Benign choroid plexus papilloma is a slow-growing, non-cancer brain tumor that starts from the choroid plexus, the soft tissue inside the brain chambers (ventricles) that makes cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). It is called “benign” because the tumor cells grow slowly and usually do not spread to other parts of the brain or body.
Benign choroid plexus papilloma is a non-cancer (WHO grade I) brain tumor that grows from the cells that make cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) inside the brain’s ventricles. It grows slowly and usually does not invade nearby brain tissue or spread to other organs. Many cases happen in very young children, especially in the lateral ventricles, but adults can also be affected. The tumor often causes problems by blocking CSF flow or making too much CSF, which leads to hydrocephalus, raised pressure in the head, headaches, vomiting, and enlarged head in babies.[1]
The main treatment for benign choroid plexus papilloma is surgery to remove the whole tumor. When surgeons can remove it completely (gross total resection), cure rates and long-term survival are very high, and many patients live normal independent lives. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are usually not needed for a typical benign papilloma, but they may be considered for atypical tumors, malignant choroid plexus carcinoma, or residual / recurrent disease.[2][3]
This tumor is rare and makes up less than 1% of all brain tumors. It is more common in babies and young children, but it can also happen in adults. Because the choroid plexus makes CSF, the tumor can cause too much fluid or block the normal flow of fluid, which leads to high pressure inside the skull and hydrocephalus (water on the brain).
Other names
Doctors may use several other names for benign choroid plexus papilloma. All of these describe the same basic kind of tumor or very closely related types:
Choroid plexus papilloma (CPP)
Papilloma of the choroid plexus
WHO grade I choroid plexus tumor
Benign choroid plexus tumor
Intraventricular choroid plexus papilloma
These names all tell us that the tumor comes from the choroid plexus, grows like little finger-like fronds, and is low-grade (slow-growing and usually not cancerous).
Types of choroid plexus tumors
Doctors use the World Health Organization (WHO) system to group choroid plexus tumors into three grades. Benign choroid plexus papilloma is the grade I form.
Typical choroid plexus papilloma (CPP, WHO grade I) – This is the classic benign form. The tumor cells look almost like normal choroid plexus cells under the microscope, and they divide slowly. This is what people usually mean by “benign choroid plexus papilloma.”
Atypical choroid plexus papilloma (aCPP, WHO grade II) – This tumor is still considered papilloma, but the cells divide a bit faster and look slightly more abnormal. It has a higher chance of coming back after surgery compared with grade I, but it is still less aggressive than cancer.
Choroid plexus carcinoma (CPC, WHO grade III) – This is the malignant, cancerous form. The cells grow quickly, look very abnormal, and can spread through the CSF. It is not benign, but it is mentioned here for comparison so you can see where CPP fits in the spectrum.
Doctors also sometimes describe CPP by its location:
Lateral ventricle CPP (more common in children)
Fourth ventricle CPP (more common in adults)
Third ventricle CPP (rare)
Very rarely, spinal canal CPP
The location can change which symptoms a person has, but the tumor is still considered benign CPP if it is grade I.
Causes and risk factors
For most people with benign choroid plexus papilloma, the exact cause is unknown. Scientists think that many cases happen because of random gene changes (mutations) in the tumor cells, without any clear trigger. The list below shows possible causes and risk factors that have been described in studies, but not all are proven and not everyone with these factors will get this tumor.
Unknown or spontaneous gene changes
In many people, the tumor seems to appear “out of the blue.” Small random changes in the DNA of choroid plexus cells may cause them to grow too much and form a papilloma, without a clear outside cause.TP53 gene mutations
Some choroid plexus tumors show changes in the TP53 gene, which normally helps control cell growth and repair damaged DNA. When this gene does not work properly, cells can grow in an uncontrolled way and form tumors.Li-Fraumeni syndrome
Li-Fraumeni syndrome is an inherited condition where people already have a TP53 mutation in all their cells. These people have a higher risk of several tumors, including rare brain tumors such as choroid plexus tumors in childhood.Aicardi syndrome
Aicardi syndrome is a rare disorder that affects brain development and the eyes. Choroid plexus papilloma has been reported more often in children with Aicardi syndrome, so this syndrome is thought to be a risk factor.Hypomelanosis of Ito
This condition causes streaks or patches of lighter skin and is linked to brain and bone problems. Some children with hypomelanosis of Ito have also developed CPP, suggesting a shared problem in early development of the nervous system.Chromosome 9p duplication
In a few reported cases, extra genetic material on chromosome 9p has been found in people with CPP. This duplication may disturb normal control of cell growth and may contribute to tumor formation.Simian virus 40 (SV40) exposure (possible, not proven)
Some studies have found SV40 virus proteins inside choroid plexus tumors. The virus may interfere with tumor-suppressor proteins like p53 and pRb. However, a clear cause-and-effect link has not been proven, so this remains a possible factor.BK virus infection (possible)
BK virus is a human polyomavirus. Like SV40, BK virus proteins have been found in some brain tumors, including choroid plexus tumors. Scientists think the virus might play a role in some patients, but the evidence is not strong enough to say it is a definite cause.JC virus infection (possible)
JC virus is another polyomavirus that can infect the brain. DNA from JC virus has been detected in certain pediatric brain tumors, including choroid plexus tumors, but again this is an association and not a proven direct cause.General inherited cancer-risk syndromes
Some genetic syndromes that raise the risk of many tumors (for example other DNA-repair disorders) may also slightly increase the risk of CPP. In these people, the body has a harder time fixing DNA damage, so tumors may form more easily.Abnormal brain development before birth
CPP often appears in very young children, which suggests that something during brain development in the womb may go wrong in the choroid plexus tissue, making it more likely to form a tumor later.Radiation exposure in childhood (general tumor risk)
High-dose radiation to the head (for example, from treatment of another cancer) is linked to later brain tumors in general. There is no strong proof it specifically causes CPP, but it is considered a general risk for brain tumors.Family history of brain tumors
A family history of rare childhood brain tumors can sometimes point to hidden inherited gene changes. This is uncommon, but when it happens, relatives may share a higher risk of tumors such as CPP.Problems with cell cycle control proteins
In CPP cells, proteins that control how fast cells divide, such as p53 and pRb, may be blocked or changed. This lets the cells keep dividing when they should slow down or die, which encourages tumor growth.Abnormal blood vessel growth in the choroid plexus
CPP tumors are highly vascular (very rich in blood vessels). Factors that make new blood vessels grow too much may help the tumor develop and keep growing by bringing in extra blood and nutrients.Environmental factors (not clearly proven)
Scientists have looked at possible environmental risks like toxins, chemicals, or infections in pregnancy, but so far no single factor has been clearly proven to cause CPP. These remain weak or uncertain possibilities.Abnormal CSF production control
Because CPP cells make CSF, any gene change that leads to uncontrolled CSF-producing activity might also support tumor formation. The exact genes are still being studied, but this is a suspected mechanism.Early life immune system differences
Some researchers think that differences in how the immune system recognizes and removes abnormal cells in early life might allow rare tumors like CPP to survive and grow instead of being destroyed.Age (very young children)
Being a baby or toddler is itself a risk factor, because about 70% of CPP cases are diagnosed before age 2. This shows that very early brain development is a key time when these tumors can appear.Location and size of the choroid plexus tissue
People with larger or more active choroid plexus tissue in certain ventricles may have a slightly higher chance that cells there will become abnormal and form a benign tumor, though this is still a theory rather than proven fact.
Common symptoms
Symptoms of benign choroid plexus papilloma mostly come from too much CSF and high pressure inside the skull (intracranial pressure) or from the tumor pressing on nearby brain tissue.
Headache
Headache is very common because the pressure inside the skull goes up. The pain is often worse in the morning or when lying down, and can be steady and strong.Nausea and vomiting
High pressure in the brain can trigger the vomiting center, making a person feel sick and vomit, especially in the morning or with sudden head movement.Irritability and crying in babies
Infants cannot say they have a headache, so they may cry a lot, seem very fussy, or be hard to comfort. This may be a sign of increased pressure in the head.Increase in head size (macrocephaly) in infants
Because a baby’s skull bones are not yet fused, rising pressure can make the head grow too fast and look larger than normal for age.Bulging or tense soft spot (fontanelle) in infants
The soft spot on top of a baby’s head may look full or bulging and may feel tight. This is another sign of high pressure from extra fluid.Problems with balance and walking
If the tumor presses on parts of the brain that control balance or if the ventricles are very enlarged, the person may be unsteady, stagger, or have trouble walking.Vision problems (blurred or double vision)
Swelling of the optic nerve (papilledema) and pressure on visual pathways can cause blurred vision, double vision, or difficulty focusing.Papilledema (swollen optic nerve seen by doctor)
When a doctor looks into the eyes, they may see swollen optic discs. This is a sign of long-standing raised intracranial pressure.Seizures
Some people with CPP may have seizures if the tumor or the pressure irritates the brain tissue. Seizures can be focal (one body part) or generalized.Weakness in arms or legs
If the tumor presses on areas that control movement or if the ventricles are very enlarged, one side of the body or specific limbs may feel weak or clumsy.Developmental delay in children
Children may sit, walk, or talk later than expected. This can happen because long-term high pressure affects brain development and function.Poor feeding and weight gain problems in babies
Infants may feed poorly, vomit often, and not gain weight well. These problems may be linked to vomiting, nausea, and general discomfort from hydrocephalus.Sleepiness and low energy
High intracranial pressure can make a person very tired, sleepy, or less interested in normal activities. This is a warning sign, especially if it gets worse.Behavior or mood changes
Older children and adults may become more irritable, anxious, or have changes in personality or school/work performance because of pressure effects on the front parts of the brain.Cognitive and memory problems
People may notice trouble paying attention, thinking clearly, or remembering things. These symptoms often improve after pressure is relieved and the tumor is removed.
Diagnostic tests
Doctors use a mix of clinical examination, bedside manual tests, laboratory and pathology tests, electrodiagnostic tests, and especially imaging tests to diagnose benign choroid plexus papilloma. Final proof almost always comes from examining the tumor tissue after surgery.
Physical examination (examples)
General neurological examination
The doctor checks strength, feeling, reflexes, balance, eye movements, and coordination. These findings help show which parts of the brain are under pressure or being pushed by the tumor.Measurement of head size in infants
For babies, the doctor measures head circumference and compares it to normal growth charts. An unusually fast increase suggests hydrocephalus from excess CSF caused by a choroid plexus tumor.Checking the fontanelle (soft spot) and skull bones
The doctor gently feels the soft spot and skull edges. A bulging or tight fontanelle or wide skull sutures are signs of raised pressure inside the head.Eye examination and fundoscopy
Using a light and special lens, the doctor looks at the back of the eye to see the optic nerve. Swelling (papilledema) means long-standing high intracranial pressure.Vital signs and general physical check
The doctor checks blood pressure, pulse, breathing, and general health. Very high blood pressure or changes in breathing can occur in very severe brain pressure and need urgent care.
Manual/bedside neurological tests
Gait and balance testing
The person is asked to walk in a straight line, stand with feet together, or do heel-to-toe walking. Unsteady steps or falls show problems with balance pathways, which can be affected by the tumor or hydrocephalus.Coordination tests (finger-to-nose, heel-to-shin)
The doctor asks the patient to touch their nose and then the doctor’s finger, or slide the heel down the opposite shin. Poor coordination can point to pressure on the cerebellum or nearby structures.Muscle strength testing
By asking the person to push and pull against resistance, the doctor checks for weakness on one side or in specific muscle groups, which may be caused by tumor pressure.Sensory testing (touch, pain, vibration)
Light touch, pinprick, and vibration are tested on arms and legs. Differences between sides or areas can help locate where the brain or spinal pathways are being affected.Simple cognitive and memory screening
The doctor may ask simple questions, ask the person to remember words, or follow multi-step commands. Problems can suggest pressure on parts of the brain that control thinking and memory.
Laboratory and pathological tests
Basic blood tests (CBC, electrolytes, kidney and liver tests)
These tests do not diagnose CPP directly, but they check overall health, look for anemia or infection, and help plan safe surgery and anesthesia.Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis (used carefully)
Sometimes, doctors examine CSF from a lumbar puncture, but this must be done very carefully or avoided if pressure is high, because it can be dangerous. CSF analysis can show raised protein or tumor cells in some cases.Histopathology of the tumor
After surgery or biopsy, a pathologist looks at the tumor under a microscope. Benign CPP shows papillary (finger-like) fronds lined by cells that look similar to normal choroid plexus, with few cell divisions and no major tissue death or nuclear abnormalities. This is the gold-standard test.Immunohistochemistry (IHC) markers
Special stains are used on tumor tissue to see which proteins the cells express. CPP usually stains positive for cytokeratin, vimentin, transthyretin, podoplanin, and S-100, and sometimes GFAP. This pattern helps confirm CPP and separate it from other tumors.Molecular and genetic testing of the tumor
Some centers test tumor DNA for mutations (for example, TP53) and other markers. This can help confirm the diagnosis, give information about prognosis, and guide research into how these tumors form.
Electrodiagnostic tests
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
If a person has seizures, an EEG may be done. It records brain electrical activity and can show abnormal waves or seizure patterns, helping to link the seizures to a structural brain problem like CPP.Evoked potentials (visual, brainstem)
These tests measure how quickly and strongly the brain responds to visual or sound stimuli. Delayed or weak responses can show that pathways are being compressed or damaged by hydrocephalus or the tumor.
Imaging tests
Cranial ultrasound (neurosonography) in infants
In babies with open fontanelles, an ultrasound probe can be placed over the soft spot to see the ventricles. CPP appears as a bright, solid mass inside the ventricle and often with enlarged ventricles around it. This test is safe and does not use radiation.CT (computed tomography) scan of the brain
CT uses X-rays to create detailed pictures. CPP usually appears as a dense mass inside a ventricle that becomes very bright after contrast injection, and hydrocephalus is often seen. CT is quick and useful in emergencies.MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) of the brain with contrast
MRI is the best imaging test for CPP. The tumor often shows as a well-defined, lobulated mass with frond-like projections. It is usually isointense or slightly dark on T1 and bright on T2 images, and it enhances strongly with contrast. MRI also shows the full extent of hydrocephalus and helps surgeons plan the safest way to remove the tumor.
MRI and CT together, plus the clinical picture and final pathology, allow doctors to clearly diagnose benign choroid plexus papilloma and separate it from atypical papilloma and choroid plexus carcinoma.
Non-Pharmacological Treatments (Therapies and Other Approaches)
These approaches do not use medicines. They support the main treatment (surgery) and help recovery and quality of life. Evidence comes from brain-tumor and neuro-oncology care guidelines.[4]
Watchful Waiting and Regular MRI
In very small, slowly growing tumors in stable patients, doctors may sometimes watch the tumor rather than operate immediately. The purpose is to avoid early surgery in fragile patients. Regular MRI scans and neurological checks are used to track growth. The mechanism is simple monitoring, so treatment is started only if symptoms or tumor size increase.[5]Pre-operative Neurosurgical Assessment and Planning
Before surgery, the team reviews MRI/CT images, blood tests, and general health. The purpose is to plan the safest way to reach and remove the tumor while protecting critical brain areas and blood vessels. This planning reduces the risk of bleeding, brain injury, and incomplete removal by mapping out the surgical path and possible complications.[6]Management of Hydrocephalus with CSF Diversion (EVD / Temporary Shunt)
Many patients have hydrocephalus due to blocked or overproduced CSF. A temporary external ventricular drain (EVD) or short-term shunt can be placed before or during surgery. The purpose is to lower intracranial pressure and relieve headache, vomiting, and drowsiness. The mechanism is mechanical drainage of extra CSF from the ventricles to an external bag.[1][7]Definitive CSF Shunt (Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt)
If hydrocephalus persists after tumor removal, a permanent shunt may be needed. The catheter moves CSF from the brain to the abdomen. The purpose is long-term control of pressure and prevention of future symptoms. The mechanism is continuous passive flow of CSF through a valve system that opens when pressure is high.[1]Physiotherapy and Early Mobilization
Physiotherapists help patients get out of bed, sit, stand, and walk soon after surgery. The purpose is to prevent muscle weakness, blood clots, and joint stiffness. Simple exercises improve balance, strength, and coordination. The mechanism is graded physical activity, which stimulates muscles and circulation while protecting healing tissues.Occupational Therapy (OT)
OT focuses on daily activities such as dressing, bathing, writing, and school work. The purpose is to help the child or adult return to normal life roles. Therapists may suggest tools, adapted furniture, or changes at home. The mechanism is task-specific training and environmental changes that make everyday actions easier and safer.Speech and Language Therapy
If the tumor or surgery affects language areas or cranial nerves, speech therapy can help. The purpose is to improve understanding, speaking, swallowing, and sometimes reading and writing. The mechanism is repeated practice of sounds, words, and safe swallowing techniques to retrain brain pathways.Cognitive Rehabilitation
Some patients have problems with memory, attention, or processing speed after a brain tumor. Cognitive rehab provides exercises and strategies (lists, reminders, games) to improve thinking skills. The purpose is to support school and work performance. The mechanism is neuroplasticity: repeated mental tasks help the brain build new connections.Psychological Counseling and Family Support
A brain tumor diagnosis is very stressful for patients and families. Psychologists offer counseling to cope with fear, mood changes, and behavior issues. The purpose is to reduce anxiety and depression and support healthy coping. The mechanism is talk therapy, coping strategies, and sometimes play therapy for children.Neuropsychological Assessment and School Planning
Detailed tests can measure learning, memory, attention, and behavior. The purpose is to understand how the tumor and treatment affect school performance. Results guide special education plans, extra time for exams, or tutoring. The mechanism is using structured tests to design personalized academic support.Headache Self-Management (Non-Drug Methods)
Relaxation breathing, cold packs on the head, quiet dark rooms, and gentle neck stretches can help mild headaches. The purpose is to give safe home tools in addition to medicines. The mechanism is reducing muscle tension and sensory overload, which often worsen headache.Sleep Hygiene and Fatigue Management
Fixed bedtimes, limiting screens at night, and calm evening routines can improve sleep. The purpose is to reduce fatigue, irritability, and attention problems. The mechanism is resetting the body clock and lowering brain arousal, which allows deeper, more refreshing sleep.Nutrition Counseling
Dietitians help patients keep a healthy weight and good nutrition before and after surgery. The purpose is to support wound healing, immune function, and energy. The mechanism is a well-balanced diet with enough protein, calories, vitamins, and fluids, adjusted for appetite and swallowing problems.Social Work and Financial Support
Social workers guide families through hospital paperwork, insurance, disability benefits, and travel help. The purpose is to reduce financial and practical stress. The mechanism is case management: linking families to community and hospital resources.Rehabilitation for Balance and Coordination
If the tumor affects the cerebellum or pathways for balance, special exercises and walking training are needed. The purpose is to reduce falls and improve confidence while walking. The mechanism is repeated practice of standing, walking, and head-eye movements to retrain the balance system.Home Safety Adaptations
Railings, non-slip mats, and rearranged furniture can make home safer after surgery. The purpose is to prevent falls and injuries while the patient is weak or dizzy. The mechanism is modifying the environment so daily movement requires less effort and carries less risk.Long-Term Surveillance and Follow-Up
After successful surgery, regular clinic visits and MRI scans watch for tumor regrowth. The purpose is early detection of rare recurrences. The mechanism is scheduled imaging and neurological examination, so any new lesion is found before it causes serious symptoms.[2][3]Patient and Caregiver Education
Nurses and doctors teach warning signs, wound care, shunt problems, and when to seek urgent help. The purpose is to empower families to act fast if complications occur. The mechanism is clear explanations, written instructions, and teaching sessions.Support Groups and Peer Communities
Meeting other families with brain-tumor experience can lessen isolation. The purpose is emotional support and sharing practical tips. The mechanism is group discussions, online forums, or local meetings that normalize fears and provide hope.Palliative and Supportive Care for Complex Cases
Even with benign tumors, some patients have serious complications or other illnesses. Palliative care teams help with symptom control, goals of care, and quality of life. The mechanism is multidisciplinary support focusing on comfort and family needs, in parallel with other treatments.
Drug Treatments
For benign choroid plexus papilloma, surgery is the main cure, and many patients need only temporary medicines. Some drugs below treat symptoms (pressure, seizures, pain). Others are chemotherapy agents used mainly for atypical papilloma or malignant choroid plexus carcinoma, not usually for a completely removed benign papilloma.[1][2][3][8]
Doses below are typical ranges from FDA labels or oncology references but must always be individualized by specialists; they are not instructions for self-use.[9][10][11]
Dexamethasone (Corticosteroid)
Dexamethasone is a steroid used to reduce brain swelling around the tumor. It is usually given as IV or oral doses divided through the day. The purpose is to lower intracranial pressure and relieve headache, nausea, and drowsiness. It works by decreasing inflammation and capillary leakage in brain tissue. Side effects can include high blood sugar, infection risk, mood changes, and stomach irritation.Mannitol (Osmotic Diuretic)
Mannitol is given by IV drip to quickly lower raised intracranial pressure during emergencies or at surgery. It pulls water from brain cells into the blood, then out through the kidneys. The purpose is to protect the brain and give surgeons a safer operating field. Side effects may include dehydration, low blood pressure, and electrolyte imbalance if not carefully monitored.Hypertonic Saline (3–23% Sodium Chloride)
Hypertonic saline is another IV option to reduce brain swelling. It increases blood sodium and draws water out of swollen brain tissue. The purpose is rapid control of dangerous pressure spikes. Doctors watch blood sodium closely because high levels can cause nerve problems or heart rhythm changes.Levetiracetam (Antiepileptic)
Levetiracetam helps prevent or treat seizures that may occur before or after surgery. It is usually given IV or orally twice a day. The purpose is to stabilize electrical activity in the brain. It works by modulating neurotransmitter release. Common side effects are sleepiness, dizziness, and mood changes, but it generally has fewer drug interactions than older seizure medicines.Acetaminophen / Paracetamol (Analgesic / Antipyretic)
Paracetamol is used for mild to moderate pain and fever after brain surgery. It works by blocking pain signals and lowering the temperature set point in the brain. The purpose is safe background pain control. When used correctly, it is gentle on the stomach, but high doses can damage the liver, so total daily dose must be limited.Opioid Analgesics (e.g., Morphine, Fentanyl)
Opioids are used for short-term control of strong post-operative pain. They act on opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord to block pain signaling. The purpose is comfort, especially right after surgery. Side effects include drowsiness, constipation, nausea, and risk of breathing suppression, so doses are carefully monitored.Ondansetron (5-HT3 Antagonist Antiemetic)
Ondansetron prevents or treats nausea and vomiting from raised intracranial pressure, anesthesia, or chemotherapy. It blocks serotonin receptors in the gut and brain vomiting center. The purpose is to keep the patient comfortable and able to eat. Possible side effects include constipation, headache, or, rarely, heart rhythm changes at high doses.Proton Pump Inhibitors (e.g., Omeprazole)
PPIs lower stomach acid production. They are often given with steroids or NSAIDs to protect the stomach lining. The purpose is to prevent ulcers, bleeding, and reflux symptoms. They work by blocking the proton pump in stomach acid-secreting cells. Long-term use may affect mineral absorption, so they are used for the shortest necessary time.Carboplatin (Platinum Chemotherapy)
Carboplatin is a platinum-based chemotherapy drug used in some pediatric brain-tumor protocols, mainly for malignant or atypical choroid plexus tumors, not typical benign papilloma. It forms DNA crosslinks in rapidly dividing cancer cells, stopping replication.[9][12] The purpose is to shrink or control aggressive disease when surgery alone is not enough. Side effects can include low blood counts, nausea, kidney effects, and hearing problems, so dosing is carefully based on kidney function and body surface area.Etoposide (Topoisomerase II Inhibitor)
Etoposide is used in combination chemo for some high-grade choroid plexus tumors. It blocks an enzyme (topoisomerase II) needed for DNA repair and replication, causing cancer cells to die. The purpose is to increase tumor control when surgery cannot fully cure the disease. Side effects include low blood counts, hair loss, nausea, and a small long-term risk of secondary leukemia.Cyclophosphamide (Alkylating Agent)
Cyclophosphamide damages DNA in dividing cells and is used in some pediatric brain-tumor regimens. The purpose is additional tumor control in aggressive or recurrent cases. It is converted in the liver to active metabolites. Side effects can include bone-marrow suppression, bladder irritation, nausea, and hair loss, so hydration and monitoring are important.Vincristine (Vinca Alkaloid)
Vincristine is a plant-derived chemotherapy drug that blocks microtubule formation in dividing cells, stopping cell division.[10][11][13] It is sometimes part of combination regimens for pediatric brain tumors, including rare choroid plexus carcinoma. The purpose is to help kill rapidly dividing tumor cells. Side effects can include nerve damage (numbness, weakness), constipation, jaw pain, and hair loss. It must be given only by IV, as other routes can be fatal.Cisplatin (Platinum Chemotherapy)
Cisplatin is another platinum drug used for some pediatric brain tumors. It forms DNA crosslinks similar to carboplatin but often with more hearing and kidney toxicity. The purpose is more powerful tumor control in selected high-grade cases. Side effects include nausea, vomiting, kidney damage, hearing loss, and neuropathy, so hydration and protective medicines are used.Ifosfamide (Alkylating Agent)
Ifosfamide is used in some high-risk regimens. It attacks DNA in dividing cells, similar to cyclophosphamide. The purpose is to improve control of very aggressive tumors. Side effects can include bone-marrow suppression, confusion, and bladder irritation, so it is always given with protective drugs like mesna and close monitoring.Temozolomide (Oral Alkylating Agent)
Temozolomide is a pill used widely in glioma and sometimes in rare brain-tumor protocols when other options are limited. It crosses the blood-brain barrier and adds methyl groups to DNA, which triggers cancer-cell death. The purpose is to offer a convenient oral option for selected patients. Side effects include low blood counts, nausea, and fatigue.Bevacizumab or Similar Anti-VEGF Antibodies (in Research Settings)
Anti-VEGF drugs block signals that help tumors build new blood vessels. They are mainly used in other brain tumors, such as glioblastoma, and only rarely explored for plexus tumors in complex cases. The purpose is to reduce blood supply to aggressive tumors. Side effects can include high blood pressure, bleeding, and delayed wound healing.Antibiotic Prophylaxis (e.g., Cefazolin)
Before and sometimes after neurosurgery, IV antibiotics are given to prevent wound and brain infections. The purpose is to lower the risk of meningitis or abscess. They work by killing or slowing the growth of bacteria that may enter during surgery. Side effects include allergic reactions, diarrhea, and changes in gut flora.Stool Softeners and Laxatives (e.g., Docusate, Senna)
After surgery, pain medicines and limited movement often cause constipation. Stool softeners and gentle laxatives help keep bowel movements regular. The purpose is comfort and prevention of straining, which can raise intracranial pressure. Side effects are usually mild, such as cramps or loose stools if the dose is high.Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin (Thrombosis Prophylaxis – Older/Adult Patients)
In older or less mobile patients, blood thinners may be used to prevent clots in the legs and lungs. The purpose is to reduce life-threatening venous thromboembolism. These medicines work by blocking steps in the clotting cascade. Side effects include bleeding and bruising, so dosing is very carefully balanced against surgical risks.Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (e.g., Pembrolizumab – Highly Selected / Research)
Pembrolizumab blocks the PD-1 receptor on T cells, helping the immune system attack cancer cells.[14] It is approved for several cancers and some brain tumors, but use in choroid plexus tumors is rare and mainly experimental. The purpose is to offer an option when disease is refractory. Side effects include immune-related inflammation of organs such as lungs, intestines, liver, or endocrine glands.
Dietary Molecular Supplements
These supplements do not cure benign choroid plexus papilloma. They may support general health, immune function, and recovery when used under medical supervision. Evidence is mostly indirect from nutrition and oncology-support studies.
Omega-3 Fatty Acids (Fish Oil / Algal Oil)
Omega-3 fats (EPA and DHA) help reduce inflammation, support heart and brain health, and may ease fatigue. Typical supportive doses are often 500–1000 mg EPA+DHA daily, but exact dosing should be set by a clinician. Mechanism: they are incorporated into cell membranes and shift the body toward anti-inflammatory signaling molecules.Vitamin D
Vitamin D supports bone health, immune function, and muscle strength. Many people with chronic illness have low levels. A doctor may prescribe daily or weekly doses based on blood tests. Mechanism: vitamin D acts like a hormone, regulating calcium balance and immune cells. Adequate levels may reduce infection risk and improve overall well-being.Vitamin B12 and Folate
These vitamins help make red blood cells and maintain nerve function. They are important in patients who have poor nutrition or receive medicines that affect marrow. Doses depend on blood levels. Mechanism: they are co-factors in DNA synthesis and myelin maintenance, which support energy and nerve health.Vitamin C
Vitamin C is an antioxidant that protects cells from free radical damage and supports wound healing and immune function. Moderate daily doses from food or supplements can be useful when intake is low. Mechanism: it donates electrons to neutralize reactive oxygen species and is required for collagen formation in healing tissues.Vitamin E (with Caution)
Vitamin E is another antioxidant that protects cell membranes. Low-to-moderate doses may help oxidative stress, but high doses can increase bleeding risk, especially after brain surgery or with blood thinners. Mechanism: it stabilizes lipid membranes and interrupts free radical chain reactions. Always discuss with the treating team.Curcumin (from Turmeric)
Curcumin has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties in laboratory studies. It may support general health and mood. Mechanism: it modulates multiple cell signaling pathways, including NF-κB and cytokines. Absorption is low, so formulations with piperine or special carriers are sometimes used. It can interact with blood thinners, so medical advice is needed.Green Tea Extract (EGCG)
EGCG is a catechin with antioxidant and mild anti-inflammatory effects. Mechanism: it scavenges free radicals and can affect cell signaling and metabolism in lab models. High doses may affect liver function, so only modest, supervised doses or plain green tea are recommended.Selenium
Selenium is a trace element used by antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase. Adequate intake supports immune and thyroid function. Mechanism: it helps detoxify peroxides and limits oxidative damage. Because the safe range is narrow, supplement dosing should follow blood tests to avoid toxicity.Probiotics
Probiotics are beneficial bacteria that support gut health, especially after antibiotics. Mechanism: they balance gut microbiota, enhance barrier function, and modulate immune responses. In very immunocompromised patients, probiotics must be used cautiously, so decisions are individualized.Melatonin
Melatonin is a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles and also has antioxidant actions in lab studies. Low doses at night may improve sleep and reduce jet lag–like symptoms. Mechanism: it signals the brain that it is night, helping deeper sleep, and scavenges free radicals in some tissues.
Immune-Boosting, Regenerative and Stem-Cell-Related Drugs
These treatments are not standard for benign choroid plexus papilloma. They are used mainly to manage treatment-related bone-marrow suppression or are being studied in research for brain tumors and other cancers.
Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor (G-CSF)
G-CSF stimulates the bone marrow to produce more neutrophils after chemotherapy. The purpose is to reduce infection risk when white cells are very low. Mechanism: it binds to G-CSF receptors on marrow progenitor cells, speeding neutrophil maturation and release into blood.Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents (ESAs)
ESAs encourage red blood cell production in certain types of anemia. The purpose is to reduce transfusion needs during long treatments. Mechanism: they act like erythropoietin, signaling marrow cells to differentiate into red blood cells. They are used cautiously because they can increase clot risk.Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT)
HSCT replaces damaged bone marrow with healthy stem cells after very high-dose chemo or radiation. The purpose is to allow stronger anti-cancer therapy in selected aggressive cancers. For benign CPP this is not routine; it may be used only if another malignancy or genetic condition is present. Mechanism: transplanted stem cells re-build the patient’s blood and immune system.Mesenchymal Stromal / Stem Cell Therapies (Research)
These cells are being researched for repair of radiation-induced brain injury and other neurologic damage. The purpose is potential tissue repair, not tumor treatment. Mechanism: they may release growth factors and anti-inflammatory signals that support healing. Use is experimental and strictly within clinical trials.CAR T-Cell and Other Cellular Immunotherapies (Research)
CAR T-cells are engineered immune cells designed to attack specific tumor antigens. Most work is in leukemias and some brain tumors. For choroid plexus tumors, research is very early. Mechanism: T cells are modified to recognize and kill tumor cells more effectively.Neurotrophic Growth Factor-Related Strategies (Experimental)
Some research explores using growth factors or their blockers to protect or reshape brain circuits after injury. These are not standard therapies for CPP. Mechanism: they attempt to guide nerve growth, synapse repair, or block signals that drive tumor growth, depending on the molecule.
Surgeries
Craniotomy with Gross Total Resection
The neurosurgeon opens the skull (craniotomy), gently exposes the brain and ventricle, and removes the entire tumor if possible. The purpose is cure, because complete removal gives the best outcomes for benign papilloma.[1][2][3] Mechanism: cutting off the tumor’s blood supply and excising it so it cannot keep growing or blocking CSF.Endoscopic Tumor Resection (Selected Cases)
For some smaller intraventricular tumors, surgeons may use a neuroendoscope inserted through a small skull opening. The purpose is to reduce surgical trauma. Mechanism: a camera and instruments pass through a narrow channel; the tumor is cut and removed piece by piece while CSF spaces are viewed directly.Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) Shunt Placement
In patients with persistent hydrocephalus, a VP shunt is placed either before, during, or after tumor surgery. The purpose is long-term drainage of CSF to control pressure. Mechanism: a catheter from the ventricle runs under the skin to the abdomen, where CSF is absorbed. A valve regulates flow.Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy (ETV)
In some obstructive hydrocephalus cases, surgeons make a small hole in the floor of the third ventricle using an endoscope. The purpose is to create a new CSF pathway without a permanent shunt. Mechanism: CSF bypasses the obstruction and flows directly into basal cisterns for natural absorption.Re-operation for Residual or Recurrent Tumor
If imaging shows residual tumor after the first surgery or a later recurrence, a second operation may be planned. The purpose is to achieve gross total resection and reduce the risk of further growth. Mechanism: similar to the first surgery, but planned using updated imaging and previous operative notes to reduce risk.[2][3][7]
Preventions – What Can and Cannot Be Prevented
Benign choroid plexus papilloma usually has no known preventable cause. Most cases appear sporadically, sometimes linked with rare genetic syndromes.[1][8]
Understand That Primary Prevention Is Limited – There is no proven diet, lifestyle, or vaccine that prevents CPP.
Genetic Counseling for High-Risk Families – In families with syndromes like Li-Fraumeni (TP53 mutations), counseling and surveillance can allow early detection, not true prevention.
Early Attention to Symptoms – Seeking medical care quickly for persistent headaches, vomiting, or large head size in babies can prevent late diagnosis and severe pressure complications.
Regular Follow-Up After Surgery – Scheduled MRI and clinic visits help “prevent” serious problems from silent recurrences by catching them early.
Infection Prevention After Surgery – Good wound care, hand hygiene, and following hospital advice reduce infection risk, which can complicate recovery.
Shunt Care Education – Knowing signs of shunt blockage or infection (vomiting, drowsiness, redness along the tube) helps families act fast and prevent brain damage.
Avoiding Head Trauma – Helmets and safety belts lower the risk of head injuries that might worsen brain swelling or shunt problems.
Vaccinations as Advised – Staying up-to-date with routine vaccines lowers infection risk during treatment and recovery, protecting overall health.
Healthy Lifestyle (Sleep, Activity, Diet) – Good sleep, moderate activity, and balanced diet support immune and brain health, helping prevent avoidable complications like obesity, diabetes, or poor wound healing.
Mental Health Support – Early psychological help can prevent long-term emotional problems such as severe depression or anxiety linked to serious illness.
When to See Doctors
You should see a doctor urgently (or go to emergency care) if a person with a known or suspected choroid plexus papilloma has:
Persistent or worsening headaches, especially worse in the morning or when lying flat
Repeated vomiting without obvious stomach cause
Sudden drowsiness, confusion, or behavior change
Seizures (new or more frequent)
Loss of balance, clumsiness, or walking problems
Sudden vision changes, double vision, or new squint
Rapid increase in head size or bulging fontanelle in babies
Redness, swelling, or fluid leak near a surgical scar or shunt path
Fever with neck stiffness or severe headache
Regular scheduled visits with the neurosurgeon, oncologist, and rehabilitation team are also important even when the patient feels well, because some issues show first on imaging or exam, not in symptoms.[1][2][11]
What to Eat and What to Avoid
1. Eat: A balanced plate with vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and lean protein at each meal.
Avoid: Crash diets or extreme fasting that cause weight loss and weakness during recovery.
2. Eat: Protein-rich foods like fish, eggs, beans, lentils, and dairy to support wound healing.
Avoid: Very processed meats high in salt and preservatives, which may worsen blood pressure and overall health.
3. Eat: Healthy fats from olive oil, nuts, seeds, and avocados in small portions.
Avoid: Large amounts of deep-fried foods and trans-fat snacks that increase inflammation and heart risk.
4. Eat: Plenty of fluids (water, soups, herbal teas) to prevent dehydration and help bowel function.
Avoid: Excess sugary drinks and energy drinks that cause blood sugar spikes and poor sleep.
5. Eat: Fiber from fruits, vegetables, oats, and whole grains to reduce constipation, especially on pain medicines.
Avoid: Very low-fiber diets made mainly of white bread, sugary snacks, and instant noodles.
6. Eat: Foods rich in vitamins and minerals (colorful fruits, leafy greens, nuts, seeds).
Avoid: Large doses of vitamin or herbal supplements without medical approval, as they may interact with medicines.
7. Eat: Small, frequent meals if nausea is present, focusing on mild, bland foods like bananas, rice, or yogurt.
Avoid: Greasy, very spicy, or strong-smelling foods that may worsen nausea.
8. Eat: Calcium and vitamin-D-rich foods (dairy or fortified plant milk, small fish with bones) if steroids are used.
Avoid: Heavy salt intake that can worsen swelling and blood pressure, especially while on steroids.
9. Eat: Probiotic-containing foods like yogurt or fermented products if approved by the medical team.
Avoid: Raw or under-cooked meat, eggs, and unpasteurized milk products that raise infection risk.
10. Eat: Culturally familiar, comforting foods prepared in a healthy way to support appetite and mood.
Avoid: Alcohol, smoking, or recreational drugs, which harm brain healing and interact with many medicines.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Is benign choroid plexus papilloma a type of cancer?
It is a benign brain tumor, meaning it does not invade nearby tissue or spread to distant organs like typical cancers. However, because it grows inside the skull and can block CSF, it still behaves seriously and needs expert treatment.[1]Can this tumor be cured?
Yes. When surgeons can completely remove a benign choroid plexus papilloma, cure rates are very high, and many patients live normal lives without further treatment. Incomplete removal or atypical features may require closer follow-up or additional therapies.[2][3]How is benign papilloma different from choroid plexus carcinoma?
Benign papilloma (WHO grade I) grows slowly and rarely spreads. Choroid plexus carcinoma (WHO grade III) is malignant, grows faster, invades tissue, and often needs surgery plus chemotherapy and sometimes radiotherapy.[15]Why does this tumor cause hydrocephalus?
The tumor sits in the ventricles where CSF is made and flows. It can block the normal CSF paths or produce too much CSF, leading to fluid build-up and high pressure. That pressure causes headaches, vomiting, and drowsiness.[1]Will every patient need chemotherapy or radiotherapy?
No. For typical benign papilloma that is fully removed, surgery alone is usually enough. Chemo and radiation are mainly reserved for malignant tumors, atypical papillomas with high-risk features, or cases where complete removal is not possible.[2][8][16]What are the main risks of surgery?
Risks include bleeding, infection, seizures, stroke-like deficits, memory or balance problems, and hydrocephalus needing a shunt. Modern imaging, anesthesia, and neurosurgical techniques have greatly improved safety, but the operation is still major and requires a specialized center.[0][7][12]Can the tumor come back after removal?
Recurrence is possible but not very common in benign papilloma, especially if the first surgery removed it completely. Most recurrences occur within the first few years and can often be treated with repeat surgery.[2][3]Will my child have learning problems in the future?
Many children do very well and attend regular school. However, some may have challenges with attention, processing speed, or memory, especially if the tumor or treatment affected certain brain areas or if they needed multiple therapies. Neuropsychological assessment and school support can help.How long will follow-up last?
Follow-up typically continues for several years with periodically spaced MRI scans and clinic visits. If everything stays stable, visits may become less frequent, but some centers recommend long-term or even lifelong monitoring for early detection of rare late issues.Is it safe to play sports after treatment?
After recovery, many patients can participate in age-appropriate sports. Contact sports and activities with high risk of head injury may be restricted, especially if a shunt is present. The neurosurgeon and rehabilitation team should give personalized advice.Can diet alone shrink or cure the tumor?
No diet, supplement, or herb has been proven to shrink or cure benign choroid plexus papilloma. Healthy eating supports recovery and general health, but it cannot replace surgery or medical care.Are there clinical trials for this tumor?
Because choroid plexus tumors are rare, some centers participate in international trials exploring new chemotherapy combinations, targeted drugs, or radiotherapy strategies, mostly for malignant or atypical cases. Families can ask their team about current studies and eligibility.[8][26]Can this tumor be found before birth?
Occasionally, large intraventricular tumors may be spotted on prenatal ultrasound or fetal MRI, but most cases are diagnosed after birth when symptoms appear. Early detection allows careful planning of delivery and postnatal care in a specialized center.Is this tumor related to anything the parents did?
In most cases, no. There is usually no link with parental behavior, diet, or activities during pregnancy. Sometimes there is a genetic predisposition, but often the tumor appears without a clear cause. Genetic counseling can help answer specific family questions.[1][8]What is the long-term outlook for someone with benign choroid plexus papilloma?
When treated in time and completely removed, long-term survival and functional outcomes are generally excellent. Many children grow up to lead independent adult lives and work full-time.[3][11] Ongoing follow-up, rehabilitation, and educational support help optimize quality of life.
Disclaimer: Each person’s journey is unique, treatment plan, life style, food habit, hormonal condition, immune system, chronic disease condition, geological location, weather and previous medical history is also unique. So always seek the best advice from a qualified medical professional or health care provider before trying any treatments to ensure to find out the best plan for you. This guide is for general information and educational purposes only. Regular check-ups and awareness can help to manage and prevent complications associated with these diseases conditions. If you or someone are suffering from this disease condition bookmark this website or share with someone who might find it useful! Boost your knowledge and stay ahead in your health journey. We always try to ensure that the content is regularly updated to reflect the latest medical research and treatment options. Thank you for giving your valuable time to read the article.
The article is written by Team RxHarun and reviewed by the Rx Editorial Board Members
Last Updated: January 14, 2026.
