EBV is implicated in the cause of primary CNS lymphoma in some settings. This is not a proven cause of central neurocytoma, but it is a known CNS tumor cause pathway in specific diseases. [EBV implicated for primary CNS lymphoma] Cancer.gov

16. Vinyl chloride exposure (considered for glioma): Some occupational/environmental exposures have been studied as possible CNS tumor risks (example: vinyl chloride for glioma). This is considered evidence for certain tumor types, not a confirmed cause of central neurocytoma. [Considered risk factors for primary CNS tumors] Cancer.gov

17. Cancer-causing chemicals (carcinogens) in general: Some chemicals can damage DNA and raise cancer risk. This is a general cancer mechanism and may contribute to tumor formation when DNA repair fails, even though specific links to central neurocytoma are not established. [Carcinogens and DNA damage concept] Cancer.gov+2Cancer.gov+2

18. Failure of DNA repair systems: Cells have “DNA repair” tools to fix mistakes. If repair genes are damaged, more mistakes can build up, which can help tumors start. [DNA repair and cancer mechanism] Mayo Clinic+1

19. Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (mobile phones): uncertain/being studied: WHO notes that radiofrequency fields have been classified by IARC as “possibly carcinogenic” (Group 2B), which means a causal link is not proven and uncertainty remains. Large reviews have reported no clear increase in brain cancer risk from mobile phone use, but research continues. [WHO/IARC classification; large systematic review findings] World Health Organization+2ScienceDirect+2

20. A combination of small factors rather than one trigger: For many CNS tumors, evidence suggests no single cause is found; instead, tumors may arise from a mix of random DNA errors plus (sometimes) inherited background plus (sometimes) exposures. This “multi-factor” model fits what major cancer references teach about cancer genetics. [Cancer genetics: random, inherited, exposure-related] Cancer.gov+1

Symptoms

Many symptoms happen because the tumor blocks CSF flow and causes hydrocephalus and raised intracranial pressure. Symptoms can be slow and progressive, and they may look like “pressure” symptoms. [Symptoms often due to obstructive hydrocephalus/raised ICP] btrt.org+2Turkish Journal of Neurology+2

1. Headache: Headache is very common because pressure rises inside the skull. Often it becomes worse over time, and it may be worse in the morning. [ICP symptoms in CN reports/reviews] btrt.org+2Turkish Journal of Neurology+2

2. Nausea: Nausea can occur when raised pressure irritates brain centers that control vomiting and balance. [Raised ICP symptom pattern] Turkish Journal of Neurology+1

3. Vomiting: Vomiting with headache can be a warning sign of raised intracranial pressure, especially with hydrocephalus. [Raised ICP symptom pattern] Turkish Journal of Neurology+2PMC+2

4. Blurred vision: Vision can blur when pressure affects the optic nerves, sometimes through papilledema. [Visual problems and papilledema described with CN/ICP] Turkish Journal of Neurology+2cjcrcn.org+2

5. Papilledema (swollen optic nerve head): Doctors may see papilledema on eye exam when intracranial pressure is high, and this is reported often in ventricular tumors that cause hydrocephalus. [Papilledema in CN clinical series/cases] cjcrcn.org+2Turkish Journal of Neurology+2

6. Double vision (diplopia): High pressure can affect eye movement nerves, leading to double vision in some patients. [Visual/neurologic effects from raised ICP] Turkish Journal of Neurology+1

7. Seizures: Seizures can happen if the tumor irritates nearby brain tissue or changes brain fluid dynamics; seizures are repeatedly reported in CN case literature. [Seizures reported as CN symptom] Turkish Journal of Neurology+2PMC+2

8. Sleepiness or reduced alertness: When hydrocephalus becomes significant, some people feel very sleepy or less responsive because brain function is under pressure. [Hydrocephalus/raised ICP clinical effects] Turkish Journal of Neurology+1

9. Memory problems: The ventricles sit near structures used for memory and thinking, so some patients report memory difficulty. [Memory/mental changes noted in reports] Turkish Journal of Neurology+1

10. Trouble concentrating: High pressure and hydrocephalus can make it hard to focus, especially when symptoms develop gradually. [General CNS tumor pressure-related features] Cancer.gov+1

11. Confusion or mental slowing: Some patients develop “mental slowing” as pressure builds or hydrocephalus worsens. [Mental changes in CN/ventricular tumor discussions] ScienceDirect+1

12. Weakness (one side or generalized): Weakness can occur if pressure effects or tumor location influence motor pathways. [Neurologic symptoms described with CN/ICP] Turkish Journal of Neurology+1

13. Balance or gait problems: Hydrocephalus can affect walking and balance, and some patients feel unsteady. [CNS tumor clinical features; hydrocephalus effects] Cancer.gov+1

14. Dizziness: Dizziness can happen with raised pressure or hydrocephalus-related balance system effects. [Raised ICP symptom pattern] Turkish Journal of Neurology+1

15. Behavior or mood changes: Some people develop irritability, mood changes, or personality shifts, especially when the condition lasts longer. [Mental/personality changes described in CNS tumor references and CN reports] Cancer.gov+1

Diagnostic tests

Diagnosis usually starts with history + exam + imaging, and the final proof is usually pathology (tumor tissue). The tests below are grouped as you requested: Physical Exam, Manual test, Lab/Pathological, Electrodiagnostic, and Imaging. [Imaging cornerstone; definitive diagnosis by histopathology/biopsy] Turkish Journal of Neurology+2Cancer.gov+2

Physical Exam 

1. General neurological exam: The clinician checks strength, sensation, speech, coordination, reflexes, and mental status. This helps show if pressure or location is affecting brain function. [Neurological exam is standard in CNS tumor evaluation] Cancer.gov

2. Eye exam (fundoscopy) for papilledema: The doctor looks at the back of the eye to see if the optic nerve head is swollen. Papilledema supports raised intracranial pressure from hydrocephalus. [Papilledema common with ventricular obstruction] cjcrcn.org+2Cureus+2

3. Cranial nerve exam: The clinician checks vision, eye movements, facial strength, hearing, swallowing, and more. This can detect pressure effects like double vision or visual changes. [Visual changes and neurologic findings in CNS tumors] Cancer.gov+1

4. Cognitive screening (orientation, memory, attention): Simple bedside questions check thinking and memory, because some patients have memory/mental changes from hydrocephalus or nearby structure involvement. [Mental capacity and concentration changes listed for CNS tumors] Cancer.gov+1

Manual tests (bedside maneuvers) 

5. Gait test (walking observation): The clinician watches how the person walks. Hydrocephalus can make walking wide-based, slow, or unsteady. [Clinical features and neurologic symptoms with CNS tumors/hydrocephalus] Cancer.gov+1

6. Romberg test (balance): The person stands with feet together and eyes closed. Losing balance can suggest a balance system problem that may happen with pressure effects. [Neurologic exam approach for CNS lesions] Cancer.gov

7. Finger–nose and heel–shin testing (coordination): These quick coordination tests can show if brain pathways are affected or if hydrocephalus is disturbing smooth movement control. [Neurologic exam approach for CNS lesions] Cancer.gov

8. Confrontation visual field test: The clinician checks for missing parts of vision at the bedside. Vision problems can occur from papilledema or pressure effects. [Visual changes in CNS tumors; CN reports include vision problems] Cancer.gov+1

Lab and Pathological tests

9. Basic pre-surgery blood tests (CBC, electrolytes, kidney/liver function): These do not “prove” neurocytoma, but they help safe planning for anesthesia, surgery, and contrast imaging. [Routine evaluation around CNS tumor workup and procedures] Cancer.gov

10. Tumor tissue biopsy (stereotactic or during surgery): A piece of the tumor is examined under a microscope. This is the key step to confirm the diagnosis and rule out other tumors. [Biopsy confirmation is critical; stereotactic techniques] Cancer.gov+1

11. Histopathology (microscopic appearance): Pathologists look for the typical small, uniform tumor cells and patterns that fit neurocytoma and help separate it from look-alikes. [Typical histology described in central neurocytoma series] cjcrcn.org+1

12. Immunohistochemistry for synaptophysin: Synaptophysin is a neuronal marker. Strong positivity supports a neurocytic (neuronal) tumor rather than a pure glial tumor. [Synaptophysin as key neuronal marker in CN] PMC+2SciELO+2

13. Immunohistochemistry for NeuN and/or NSE (neuronal markers): NeuN and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) can support neuronal differentiation, helping confirm neurocytoma. [NeuN/NSE used in CN pathology] MDPI+2PMC+2

14. Ki-67 (MIB-1) proliferation index: This stain estimates how fast tumor cells are dividing. A higher index is often used to discuss “atypical” behavior and recurrence risk, even though exact cutoffs differ by study. [Ki-67/MIB-1 role in CN and atypical CN discussions] btrt.org+2Surgical Neurology International+2

Electrodiagnostic tests 

15. EEG (electroencephalogram): If a person has seizures or blackout episodes, EEG can support seizure diagnosis and help guide seizure management while the tumor workup continues. [Seizures are a presenting symptom in CNS tumors; EEG used for seizure evaluation] Cancer.gov+1

16. Visual evoked potentials (VEP) (when vision complaints are unclear): VEP checks how well signals travel from the eyes to the brain. It can help when there are vision symptoms and doctors want objective information. [Vision involvement possible with raised ICP; neuro-ophthalmic assessment concepts] Turkish Journal of Neurology+1

Imaging tests 

17. MRI brain with contrast (gadolinium): MRI is usually the main scan because it shows soft tissue detail well, shows the tumor in the ventricle, and helps plan surgery. Many sources describe MRI as the key first imaging step. [MRI as key imaging; CN imaging features] Turkish Journal of Neurology+2Radiopaedia+2

18. CT scan (often non-contrast first): CT is fast and is very good for seeing calcification and acute bleeding, and it can quickly show enlarged ventricles (hydrocephalus). [CT strengths for calcification/hemorrhage; CN may show calcification] Cancer.gov+2clinicalradiologyonline.net+2

19. MR spectroscopy (MRS): MRS is a special MRI method that looks at chemical signals in the tumor. It does not replace biopsy, but it can support tumor characterization in difficult cases. [Advanced imaging approaches discussed in CNS tumor evaluation; CN imaging studies include advanced features] Cancer.gov+2PMC+2

20. Advanced MRI sequences (diffusion/perfusion/SWI): These MRI techniques can add clues about tumor cellularity, blood flow, and tiny bleeding or calcification patterns, and some recent work links imaging patterns with proliferation markers like Ki-67. [Advanced MRI features and Ki-67-related imaging findings] PMC+2PMC+2

Non-Pharmacological Treatments (Therapies and Other Options)

1. Maximal safe surgical removal (first-line plan): The best “non-drug” treatment is usually gross total resection (remove as much tumor as safely possible). Purpose: cure or long control. Mechanism: physically removes tumor cells and often relieves fluid blockage. [PMC+2MDPI+2]

2. Subtotal resection (when full removal is risky): Sometimes only part can be removed to protect memory, speech, or movement areas. Purpose: reduce tumor size and pressure. Mechanism: lowers tumor burden, then other treatments can target the leftover part. [Frontiers+2ACS Publications+2]

3. External ventricular drain (EVD) for emergency pressure relief: If pressure is dangerously high, an EVD can drain fluid for a short time. Purpose: urgent safety. Mechanism: temporary tube drains CSF to reduce intracranial pressure. [PMC+2NINDS+2]

4. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV): A small “internal bypass” hole is made to help CSF flow. Purpose: treat hydrocephalus without a permanent shunt (in selected cases). Mechanism: creates a new CSF pathway around blockage. [PMC+2MDPI+2]

5. Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt: A permanent tube system moves CSF from brain to belly when hydrocephalus persists. Purpose: long-term pressure control. Mechanism: diverts extra CSF to prevent pressure buildup. [SEER+2PMC+2]

6. Conventional fractionated radiotherapy (RT): Given in small daily doses over weeks, often after incomplete removal or recurrence. Purpose: reduce regrowth risk. Mechanism: radiation damages tumor cell DNA so cells cannot keep dividing. [PMC+2ScienceDirect+2]

7. IMRT (high-precision RT planning): A shaped-beam method that protects healthy brain while treating the tumor bed. Purpose: safer radiation near important brain tissue. Mechanism: directs dose to target while lowering dose to normal areas. [OAMJMS+1]

8. Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS): A single or few very focused high-dose treatments for small residual or recurrent tumors. Purpose: local control with less dose to surrounding brain. Mechanism: very precise radiation causes tumor control over time. [PMC+2PMC+2]

9. Proton therapy (when available and appropriate): Uses protons that can reduce “exit dose.” Purpose: reduce radiation to healthy tissue in selected patients. Mechanism: physical dose pattern can spare nearby structures. [PMC+1]

10. Observation (“watch and scan”) after complete removal: If imaging shows total removal and tumor is typical grade, some teams monitor. Purpose: avoid overtreatment. Mechanism: MRI follow-up catches recurrence early. [MDPI+1]

11. Regular MRI surveillance plan: Follow-up imaging is core care because recurrence can happen. Purpose: early detection. Mechanism: MRI finds small regrowth before major symptoms. [MDPI+2Frontiers+2]

12. Neuro-rehabilitation (whole program): Rehab helps people regain skills after tumor or surgery. Purpose: better daily function. Mechanism: repeated practice helps the brain re-learn and adapt (neuroplasticity). [PMC+1]

13. Physical therapy (PT): Targets weakness, balance problems, and safe walking. Purpose: independence and fall prevention. Mechanism: strength and balance training improves movement control. [PMC+1]

14. Occupational therapy (OT): Helps with dressing, bathing, writing, cooking, and school/work skills. Purpose: independence. Mechanism: task practice + adaptive tools reduce disability. [PMC+1]

15. Speech and language therapy: Helps speech, understanding, and sometimes swallowing. Purpose: communication and safe eating/drinking. Mechanism: targeted exercises retrain speech and swallow pathways. [PMC+1]

16. Cognitive rehabilitation: Helps memory, attention, and planning if affected. Purpose: return to study/work and daily life. Mechanism: structured training + coping tools improve function. [PMC+1]

17. Vision assessment and therapy (when needed): Ventricular tumors can affect vision via pressure or pathways. Purpose: safer reading, driving decisions, and daily safety. Mechanism: testing + rehab strategies reduce risk. [NINDS+1]

18. Psychological counseling (anxiety, mood, trauma): Brain tumor diagnosis is stressful and can affect mood. Purpose: coping and quality of life. Mechanism: therapy reduces distress and builds practical coping skills. [National Brain Tumor Society+1]

19. Palliative/supportive care (early, not only end-of-life): Supportive care treats symptoms (pain, nausea, fatigue) alongside tumor treatment. Purpose: better comfort and function. Mechanism: symptom-focused plan + team support. [Cancer.org+2National Brain Tumor Society+2]

20. School/work reintegration plan (graded return): After surgery/RT, fatigue and memory issues may occur. Purpose: safe return to learning/work. Mechanism: stepwise schedule + accommodations prevent overload. [PMC+1]

Drug Treatments (Important Options + Supportive Drugs)

Important note (very simple): There is no single “FDA-approved drug only for central neurocytoma.” Doctors may use drugs based on brain-tumor practice, individual pathology, and recurrence patterns. Below, each drug is linked to its FDA label (accessdata.fda.gov) for evidence on dosing/risks, but your doctor must personalize the plan (especially for teens). [PMC+2MDPI+2]

1. Temozolomide (TMZ) — Class: alkylating agent. Dosage/time: often given in cycles (doctor-specific). Purpose: sometimes used for recurrent CNS tumors. Mechanism: damages tumor DNA so cells cannot divide. Common side effects: low blood counts, nausea, fatigue; infection risk can rise. [FDA Access Data]

2. Lomustine (CCNU / Gleostine) — Class: nitrosourea alkylator. Dosage/time: intermittent dosing (long gaps because marrow needs recovery). Purpose: sometimes used for resistant/recurrent brain tumors. Mechanism: DNA cross-linking. Side effects: delayed low blood counts, nausea, liver/lung risk in some cases. [FDA Access Data]

3. Vincristine — Class: microtubule inhibitor (vinca alkaloid). Dosage/time: clinician-set schedules (often weekly in some regimens). Purpose: sometimes part of combination chemo approaches. Mechanism: blocks cell division spindle. Side effects: nerve damage (tingling/weakness), constipation, hair loss. [FDA Access Data]

4. Carboplatin — Class: platinum chemotherapy. Dosage/time: cycle-based dosing. Purpose: sometimes used in CNS tumor regimens. Mechanism: DNA cross-linking stops replication. Side effects: low blood counts, nausea, kidney/ear effects (less than cisplatin but still possible). [FDA Access Data]

5. Cisplatin — Class: platinum chemotherapy. Dosage/time: cycle-based dosing with hydration. Purpose: sometimes used for aggressive/recurrent CNS tumors. Mechanism: DNA cross-linking. Side effects: kidney injury, hearing loss, nausea/vomiting, nerve issues. [FDA Access Data]

6. Etoposide — Class: topoisomerase II inhibitor. Dosage/time: given on specific days in a cycle. Purpose: sometimes used in combination regimens. Mechanism: prevents DNA repair during division. Side effects: low blood counts, infection risk, hair loss, nausea. [FDA Access Data]

7. Irinotecan — Class: topoisomerase I inhibitor. Dosage/time: weekly or cycle-based (protocol-based). Purpose: sometimes used for recurrent CNS tumors. Mechanism: blocks DNA uncoiling/repair. Side effects: diarrhea (can be severe), low counts, fatigue. [FDA Access Data]

8. Cyclophosphamide — Class: alkylating agent. Dosage/time: protocol-based cycles. Purpose: sometimes used when stronger systemic therapy is needed. Mechanism: DNA damage in dividing cells. Side effects: low counts, nausea, bladder irritation (needs prevention/monitoring). [FDA Access Data]

9. Ifosfamide — Class: alkylating agent. Dosage/time: protocol-based with protective meds. Purpose: sometimes used in intensive regimens. Mechanism: DNA damage. Side effects: low counts, bladder bleeding risk, confusion (neurotoxicity) in some patients. [FDA Access Data]

10. Methotrexate — Class: antimetabolite (folate pathway). Dosage/time: varies widely; high-dose needs strict monitoring. Purpose: used in some CNS tumor settings (doctor-selected). Mechanism: blocks DNA building blocks. Side effects: mouth sores, low counts, liver effects; interactions matter. [FDA Access Data]

11. Topotecan — Class: topoisomerase I inhibitor. Dosage/time: cycle dosing. Purpose: sometimes considered in recurrent settings. Mechanism: DNA strand break accumulation. Side effects: low blood counts (often strong), fatigue, infection risk. [FDA Access Data]

12. Bevacizumab (Avastin) — Class: anti-VEGF antibody (anti-angiogenesis). Dosage/time: infusion schedule set by oncologist. Purpose: can reduce swelling and help symptoms in some CNS tumors. Mechanism: blocks VEGF signals that support abnormal vessels. Side effects: high blood pressure, bleeding/clot risk, wound-healing issues. [FDA Access Data]

13. Dexamethasone — Class: corticosteroid. Dosage/time: short-term or taper plan. Purpose: reduces brain swelling and headache. Mechanism: lowers inflammation and leaky blood vessels around tumor. Side effects: high sugar, mood changes, sleep trouble, infection risk with long use. [Cancer.org+2PMC+2]

14. Mannitol (IV) — Class: osmotic agent. Dosage/time: acute hospital use. Purpose: rapid pressure reduction in emergencies. Mechanism: pulls fluid out of brain tissue into bloodstream. Side effects: dehydration, electrolyte problems, kidney strain (monitoring needed). [FDA Access Data]

15. Acetazolamide (Diamox) — Class: carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. Dosage/time: clinician-set. Purpose: sometimes reduces CSF production in selected hydrocephalus/pressure cases. Mechanism: lowers CSF formation by changing ion transport. Side effects: tingling, fatigue, kidney stones risk, electrolyte changes. [FDA Access Data]

16. Levetiracetam (Keppra) — Class: antiseizure medicine. Dosage/time: daily dosing; adjusted by doctor. Purpose: prevent or control seizures (common in many brain tumors). Mechanism: stabilizes nerve signaling. Side effects: sleepiness, dizziness, mood/irritability in some people. [FDA Access Data+1]

17. Ondansetron — Class: anti-nausea (5-HT3 blocker). Dosage/time: before chemo/after surgery as needed. Purpose: nausea/vomiting control. Mechanism: blocks serotonin signals that trigger vomiting reflex. Side effects: constipation, headache; rhythm risk in some patients. [FDA Access Data]

18. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) — Class: antibiotic. Dosage/time: sometimes used as prophylaxis when immune system is low (doctor decision). Purpose: infection prevention/treatment. Mechanism: blocks bacterial folate pathway. Side effects: rash, stomach upset, blood count effects in some people. [FDA Access Data]

19. Pantoprazole (or another PPI) — Class: acid reducer (proton pump inhibitor). Dosage/time: daily if needed. Purpose: stomach protection, especially with steroids. Mechanism: reduces stomach acid production. Side effects: diarrhea, low magnesium risk with long use (doctor monitors). [FDA Access Data]

20. Filgrastim (Neupogen) — Class: G-CSF growth factor. Dosage/time: short courses after chemo if prescribed. Purpose: helps white blood cells recover. Mechanism: stimulates bone marrow to make neutrophils. Side effects: bone pain, spleen issues rarely; must be supervised. [FDA Access Data]

Dietary Molecular Supplements (Supportive—Not a Tumor Cure)

Simple safety note: Supplements can interact with chemo, anesthesia, and seizure meds. Use them only if your oncology team agrees, especially for teens and during radiation/chemo. [Cancer.gov+1]

1. Vitamin D — Dose (typical): often 600–800 IU/day for many people; your doctor may adjust after a blood test. Function: supports bone and immune health. Mechanism: helps calcium handling and many cell signals. Too much can be harmful. [Office of Dietary Supplements+2Office of Dietary Supplements+2]

2. Omega-3 (EPA/DHA) — Dose (typical): varies by product; use clinician guidance. Function: supports heart/brain health and may help inflammation balance. Mechanism: changes cell membrane fats and signaling molecules. Watch bleeding risk with surgery. [Office of Dietary Supplements+2Office of Dietary Supplements+2]

3. Vitamin B12 — Dose: usually small daily needs, higher if deficient. Function: supports nerve and blood cell health. Mechanism: helps DNA and nerve covering (myelin) pathways. Useful if diet is poor or deficiency exists. [Office of Dietary Supplements+1]

4. Folate (folic acid/folate) — Dose: depends on age and diet; avoid high-dose unless prescribed. Function: DNA building and cell division support. Mechanism: provides one-carbon units for DNA synthesis. High doses are not always helpful in cancer contexts. [Office of Dietary Supplements+2Office of Dietary Supplements+2]

5. Magnesium — Dose: varies; excess can cause diarrhea (especially supplement forms). Function: muscle/nerve function and energy reactions. Mechanism: cofactor for many enzymes and nerve signaling stability. Team may check magnesium if fatigue/cramps occur. [Office of Dietary Supplements+2Office of Dietary Supplements+2]

6. Zinc — Dose: stay near recommended intake; avoid chronic high-dose. Function: immune function and wound healing. Mechanism: supports enzymes and immune cell activity. Too much can reduce copper and harm immunity. [Office of Dietary Supplements+2Office of Dietary Supplements+2]

7. Selenium — Dose: avoid high-dose; needs are small. Function: antioxidant systems and thyroid support. Mechanism: part of selenoproteins that protect cells from damage. Excess can be toxic. [Office of Dietary Supplements+2Office of Dietary Supplements+2]

8. Vitamin C — Dose: normal dietary intake is usually enough; high doses should be discussed with oncology team. Function: antioxidant and collagen support. Mechanism: helps tissue repair and immune support pathways. High-dose supplements can cause stomach upset. [Office of Dietary Supplements+2Office of Dietary Supplements+2]

9. Probiotics — Dose: product-specific; must be chosen carefully. Function: gut support (especially after antibiotics). Mechanism: adds helpful microbes and changes gut signals. In people with weak immunity, rare serious infections have been reported—ask your doctor first. [NCCIH+1]

10. Turmeric/Curcumin — Dose: food use is usually safer than high-dose pills. Function: studied for inflammation; not proven to treat cancer. Mechanism: may affect inflammatory signaling; high-bioavailability forms may cause harm (including liver concerns). [NCCIH+1]

Drugs (Immunity Support, Regenerative Support, Stem-Cell Related Uses)

Simple truth: These drugs are mainly used to support the body (blood counts, immune function, or transplant processes). They are not proven cures for central neurocytoma itself. [Cancer.gov+1]

1. Filgrastim — Dose: clinician-set injections. Function: boosts neutrophils after chemo. Mechanism: stimulates bone marrow stem cells to produce white blood cells. [FDA Access Data]

2. Pegfilgrastim — Dose: clinician-set, longer-acting than filgrastim. Function: reduces duration of low neutrophils. Mechanism: long-acting G-CSF signaling to marrow. [FDA Access Data]

3. Sargramostim (GM-CSF) — Dose: clinician-set injections. Function: supports recovery of certain white cells after intensive therapy. Mechanism: stimulates marrow progenitor cells. [FDA Access Data]

4. Plerixafor — Dose: clinician-set, used with G-CSF in transplant settings. Function: helps move stem cells into blood for collection. Mechanism: blocks CXCR4 so stem cells “detach” and circulate. [FDA Access Data]

5. Nivolumab (OPDIVO) — Dose: infusion schedule set by oncology. Function: immunotherapy in several cancers; sometimes discussed in trials/rare cases, but not standard for neurocytoma. Mechanism: PD-1 blockade helps immune cells attack abnormal cells. [FDA Access Data]

6. Aldesleukin (Proleukin, IL-2) — Dose: specialized hospital dosing. Function: immune activation in selected cancer settings. Mechanism: stimulates T-cell growth signals; has significant risks and is rarely used today except special cases. [FDA Access Data]

Surgeries (Procedures and Why They’re Done)

1. Microsurgical tumor resection (craniotomy): Done to remove as much tumor as possible and relieve blockage. It is the core “curative-intent” procedure when feasible. [PMC+2MDPI+2]

2. Endoscopic tumor biopsy/debulking: Done when the tumor is hard to reach or diagnosis is uncertain. It helps confirm pathology and may reduce blockage with less invasive access. [PMC+1]

3. External ventricular drain (EVD): Done in emergencies to rapidly lower pressure and protect the brain before/after surgery. It is usually temporary. [PMC+1]

4. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV): Done to reroute CSF flow if hydrocephalus is present and anatomy allows it, sometimes reducing need for a permanent shunt. [PMC+1]

5. Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt: Done when hydrocephalus is persistent or keeps returning, to provide long-term CSF diversion and reduce pressure symptoms. [SEER+1]

Preventions (What You Can Prevent)

Important: You usually cannot prevent central neurocytoma from forming, because clear causes are not known. These steps help prevent complications and late problems. [SEER+1]

1. Keep a strict MRI follow-up schedule to catch recurrence early. [MDPI+1]

2. Report worsening headaches, vomiting, or sleepiness quickly (pressure signs). [SEER+1]

3. Take seizure safety seriously: avoid triggers like sleep loss and don’t stop antiseizure meds suddenly. [Cancer.gov+1]

4. If on steroids, follow a taper plan and monitor sugar, mood, and infection risk. [Cancer.org+1]

5. During chemo, follow infection precautions and ask about food safety. [Cancer.gov+1]

6. Use rehab early to prevent long-term weakness, falls, and loss of skills. [PMC+1]

7. Manage nausea early so you can keep nutrition and hydration. [Cancer.gov+1]

8. Avoid unapproved high-dose supplements that may interact with treatment. [NCCIH+1]

9. Protect sleep and mental health; stress and insomnia worsen recovery. [National Brain Tumor Society+1]

10. Ask for supportive/palliative care early to prevent uncontrolled symptoms. [Cancer.org+1]

When to See Doctors (Do Not Delay)

Go to a doctor urgently if you have severe headache, repeated vomiting, fainting, new seizures, confusion, sudden weakness, new vision problems, or extreme sleepiness, because these can be signs of raised brain pressure or bleeding. See your specialist soon if headaches slowly worsen, memory changes grow, or walking/balance gets worse. [SEER+2NINDS+2]

What to Eat and What to Avoid (Simple, Cancer-Care Safe)

1. Eat: enough protein (eggs, fish, lentils, yogurt). Avoid: skipping meals when healing. [Cancer.org+1]

2. Eat: soft, easy foods if nausea (soups, rice, bananas). Avoid: strong smells if they trigger vomiting. [Cancer.gov+1]

3. Eat: plenty of fluids (water, oral rehydration, soups). Avoid: dehydration, especially with vomiting. [Cancer.gov+1]

4. Eat: well-washed fruits/veg (as advised). Avoid: raw sprouts and unsafe raw foods if immunity is low. [CDC+1]

5. Eat: thoroughly cooked meat/eggs. Avoid: undercooked meat, raw eggs, unpasteurized drinks. [CDC+1]

6. Eat: small frequent meals if appetite is low. Avoid: forcing big meals that worsen nausea. [Cancer.gov+1]

7. Eat: fiber gently (oats/veg) if constipation. Avoid: sudden high-fiber if diarrhea. [Cancer.gov+1]

8. Eat: calcium/vitamin D foods if steroids are used long-term. Avoid: high-salt junk foods that worsen swelling/pressure. [Office of Dietary Supplements+1]

9. Eat: simple home-cooked foods during low immunity. Avoid: buffet/salad bars (higher contamination risk). [Cancer.gov+1]

10. Eat: foods you can tolerate—“enough calories” matters during treatment. Avoid: strict fad diets without oncology approval. [Cancer.org+1]

FAQs

1. Is central neurocytoma cancer? It is usually a low-grade, slow-growing brain tumor, but it still needs expert treatment and follow-up. [PMC+1]

2. Where does it grow? Most often inside the lateral ventricles, sometimes the third ventricle. [SEER+1]

3. Why do headaches happen? Often because the tumor blocks CSF and raises pressure (hydrocephalus). [SEER+1]

4. Is surgery always needed? Surgery is the usual first choice when safe, because removing tumor gives best control. [PMC+1]

5. What is “gross total resection”? It means the surgeon removed all visible tumor on imaging, as safely as possible. [MDPI+1]

6. What if the tumor cannot be fully removed? Doctors may use radiotherapy or SRS to control the remaining part. [PMC+2PMC+2]

7. What is stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS)? It is very focused radiation (often 1–5 sessions) aimed at a small target. [PMC+1]

8. Can it come back? Yes, recurrence can happen, which is why MRI follow-up is important. [Frontiers+1]

9. Do people live long with it? Many patients do very well long-term, especially after strong local control. Outcomes depend on removal extent and tumor features. [Frontiers+2ACS Publications+2]

10. Do steroids treat the tumor? No—steroids mainly reduce swelling and symptoms, not the tumor itself. [Cancer.org+1]

11. Are seizures common? Seizures can occur with brain tumors; antiseizure medicine may be used if seizures happen or risk is high. [Cancer.gov+1]

12. Is chemotherapy always used? Not always. Chemo is more often discussed for recurrent or harder-to-control cases. [PMC+1]

13. Can diet cure central neurocytoma? Diet cannot cure it, but good nutrition helps strength, healing, and treatment tolerance. [Cancer.org+1]

14. Are probiotics always safe during treatment? Not always—people with weak immunity can rarely have serious infections, so ask your doctor first. [NCCIH]

15. What is the most important next step after diagnosis? Get care from a neurosurgery + neuro-oncology team and follow the plan based on MRI and pathology. [MDPI+1]

Disclaimer: Each person’s journey is unique, treatment plan, life style, food habit, hormonal condition, immune system, chronic disease condition, geological location, weather and previous medical  history is also unique. So always seek the best advice from a qualified medical professional or health care provider before trying any treatments to ensure to find out the best plan for you. This guide is for general information and educational purposes only. Regular check-ups and awareness can help to manage and prevent complications associated with these diseases conditions. If you or someone are suffering from this disease condition bookmark this website or share with someone who might find it useful! Boost your knowledge and stay ahead in your health journey. We always try to ensure that the content is regularly updated to reflect the latest medical research and treatment options. Thank you for giving your valuable time to read the article.

The article is written by Team RxHarun and reviewed by the Rx Editorial Board Members

Last Updated: December 17, 2025.