Chancroid

Chancroid is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by a bacteria called Haemophilus ducreyi. It mainly affects the skin and tissues of the genital area and sometimes the nearby groin. The infection causes one or more painful open sores (ulcers) on the genitals, often with soft, ragged edges and a yellow-gray base. People may also get swollen and painful lymph nodes (small glands) in the groin, sometimes forming a soft lump filled with pus called a “bubo.” DermNet®+2NCBI+2

Chancroid spreads mostly through sexual contact with someone who already has the infection, usually when the skin is broken during sex. It is now rare in many high-income countries but still appears in some tropical and low-resource areas, and in places with high rates of other STIs. Without treatment, chancroid ulcers can last a long time, cause scars, and raise the risk of getting or passing on HIV. NCBI+2BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health+2

Other Names of Chancroid

Chancroid is also known by several other names in medical books and older articles. “Soft chancre” is a common name because the ulcer has a soft, painful base, which is different from the hard, painless sore of syphilis. MSD Manuals+1

Another older name is “ulcus molle,” which is Latin for “soft ulcer.” Doctors once used this term often to separate chancroid from “hard ulcers” caused by syphilis. Even though “ulcus molle” is not used much in modern everyday language, you may still see it in some medical texts. BMJ+1

Sometimes chancroid is grouped under the broader term “genital ulcer disease” (GUD). This wider name is used because several infections, including chancroid, syphilis, and genital herpes, all cause genital ulcers. In public health reports and fact sheets, chancroid is often listed as one cause of GUD rather than described alone. BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health+1

Types of Chancroid

Doctors sometimes describe different “types” or patterns of chancroid ulcers. These are not different diseases but different ways the sores can look or behave. Wikipedia+1

1. Typical chancroid – This is the common pattern: a painful, soft, shallow ulcer with irregular edges on the genital skin, often with tender groin lymph nodes. DermNet®+1

2. Dwarf chancroid – This type shows as a small, shallow ulcer that may look less dramatic and sometimes is less painful, which can make it harder to notice at first. Wikipedia+1

3. Giant chancroid – Here the ulcer becomes large and deep, often after a nearby swollen lymph node (bubo) bursts onto the skin, causing a wide, destructive sore. Wikipedia+1

4. Serpiginous chancroid – Several ulcers join together at their edges and spread sideways, forming a long, snake-like (serpiginous) pattern across the skin. Wikipedia+1

5. Follicular chancroid – The infection begins around hair follicles, especially on the outer genital skin, and then turns into typical chancroid ulcers at those spots. Wikipedia+1

6. Transient chancroid – Small, shallow ulcers appear and may partly heal quickly, but a painful groin swelling (bubo) then becomes the main problem. Wikipedia+1

7. Mixed chancroid – A person has chancroid ulcers at the same time as a syphilis ulcer, which can confuse the picture. One sore may be soft and tender (chancroid), while another is hard and painless (syphilis). Wikipedia+1

8. Phagedenic chancroid – This is a severe form in which the ulcer becomes very deep and wide, often due to added infection by other bacteria, leading to serious tissue loss if not treated quickly. Wikipedia+1

Causes of Chancroid

Remember: there is one main biological cause (the bacteria Haemophilus ducreyi), but many situations and risk factors that help this infection spread.

1. Infection with Haemophilus ducreyi
   The direct cause of chancroid is infection by the bacteria Haemophilus ducreyi. These germs enter tiny breaks in the skin and start multiplying, which leads to a local tissue reaction and ulcer formation. NCBI+1

2. Unprotected vaginal, anal, or oral sex
   Chancroid is passed mainly through skin-to-skin contact with a sore during sex. Not using condoms or other barrier methods makes it much easier for the bacteria to move from one person to another. DermNet®+1

3. Multiple sexual partners
   Having many sex partners increases the chance of meeting someone who has chancroid or other STIs, especially in areas or networks where genital ulcers are common. BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health+1

4. Sex with partners who have genital ulcers
   Direct contact with a visible sore is a strong risk factor. Sometimes partners do not realize the sore is infectious or mistake it for another condition, which allows the bacteria to spread. DermNet®+1

5. Commercial sex work and high-risk sexual networks
   In some outbreaks, chancroid is more common among people involved in sex work and their clients, especially where condom use is low and many partners are involved over short periods. BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health+1

6. Lack of condom use or inconsistent use
   Condoms cannot cover all skin, but regular and correct use lowers the risk of contact with infectious ulcers and reduces the spread of chancroid and other STIs. Minnesota Department of Health+1

7. Living in or traveling to endemic areas
   Chancroid is more common in some tropical and low-income countries. People who live in or travel to these regions and have unprotected sex are at higher risk. SA Health+1

8. Poor access to STI services
   When people cannot easily reach clinics, testing, or treatment, chancroid sores remain untreated and infectious, allowing the bacteria to circulate longer in the community. NCBI+1

9. Coinfection with HIV
   Having chancroid increases the risk of getting or passing on HIV because the open sores give HIV an easy entry point. In the other direction, some studies note that HIV infection may increase the severity or duration of chancroid. BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health+1

10. Coinfection with syphilis or genital herpes
    People with other genital ulcer infections are more likely to have breaks in the skin and to belong to networks with higher STI risk, which can make chancroid infection more likely. BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health+1

11. Lack of awareness and education about STIs
    If someone does not know that painful genital sores can be an STI, they may delay seeking care, continue sexual activity, and unknowingly spread the bacteria. NSW Health+1

12. Low socioeconomic conditions and crowded living
    In some regions, chancroid has been linked with poverty, crowded housing, and limited health systems, all of which can help infections persist in a community. BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health+1

13. Male uncircumcised status
    Some studies report higher chancroid rates in uncircumcised men, possibly because the foreskin can trap moisture and secretions and may be more easily injured, giving the bacteria a place to enter. New York State Department of Health+1

14. Micro-injuries during sex
    Small, often unseen tears in the genital skin or mucosa occur during sexual activity; H. ducreyi uses these micro-injuries as entry points, starting the infection at these sites. NCBI+1

15. Poor genital hygiene
    Not cleaning the genital area regularly may allow bacteria and moisture to build up, making it easier for H. ducreyi to survive and infect broken skin. SA Health+1

16. Delay in treating early ulcers
    If the first small bump or sore is ignored, the bacteria continue to multiply, the ulcer enlarges, and the person remains infectious for longer, increasing spread. CDC+1

17. Limited use of partner notification
    When partners of infected people are not informed or do not get treated, they may keep passing the bacteria back and forth, leading to repeated cases in the same group. CDC+1

18. Local outbreaks in specific groups
    Chancroid sometimes appears in clusters, such as in certain neighborhoods or social groups. In these outbreaks, close contact within the group becomes a strong cause of continued transmission. CDC+1

19. Accidental non-sexual contact with infected material (rare)
    Very rarely, infection has been reported from contact with infected pus on the hands or medical instruments, especially when there are cuts on the skin, although sexual transmission is by far the main route. Wikipedia+1

20. Weak public health surveillance and reporting
    When chancroid is under-reported, it may look “rare” on paper even while small outbreaks continue, so health programs may not focus on controlling it, allowing the infection to persist. NCBI+1

Symptoms of Chancroid

1. Painful genital ulcer
   The hallmark symptom is one or more painful open sores on the genitals. The pain is often sharp or burning, especially when the sore is touched or rubbed by clothes. DermNet®+1

2. Soft, ragged edges of the ulcer
   The sore usually has soft, irregular borders rather than a firm, smooth rim. Doctors sometimes call this a “soft chancre” because of this feel. DermNet®+1

3. Yellow-gray base of the sore
   The base of the ulcer is often covered with a gray, yellow, or dirty-looking layer. This is a mix of dead tissue, bacteria, and pus, which shows that the area is infected. DermNet®+1

4. Easy bleeding from the ulcer
   The ulcer surface is fragile and may bleed easily if scratched, wiped, or rubbed. This makes the sore more uncomfortable and helps the bacteria spread to others. Wikipedia+1

5. Multiple ulcers in some people
   Some people, especially women, may have several ulcers rather than just one. They may be grouped together or spread across the genital area, making hygiene and sex very painful. DermNet®+1

6. Swollen and painful groin lymph nodes
   Lymph nodes in the groin often swell and become tender because they are trying to fight the infection. People may feel aching lumps on one or both sides of the groin. DermNet®+1

7. Formation of a bubo (pus-filled groin lump)
   In some cases, one or more groin nodes fill with pus, join together, and form a soft, very painful lump called a bubo. The skin over it may become red and thin and can burst, draining pus. BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health+1

8. Pain when urinating (dysuria)
   If the ulcer is near the opening of the urethra, passing urine can sting or burn as the urine touches the raw sore, making people avoid urinating or drink less fluid. Wikipedia+1

9. Pain during sexual activity
   Sexual contact becomes very painful because friction irritates the open ulcer and any swollen glands. This often leads to avoidance of sex and can cause emotional stress in relationships. DermNet®+1

10. Genital redness and swelling around the ulcer
    The skin around the sore may look red, warm, and slightly swollen, showing local inflammation as the body tries to fight the bacterial infection. DermNet®+1

11. Foul-smelling discharge from the sore
    The ulcer can ooze pus or fluid that may have a bad smell. This odor arises from bacteria and dead tissue and can be distressing and embarrassing. DermNet®+1

12. Discomfort when walking or sitting
    Large ulcers or buboes can rub against clothing or the thighs, making simple activities like walking, sitting, or climbing stairs painful and difficult. BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health+1

13. Fever and general malaise (in some cases)
    Some people may feel mildly unwell, with low-grade fever, tiredness, or body aches, especially if the infection is severe or the bubo is large and inflamed. BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health+1

14. Scarring of the genital skin after healing
    After treatment, the ulcers usually heal, but large or deep sores may leave scars or changes in skin color and texture, which can affect body image and confidence. CDC+1

15. Increased risk of HIV acquisition or transmission
    While not a “symptom” that the person feels, chancroid sores greatly increase the risk of getting or passing on HIV because the open, inflamed surface allows HIV to enter or leave the body more easily. BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health+1

Diagnostic Tests for Chancroid

Because chancroid looks similar to other genital ulcer diseases, diagnosis usually combines a careful physical exam with lab tests that rule out other causes and, where possible, detect Haemophilus ducreyi directly. BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health+2BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health+2

Physical examination and simple manual tests

1. Full genital inspection
   The healthcare provider closely examines the genital area to look at the number, size, shape, and edges of any ulcers. Painful, soft, ragged ulcers raise suspicion for chancroid and help distinguish it from the harder, painless sores of syphilis. DermNet®+1

2. Groin lymph node palpation
   The groin is gently felt to check for enlarged, tender lymph nodes or buboes. The presence of one-sided painful groin swelling along with genital ulcers supports the possibility of chancroid. BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health+1

3. Assessment for other genital lesions
   The clinician looks for blisters (suggesting herpes), firm painless ulcers (suggesting syphilis), or warts and other lesions. This broad inspection helps decide which tests are needed to rule out other STIs. BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health+1

4. Speculum exam in people with a vagina
   When appropriate, a speculum may be used to inspect the vaginal walls and cervix for hidden ulcers that are not visible from the outside. This is important because chancroid sores in women can be inside and less obvious. BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health+1

5. Manual evaluation of buboes
   The size, softness, and tenderness of groin lumps are checked by hand. Fluctuation (a fluid-filled feel) suggests a pus-filled bubo, which may need drainage as well as antibiotic treatment. BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health+1

Laboratory and pathological tests

6. Gram stain of ulcer exudate
   A swab from the ulcer is spread on a slide and stained for viewing under a microscope. In chancroid, gram-negative coccobacilli arranged in “schools of fish” patterns may be seen, although this test is not very sensitive and may miss many cases. BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health+1

7. Culture for Haemophilus ducreyi
   Swabs from the ulcer or bubo pus can be placed on special culture media designed for H. ducreyi. If the bacteria grow, the culture confirms chancroid, but this method is technically demanding and often unavailable in routine labs. BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health+1

8. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for H. ducreyi
   PCR and other nucleic acid amplification tests can detect small amounts of H. ducreyi genetic material in ulcer samples. These tests are more sensitive than culture but not widely accessible and may not be formally approved in all countries. BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health+1

9. Syphilis serology (e.g., RPR, VDRL, treponemal tests)
   Blood tests for syphilis are essential in anyone with genital ulcers. A negative syphilis test (or non-matching clinical features) helps rule out syphilis and makes chancroid more likely if other features fit. BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health+1

10. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) PCR or culture
    Swabs from the ulcer may be tested for HSV. If herpes tests are negative and syphilis tests are negative, chancroid becomes a stronger suspect, especially in high-risk settings. BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health+1

11. HIV antibody/antigen testing
    Because genital ulcers increase HIV risk and chancroid often appears in high-HIV settings, HIV testing is usually recommended. This does not diagnose chancroid itself but is important for overall management and counselling. BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health+1

12. General STI screening (e.g., gonorrhea and chlamydia tests)
    Swabs or urine tests for other STIs are often done at the same time because people with chancroid may also have infections like gonorrhea or chlamydia. Treating all STIs together improves health and reduces spread. CDC+1

13. Complete blood count (CBC)
    A basic blood test may be ordered to check for signs of infection or inflammation, such as a raised white blood cell count. While not specific for chancroid, it helps evaluate overall health and possible complications. NCBI+1

14. C-reactive protein (CRP) or ESR
    These blood tests measure general inflammation in the body. They are not specific to chancroid but may be raised in severe or complicated cases and can help monitor response to treatment. NCBI+1

15. Bacterial culture of secondary infections
    If the ulcer or bubo appears heavily infected with other bacteria (e.g., foul smell, extensive tissue destruction), samples may be cultured to identify secondary germs and guide extra antibiotic choices. BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health+1

Electrodiagnostic tests (rarely needed)

16. Nerve conduction studies (only in unusual, complicated cases)
    Chancroid itself does not normally require electrodiagnostic tests. However, if a person has unusual nerve pain or weakness near the infected area and another cause is suspected, nerve conduction studies might be used to check nerve function. This is very rare and not part of standard chancroid diagnosis. NCBI+1

Imaging tests

17. Ultrasound of groin lymph nodes
    An ultrasound scan can show the size and structure of swollen groin nodes or buboes. It can help confirm that a lump is fluid-filled, guide needle aspiration, and rule out other causes such as hernias or tumors. BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health+1

18. Ultrasound-guided aspiration of a bubo
    When a bubo needs drainage, ultrasound can guide a needle into the correct spot to remove pus safely. The fluid can also be sent for culture to check for H. ducreyi or other bacteria. BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health+1

19. Pelvic or groin MRI/CT (very uncommon)
    In extremely complicated or unclear cases, such as deep tissue infection or suspected spread beyond the usual area, MRI or CT scans may be used. This is not routine for chancroid but can help surgeons or specialists plan care. NCBI+1

20. Imaging to rule out other conditions
    Sometimes imaging is done mainly to exclude other diseases that also cause groin lumps or pelvic pain, such as abscesses from different bacteria, tumors, or hernias. In these situations, chancroid is considered alongside other diagnoses. BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health+1

Non-pharmacological treatments for chancroid (therapies and others)

Chancroid is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacteria Haemophilus ducreyi. It leads to painful genital ulcers and swollen lymph nodes in the groin. Good care is not only about antibiotics. Supportive, non-drug treatments help pain, healing, and prevention of spread. These methods must always sit beside, not replace, proper antibiotic treatment advised by a trained doctor.CDC+1

1. Genital hygiene and gentle washing
   Careful daily washing of the genital area with mild soap and clean water removes pus, sweat, and bacteria from the ulcers. This can lower local germ load, reduce bad smell, and make the area less painful. Cleaning should be gentle, using soft cloths or gauze, not rough sponges that can tear the fragile skin. After washing, the area should be patted dry with a clean towel. This simple step supports natural wound healing and can help prevent new infections in nearby skin.NCBI

2. Warm water sitz baths
   Sitz baths mean sitting in a basin or tub filled with warm (not hot) water that covers the genital and anal area. Warmth improves blood flow, relaxes muscles, and helps drain pus from small open areas. People often feel less pain and burning after a 10–15 minute soak. Sitz baths also gently clean the ulcers without strong rubbing. They are useful when touching the area is too painful for normal washing.NCBI

3. Sterile saline or clean water compresses
   Wet, sterile gauze pads soaked in normal saline (salt water) and placed over the sores can soften thick crusts and help remove dried pus. When crusts soften, they fall away more gently, which can lower pain and risk of skin tearing. Saline compresses also keep the wound moist, which is better for the regrowth of new skin cells than leaving the ulcers very dry.NCBI

4. Non-adhesive wound dressings
   Using non-stick dressings around ulcers protects the area from friction from underwear or thighs. These dressings should be changed often, especially if they become wet with discharge. A breathable dressing allows air circulation, which supports healing and also keeps secretions from spreading to linens or other skin surfaces. This is especially helpful if the sores are large or in areas that rub during walking.NCBI

5. Pain management with simple measures
   Cool packs wrapped in a cloth and placed near, not directly on, the ulcers can reduce pain and swelling. Resting with legs slightly apart can also decrease pressure on the area. Relaxation techniques such as slow breathing or distraction (music, reading) can help some people feel less focused on pain and anxiety. These steps are very important until antibiotics start to work.NCBI+1

6. Sexual abstinence during active infection
   People with chancroid should not have sex (oral, vaginal, or anal) until ulcers have fully healed and the doctor says it is safe. Sex can cause more mechanical trauma to open sores and greatly increases the chance of spreading H. ducreyi to partners. Even condoms may not fully protect if ulcers are outside the area covered by the condom. Avoiding sex is one of the strongest non-drug ways to break the chain of transmission.CDC+1

7. Partner notification and testing
   Sexual partners from the previous 10 days (or longer if symptoms have lasted) should be told, tested, and treated if needed. This step is essential because partners may have early, mild, or hidden infection. If partners are not treated, they can reinfect the patient or pass the disease to others. Partner notification is usually done in a private and respectful way, often with help from sexual health services.CDC+1

8. Screening and treatment for other STIs (including HIV and syphilis)
   Chancroid often appears together with other STIs like HIV, syphilis, and herpes. Genital ulcers from chancroid make it easier for HIV to enter the body and raise the risk of getting or transmitting HIV. People with chancroid should be offered blood tests and other checks for common STIs, and managed according to national guidelines.CDC+1

9. Counselling about safer sex and condom skills
   Simple, clear counselling helps people understand how chancroid spreads and how to protect themselves. Teaching proper condom use, including how to put on and remove condoms and how to check expiry and storage, gives people practical skills. Counselling also addresses fear, shame, and relationship worries that often come with genital infections.CDC+1

10. Smoking cessation support
    Smoking reduces blood flow, harms immune cells, and slows wound healing in many conditions. Helping a person cut down or quit—through counselling, support groups, or nicotine replacement guided by a clinician—may indirectly improve ulcer healing and general health.PMC+1

11. Stress reduction and mental health support
    An STI diagnosis can cause anxiety, guilt, or depression. High stress can, in turn, impair immune responses and sleep quality. Support from counsellors, peer groups, or online mental health programs can help people cope better. Lower stress can indirectly support immune function and speed recovery.PMC+1

12. Good sleep habits
    Sleep is vital for immune balance and tissue repair. People with chancroid should be encouraged to keep a regular sleep schedule, reduce screen time before bed, and create a calm sleep environment. Better sleep supports the body’s natural ability to fight infection and heal ulcers.PMC+1

13. Hydration and balanced nutrition
    Drinking enough fluids and eating a varied diet with fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and protein helps the body repair tissue and maintain immune defenses. Dehydration and poor nutrition can delay wound healing and increase fatigue, making it harder to cope with illness.PMC+1

14. Avoiding irritants on the genital skin
    Perfumed soaps, powders, harsh antiseptics, or tight synthetic underwear can irritate the skin and ulcers. Using simple cotton underwear and mild, fragrance-free products reduces extra inflammation and itching, making the area more comfortable and easier to keep clean.NCBI

15. Careful shaving or trimming around the area (or avoiding it)
    Shaving close to ulcers can cut the skin and spread bacteria. If hair removal is needed, gentle trimming with scissors far from the sores is safer. In many cases, it is better to avoid hair removal until full healing occurs.NCBI

16. Use of local sexual health or STI clinics
    Specialized STI clinics often provide rapid testing, confidential counselling, and partner services. Using these services early helps ensure correct diagnosis and treatment according to up-to-date guidelines, rather than relying on home remedies or non-expert advice.CDC+1

17. Education materials and reminder tools
    Simple written leaflets, SMS reminders, or phone apps can remind people to take medicines, come to follow-up visits, and avoid sex until cleared. Good information in easy language supports adherence and lowers chances of incomplete treatment.Dr.Oracle

18. Community and partner education campaigns
    In areas where chancroid is common, community education about genital ulcers and STI clinics can encourage earlier care-seeking. Radio messages, school programs, or social media content can all help reduce stigma and spread correct information.NCBI+1

19. Strengthening general STI prevention programs
    Programs that promote condom use, regular STI screening, and treatment of other STIs (like syphilis and gonorrhea) will also reduce chancroid over time. Chancroid has already become rare in many countries after stronger STI control efforts.CDC+1

20. Follow-up visits and monitoring
    People with chancroid should be reviewed after 3–7 days to check that pain and size of ulcers are improving. If not, clinicians look again for other diagnoses, HIV infection, or antibiotic resistance, and check whether medicines were taken correctly. Regular follow-up improves cure rates and lowers complications like scarring or fistulas.CDC+1

Drug treatments for chancroid

Only a small number of antibiotics are recommended worldwide as first-line treatment for chancroid. They are usually given as a single dose or a short course and must be prescribed by a clinician. Never start or change antibiotics on your own. Doses below are typical adult regimens used in guidelines; children, pregnant people, and those with kidney or liver problems need specialist adjustment.Medscape eMedicine+3CDC+3NCBI+3

1. Azithromycin (Zithromax – macrolide antibiotic)
   Azithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic that stops bacteria from making proteins they need to grow. Guidelines recommend a single 1 g oral dose for chancroid because it is simple and improves adherence. It reaches high tissue levels, including in genital tissue, and has a long half-life, allowing once-daily or single-dose therapy. Common side effects are nausea, diarrhea, and abdominal pain, and rare but serious effects include heart rhythm problems. Azithromycin is widely described in FDA labels for multiple infections, though chancroid itself is not always listed.CDC+2NCBI+2

2. Ceftriaxone (Rocephin – third-generation cephalosporin)
   Ceftriaxone is a broad-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic that blocks bacterial cell-wall synthesis. For chancroid, 250 mg is usually given as a single intramuscular injection. This dose is convenient and often used in STI clinics. Ceftriaxone is well covered in FDA labeling as a treatment for many gram-negative and gram-positive infections, and its long half-life allows once-daily dosing. Main side effects include injection-site pain, diarrhea, and, rarely, allergic reactions in people sensitive to cephalosporins or penicillins.FDA Access Data+3CDC+3NCBI+3

3. Ciprofloxacin (Cipro – fluoroquinolone)
   Ciprofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic that blocks bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, enzymes needed for DNA replication. For chancroid, guidelines often use 500 mg orally twice daily for 3 days in adults who are not pregnant and have no contraindications. Fluoroquinolones carry important FDA boxed warnings for tendon rupture, nerve damage, and mood changes, so they must be used carefully and avoided when safer options exist. They can also interact with many other medicines.FDA Access Data+3CDC+3NCBI+3

4. Erythromycin (macrolide antibiotic)
   Erythromycin is another macrolide that blocks bacterial protein synthesis. For chancroid, a common regimen is 500 mg orally three times per day for 7 days. This longer course can be more difficult for people to complete but is useful when other drugs are not suitable. Side effects often include stomach upset, nausea, and drug interactions via the liver enzyme CYP3A4. It must be prescribed with careful review of other medicines.NCBI+2Hopkins Guides+2

5. Doxycycline (tetracycline class; sometimes used when co-infection is suspected)
   Doxycycline is a tetracycline antibiotic that blocks protein synthesis in bacteria. It is not a standard first-line antibiotic for chancroid alone but is often used for other STIs such as chlamydia. In some settings, clinicians may use it when chancroid is suspected together with other infections, always following guideline advice. Typical adult doses are 100 mg twice daily for 7 days, but this is decided by the clinician. It can cause sun sensitivity, stomach upset, and should not be used in pregnancy or in young children.NCBI+1

6. Paracetamol / Acetaminophen (analgesic and antipyretic)
   Paracetamol is widely used to reduce pain and fever. It does not kill bacteria but can greatly improve comfort while ulcers heal. Usual adult doses are up to 500–1000 mg every 4–6 hours, not exceeding the maximum daily dose recommended on the label, to avoid liver damage. For teens and children, doses must be carefully adjusted by weight and prescribed by a clinician.NCBI+1

7. Ibuprofen or similar NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs)
   Ibuprofen reduces pain and inflammation by blocking prostaglandin production. It can ease discomfort from ulcers and swollen lymph nodes. However, it may irritate the stomach and kidneys if overused, and is not suitable for everyone. Dosing and duration should follow local guidelines and be checked with a healthcare professional, especially in younger patients.PMC+1

8. Topical antiseptic solutions (e.g., dilute chlorhexidine – local use)
   Mild antiseptic washes or solutions, when recommended by a clinician, can help lower the number of bacteria on the skin surface around the ulcers. They are not a replacement for systemic antibiotics but may support local hygiene and reduce foul smell. Over-strong or frequent use can irritate the skin, so medical advice is important.NCBI

9. Local anesthetic gels (e.g., lidocaine gel – clinician-guided use)
   For very painful ulcers, a doctor may prescribe a topical anesthetic gel. It temporarily numbs the surface, allowing easier washing or dressing changes. Only thin layers should be used, and not on large areas or broken skin without guidance, because systemic absorption can be harmful.NCBI

10. Antiretroviral therapy (for people with HIV co-infection)
    In people with HIV, chancroid ulcers may be larger and slower to heal. When HIV is present, continuing or starting proper antiretroviral therapy (ART) is vital. ART does not treat chancroid directly but improves immune function, which can help the body respond better to antibiotics and reduce the risk of further STIs.NCBI+1

Important: All antibiotic choices, doses, and duration must be made by a qualified clinician. Never use this information to self-medicate or to treat others without medical supervision.

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Dietary molecular supplements that may support immunity and healing

These supplements do not cure chancroid and must never replace antibiotics. They may support the immune system or wound healing when used appropriately, usually in people who might be low in these nutrients. Always discuss with a doctor or dietitian, especially as a teen.

1. Vitamin C
   Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin and antioxidant that supports immune cell function and collagen formation in skin and blood vessels. Studies show that vitamin C helps several parts of the immune response, such as barrier function and white blood cell activity. Typical supplemental doses are 200–500 mg per day, but higher doses may cause stomach upset and diarrhea. In people with poor diet or stress, improving vitamin C intake from fruits and supplements may support better wound healing and resistance to infections, though it does not replace proper treatment.PMC+2Nature+2

2. Vitamin D
   Vitamin D helps control calcium balance and also affects many immune cells. Research suggests that low vitamin D levels may be linked with higher risk of respiratory infections, and some trials show benefit of replacement in deficient people, though recent large studies find little effect in people with normal levels. Typical supplement doses vary from 600–1000 IU per day, adjusted by a clinician based on blood tests. It is important not to take very high doses without medical supervision, as vitamin D can build up and cause toxicity.The Washington Post+3PLOS+3The Lancet+3

3. Zinc
   Zinc is a trace mineral critical for immune function, skin integrity, and wound repair. Zinc deficiency increase susceptibility to many infections, and replacement can improve immune responses in deficient people. Typical supplemental doses are around 8–11 mg per day for many teens and adults, but higher “cold-remedy” doses should only be short term and supervised. Too much zinc can upset the stomach, lower copper levels, and disturb immune balance. Good zinc status may help the body fight bacterial infections in general.The Times of India+4ScienceDirect+4PubMed+4

4. Probiotics (beneficial bacteria)
   Probiotics are live bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains that support gut health. They can modulate immune responses by interacting with the intestinal immune system and microbiome. Trials in different conditions show that probiotics can change inflammatory markers and improve some symptoms, although effects depend on strain and dose. Typical products contain billions of colony-forming units per day. Probiotics are generally safe for healthy people but should be discussed with a clinician in those with serious illness or immune problems.PMC+2Frontiers+2

5. Omega-3 fatty acids (EPA/DHA – from fish oil or algae oil)
   Omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA have anti-inflammatory effects, influencing cell membranes, eicosanoid production, and immune cell activity. Reviews show that omega-3s can reduce some inflammatory markers and improve outcomes in several chronic diseases, though they also have potential side effects like bleeding risk at high doses. Typical supplemental doses range from 250–1000 mg EPA+DHA per day, but the best source is often oily fish. They may help support overall immune and cardiovascular health, not specifically heal chancroid lesions.Verywell Health+5PMC+5europeanreview.org+5

6. Vitamin A (within safe limits)
   Vitamin A is essential for skin, mucosal barriers, and immune cell function. Both deficiency and excess are harmful. Supplementation is mostly considered in people at risk of deficiency and must be carefully dosed, as high levels can damage the liver and cause birth defects in pregnancy. In infections, adequate vitamin A supports epithelial healing and immune defense, but it is not a direct treatment for chancroid.PMC+1

7. B-complex vitamins (especially B6, B9, B12)
   B vitamins are involved in energy metabolism and the production of DNA and new blood cells. Infections and poor diet can lower B vitamin status. Correcting deficiencies with balanced B-complex supplements may support general vitality and recovery from illness but does not target chancroid specifically.PMC+1

8. Protein supplements (whey or plant protein, if diet is poor)
   Adequate protein is required for immune proteins, enzymes, and tissue repair. When someone with chancroid is not eating well, a clinician or dietitian may suggest protein shakes or powders. This is particularly important if there are other illnesses or weight loss. Protein supplements should be chosen carefully to avoid excess sugar or unproven additives.PMC+1

9. Multivitamin-mineral preparations (low-dose)
   A standard multivitamin provides small amounts of many vitamins and minerals. In people with limited diets, it may reduce the chance of deficiency that can affect healing. It should not contain very high doses of fat-soluble vitamins and must be used as part of a healthy diet, not instead of it.PMC+1

10. Dietary fiber from foods or supplements
    Fiber supports gut health and the growth of beneficial bacteria. A healthy microbiome is linked to better immune balance and reduced systemic inflammation. If diet is low in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, a clinician may suggest fiber supplements, introduced slowly to avoid gas and bloating.PMC+2Frontiers+2

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Immune-boosting, regenerative, and stem-cell-related drugs in chancroid

At present, there are no specific “stem cell drugs” or regenerative medicines approved for the routine treatment of chancroid. Management focuses on short-course antibiotics, local wound care, and STI prevention. Research on immune-modulating medicines and cell-based therapies mainly targets other conditions (such as autoimmune diseases or chronic wounds), and not acute bacterial STIs like chancroid.ScienceDirect+3NCBI+3Hopkins Guides+3

For people with severe disease, HIV infection, or very weak immunity, clinicians may optimize standard treatments: ensuring correct antibiotics, controlling other infections, and improving nutrition and HIV care. Growth factors or advanced wound therapies might be used in complicated ulcers in specialist centers, but these are individualized decisions and not standard protocols. As a teen, the most important “immune boosters” are good sleep, stress control, vaccination for other diseases where recommended, and a balanced diet rather than special drugs. Always talk with a specialist; never trust products that claim to “regenerate” genital tissue or “cure STIs” without proper scientific proof and regulatory approval.PMC+3NCBI+3Hopkins Guides+3

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Surgical and procedural treatments

1. Needle aspiration of fluctuant lymph node (bubo)
   Chancroid can cause large, tender lymph node swellings in the groin called buboes. When they are “fluctuant” (soft and filled with pus), a doctor may insert a sterile needle to aspirate the pus. This reduces pressure and pain and helps prevent spontaneous rupture of the skin, which can leave large open wounds. It is done under local anesthesia in a clean clinical setting.NCBI+1

2. Incision and drainage of bubo
   If aspiration is not enough or the bubo is very large, a small surgical cut can be made to drain pus fully. The cavity is then gently cleaned and may be packed with sterile gauze to allow continued drainage. This procedure helps the area heal from the bottom up and lowers the risk of sinus tracts or deeper infection.NCBI+1

3. Debridement of necrotic tissue
   In severe or neglected chancroid, some tissue on and around ulcers may die (necrosis). A minor procedure called debridement removes dead tissue, slough, and thick crusts. By clearing this barrier, fresh blood supply can reach the area and new tissue can grow. Debridement must be done gently by trained staff to avoid further damage.NCBI+1

4. Surgical repair of scarring or fistulas
   Old, untreated chancroid can cause scarring that narrows the foreskin, urethra, or other genital structures, or create abnormal channels (fistulas) between organs. When this happens, reconstructive surgery by urologists or plastic surgeons may be needed. These procedures aim to restore proper function, urine flow, and sexual health.NCBI+1

5. Biopsy of chronic or atypical ulcers
   If an ulcer does not heal despite correct treatment, or if its appearance is unusual, a small surgical biopsy may be taken. This helps rule out cancers, other infections, or immune conditions. Early biopsy prevents long delays in recognizing a more serious underlying disease.NCBI+1

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Prevention of chancroid

1. Always use condoms correctly in every sexual contact. They lower the risk of chancroid and many other STIs, though they may not protect areas outside the condom.CDC+1

2. Limit the number of sexual partners and avoid overlapping relationships where infection can spread quickly through networks.CDC+1

3. Get regular STI screening if sexually active, especially with new or multiple partners, and encourage partners to be tested too.CDC+1

4. Seek prompt medical care for any genital ulcer, discharge, or unusual genital symptom. Early diagnosis stops complications and spread.CDC+1

5. Avoid sex when you or your partner have visible genital sores, even if they seem small or painless.NCBI+1

6. Do not share sex toys; if they are used, clean them properly and cover with a fresh condom each time.NCBI

7. Learn about STIs in school, clinics, or trusted online sources so that myths do not lead to risky behavior.NCBI+1

8. If you are diagnosed with chancroid, inform recent sexual partners and support them in getting examined and treated.CDC+1

9. Use substances like alcohol or drugs carefully—better yet avoid them in sexual settings—because they lower judgement and increase risky sex.NCBI

10. Support community and public health programs that provide condoms, STI clinics, and sexual health education for young people.CDC+1

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When to see a doctor

You should see a doctor or sexual health clinic as soon as possible if you notice any painful genital sore, especially if it has soft edges, bleeds easily, or is accompanied by swollen groin lumps. Do not wait for it to disappear on its own, and do not try to burst or cut it yourself. You should also seek care urgently if you have a fever, feel very unwell, or see pus coming from the groin area, because these can be signs of deeper infection.CDC+1

As a teen, it can feel scary or embarrassing to talk about genital symptoms, but doctors and STI clinic staff are trained to help without judging you. In many places, young people can access confidential sexual health services. If you have had sex with someone who is later diagnosed with chancroid or any other STI, you should be checked even if you feel fine, because early infection may be silent.CDC+1

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What to eat and what to avoid

1. Eat more colorful fruits (e.g., oranges, guava, berries) – they provide vitamin C and antioxidants that support immune defenses and collagen formation in healing skin.PMC+1

2. Eat plenty of vegetables (especially leafy greens) – they add vitamins A, C, K, folate, and plant compounds that help reduce inflammation and support overall health.PMC+2PLOS+2

3. Choose whole grains over refined grains – oats, brown rice, and whole-wheat bread give more fiber and micronutrients, feeding a healthier gut microbiome linked to better immunity.PMC+2Frontiers+2

4. Include lean protein (fish, eggs, beans, lentils) – protein supplies amino acids needed for immune cells and tissue repair in ulcers.PMC+1

5. Add zinc-rich foods (meat, seeds, nuts, legumes) – they help maintain immune function and wound healing, especially if your diet was low in zinc before.The Times of India+3ScienceDirect+3PubMed+3

6. Limit very sugary drinks and sweets – high sugar intake can worsen overall metabolic health and may be linked to more inflammation and infections over time.PMC+1

7. Avoid excessive fast food and deep-fried snacks – these foods are high in unhealthy fats and salt, which can promote chronic inflammation and make you feel sluggish.PMC+2europeanreview.org+2

8. Avoid high doses of alcohol – alcohol weakens immune responses, disrupts sleep, and can lead to unsafe sexual behavior, increasing your risk of new STIs.PMC+1

9. Be cautious with unregulated “immune booster” products – many herbal mixtures have little evidence and can interact with medicines or cause side effects. Always check with a healthcare professional first.ScienceDirect+2Wiley Online Library+2

10. Stay well hydrated with water – enough fluids support circulation, temperature control, and general well-being, which are important during infection and healing.PMC+1

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Frequently asked questions (FAQs)

1. Is chancroid curable?
   Yes. With the right antibiotic regimen, chancroid is usually completely curable, and ulcers often improve within a few days and heal in 1–2 weeks. However, scars can remain if ulcers were deep, and healing may be slower in people with HIV or other health problems.CDC+2NCBI+2

2. Can I treat chancroid at home without antibiotics?
   No. Home treatments like washing and sitz baths can reduce discomfort but cannot kill Haemophilus ducreyi on their own. Without proper antibiotics, the infection can persist, spread to others, and cause complications such as scarring and fistulas.CDC+2NCBI+2

3. How long after antibiotics will I stop being contagious?
   Many people become much less infectious once effective antibiotics have started and ulcers begin to improve, usually within a few days. However, doctors usually advise no sex until all ulcers have fully healed and follow-up confirms cure, to avoid any risk of transmission.CDC+2NCBI+2

4. Can I get chancroid again after treatment?
   Yes. Treatment cures the current infection but does not give lasting immunity. You can be reinfected if you have unprotected sex with an infected partner again. That is why partner treatment and safer sex practices are so important.CDC+1

5. What happens if chancroid is not treated?
   Untreated chancroid can lead to large ulcers, significant scarring, chronic pain, and fistulas. In men, buboes can rupture and form draining sinuses. In women, ulcers can be hidden and still spread infection. Untreated genital ulcers also increase the risk of getting or transmitting HIV.NCBI+2Hopkins Guides+2

6. Is chancroid common today?
   Chancroid has become less common in many countries due to better STI control, testing, and antibiotics. However, it still appears in some regions and in people who have sex in high-risk networks or travel to areas where it is more frequent.CDC+1

7. Can condoms fully protect against chancroid?
   Condoms greatly reduce risk but may not give 100% protection because chancroid ulcers can occur on areas not covered by a condom, such as the scrotum, labia, or groin. Still, using condoms correctly every time is one of the best prevention tools.CDC+2NCBI+2

8. Does chancroid mean my partner was unfaithful?
   Not always. STIs like chancroid can sometimes be acquired in past relationships and only recognized later. The exact source is often hard to trace. It is more helpful to focus on getting everyone tested and treated than on blame.NCBI+1

9. Can I have sex again once I feel better?
   You should wait until a clinician confirms that ulcers have healed and that treatment is complete. Even if pain is gone, microscopic infection may still be present. Resuming sex too early can spread the infection or slow healing.CDC+2NCBI+2

10. How is chancroid different from herpes or syphilis?
    Chancroid ulcers are usually very painful, irregular, and soft, while syphilis ulcers are often firm and painless, and herpes causes clusters of small blisters that burst to form shallow sores. Laboratory tests are needed to be sure, because appearances can overlap.NCBI+1

11. Can dietary supplements cure chancroid?
    No. Supplements like vitamin C, zinc, or probiotics may support general health, but they do not cure chancroid. Only proper antibiotics and medical care can clear the infection. Supplements should be used only as an extra support after discussing with a healthcare professional.PubMed+3PMC+3ScienceDirect+3

12. Are there vaccines for chancroid?
    There is currently no approved vaccine against chancroid. Control relies on safer sex, early testing, treatment, and partner management. Other vaccines, such as hepatitis B or HPV vaccines, prevent different infections but not chancroid.CDC+1

13. Does HIV change the treatment of chancroid?
    People with HIV can still be treated with the same main antibiotics, but ulcers may be larger and slower to heal. Doctors may recommend closer follow-up, careful assessment for other infections, and strong adherence to antiretroviral therapy.NCBI+2Hopkins Guides+2

14. Can I go to school or work if I have chancroid?
    Yes, chancroid does not spread through casual contact, toilets, or hugging. As long as you feel well enough, you can attend school or work. But you should avoid sexual activity and follow medical advice closely.NCBI

15. What should I do if I think I have chancroid but feel too shy to talk?
    Remember that healthcare workers see genital problems every day and are trained to be professional and respectful. You can ask for a same-gender clinician if that makes you more comfortable. Many areas have youth-friendly or confidential STI services. Getting help early protects your health and your partners’ health.CDC+2NCBI+2

Disclaimer: Each person’s journey is unique, treatment plan, life style, food habit, hormonal condition, immune system, chronic disease condition, geological location, weather and previous medical  history is also unique. So always seek the best advice from a qualified medical professional or health care provider before trying any treatments to ensure to find out the best plan for you. This guide is for general information and educational purposes only. Regular check-ups and awareness can help to manage and prevent complications associated with these diseases conditions. If you or someone are suffering from this disease condition bookmark this website or share with someone who might find it useful! Boost your knowledge and stay ahead in your health journey. We always try to ensure that the content is regularly updated to reflect the latest medical research and treatment options. Thank you for giving your valuable time to read the article.

The article is written by Team RxHarun and reviewed by the Rx Editorial Board Members

Last Updated: December 21, 2025.