Chromosome 6q24–q25 deletion syndrome is a rare genetic condition where a small piece is missing from the long arm (q arm) of chromosome 6 between positions 24 and 25. Because genes in this area help control growth, brain development, hearing, and body structure, losing them can cause developmental delay, learning problems, special facial features, small hands and feet, heart problems, and sometimes hearing loss.
Chromosome 6q24-q25 deletion syndrome is a rare genetic condition in which a small piece is missing from the long arm (q) of chromosome 6, usually across the 6q24–q25 region. This missing DNA contains several important genes that guide growth, brain development, hearing, heart structure and other organs. Because of this loss, affected babies and children can have developmental delay, learning difficulties, distinctive facial features, hearing loss, heart defects and other variable problems. The exact symptoms and severity differ widely from child to child, even within the same family. There is no “cure” that puts the missing DNA back, so treatment focuses on early diagnosis, careful monitoring and targeted support for each problem (for example, hearing aids for hearing loss, surgery for heart defects, and therapies for development).
This condition is usually called a “microdeletion” because the missing piece is too small to see with a normal microscope test, and doctors often find it only with special genetic tests such as chromosomal microarray. The exact signs can be very different from one child to another, even when the size of the missing piece looks similar, so doctors talk about a “spectrum” of symptoms rather than a single fixed pattern.
Other names and types
Doctors and researchers may use several other names for this same or closely related conditions:
Chromosome 6q24–q25 deletion syndrome – the standard medical name that says exactly which piece of chromosome 6 is missing.
6q24–q25 microdeletion syndrome – highlights that the missing region is small (microdeletion) but important.
6q25 microdeletion syndrome – used when the missing piece is mainly around band 6q25.
Proximal 6q deletion syndrome (6q24–q25) – “proximal” means nearer the middle of the chromosome; this name is sometimes used in genetic studies.
Interstitial 6q24–q25 deletion – “interstitial” means the deletion is in the middle of the chromosome arm, not at the end.
Types
Types are usually based on the size and exact position of the missing piece:
Small interstitial 6q25 microdeletion – a small, middle segment missing within 6q25, often including genes like ARID1B and linked to developmental delay and facial differences.
Larger 6q24.3–6q25.1 deletion – a longer missing segment that may involve more genes and can be linked with growth failure and heart defects.
Extended 6q24–q25 deletion approaching the end of the chromosome (distal 6q deletion) – some children have a deletion that reaches toward 6q25–qter and can show features overlapping with distal or terminal 6q deletion syndromes.
Mosaic 6q24–q25 deletion – only some cells carry the deletion, while other cells are normal, which can make symptoms milder or more variable.
Causes
Here “cause” means what leads to the piece of chromosome 6q24–q25 being lost. For most families, this is not anyone’s fault and could not be prevented.
De novo interstitial deletion of 6q24–q25
In many children the deletion happens “de novo,” meaning for the first time in the child and not inherited from either parent. It usually occurs during the formation of egg or sperm cells when a small segment is accidentally cut out.Errors during meiosis (cell division for eggs and sperm)
When chromosomes pair and swap pieces during meiosis, they can sometimes misalign and break unevenly, which can remove the 6q24–q25 segment. This kind of error is a common general cause of chromosomal deletions.Non-allelic homologous recombination (NAHR)
Some parts of the genome have repeated DNA blocks; if these repeats line up wrongly, crossing-over can remove the DNA between them, creating a microdeletion that includes 6q24–q25. NAHR is a known mechanism behind many recurrent microdeletion syndromes.Other DNA break-and-repair errors (NHEJ, MMEJ, FoSTeS/MMBIR)
Double-strand breaks in DNA can be repaired in a messy way, joining ends that do not match, which may delete a segment like 6q24–q25. These microhomology-mediated mechanisms are well-described causes of non-recurrent microdeletions.Inherited unbalanced translocation involving chromosome 6q
One parent may carry a balanced translocation (chromosomes swapped pieces but no net loss), and when this passes to the child in an unbalanced way, the child can lose the 6q24–q25 segment and show the syndrome.Complex chromosomal rearrangements including 6q24–q25
In some patients, 6q24–q25 deletion is part of a more complicated pattern, such as inverted duplications or translocations involving several chromosomes, which leads to loss of this region.Terminal deletion of 6q extending into 6q24–q25
When the end (terminal) part of the long arm of chromosome 6 breaks off, the missing segment may include bands 6q24–q25, giving a phenotype that overlaps classic 6q24–q25 microdeletion syndrome and distal 6q terminal deletion.Ring chromosome 6 formation with loss of 6q24–q25
If both ends of chromosome 6 break and join into a ring, the end fragments, including 6q24–q25 in some cases, can be lost, causing a microdeletion and associated symptoms.Post-zygotic (after fertilization) deletion leading to mosaicism
Sometimes the deletion occurs early after fertilization in one cell; as that cell divides, only some tissues carry the 6q24–q25 deletion, leading to mosaic 6q24–q25 deletion and variable features.Parental germline mosaicism
A parent may have some egg or sperm cells with the 6q24–q25 deletion even though their blood test is normal. This germline mosaicism can cause the deletion to appear in more than one child in a family.Chromosomal fragile sites and break-prone regions
Some chromosome segments are more fragile and likely to break, especially under stress; breakage near 6q24–q25 can lead to a small deletion if the fragment is not repaired or is lost.Exposure to ionizing radiation of parental gonads
Strong radiation can damage DNA in egg or sperm cells and increase the chance of chromosome breaks or rearrangements, which might lead to deletions like 6q24–q25, although for most families no clear exposure is found.Exposure to certain chemicals or toxins affecting chromosomes
Some chemotherapy drugs and other genotoxic chemicals can increase DNA breaks during reproductive cell formation, which in theory can cause deletions; again, this is usually not identified in specific families.Advanced parental age as a general risk factor
Older parental age is linked with a higher overall risk of chromosomal errors, and this may slightly increase the chance of de novo microdeletions, including those at 6q24–q25, although exact numbers for this specific region are not known.Loss of a segment during an inversion or duplication event
When chromosomes flip a segment (inversion) or copy a segment (duplication), the process can sometimes delete nearby sequences, and in rare cases this could remove 6q24–q25.Abnormal recombination at low-copy repeats near 6q24–q25
If low-copy repeats around this region mis-pair, unequal crossing-over can delete the genes between them, similar to other genomic disorders caused by low-copy repeats.Inherited 6q24–q25 microdeletion from an affected parent
In a minority of cases, the parent also carries the 6q24–q25 microdeletion and passes it on to the child, sometimes with a similar but not identical clinical picture.6q24–q25 deletion as part of a larger 6q deletion syndrome
Some patients have larger deletions stretching from 6q24–q25 further down the chromosome, so the microdeletion is part of a broader 6q deletion with more genes missing and more severe features.Deletion including key developmental genes (for example ARID1B)
When the missing segment includes important genes such as ARID1B, which is involved in chromatin remodeling and brain development, this gene loss helps drive the developmental and learning problems seen in the syndrome.Unknown cause in most families
Even though we understand the general mechanisms, in individual families we usually cannot point to a specific event; the deletion is simply a random mistake in nature that happened by chance. Genetic counseling explains that the parents did not cause this through anything they did or did not do.
Symptoms
Not every person has every symptom, and severity can be mild, moderate, or severe.
Global developmental delay
Many children reach milestones like sitting, walking, or talking later than usual, because the missing genes affect brain development and motor skills. Early intervention and therapies can help improve progress over time.Intellectual disability or learning difficulties
Some children have mild to moderate problems with understanding, learning, and problem-solving, which can show up as needing extra help at school or in daily living skills. Supportive education plans are very important.Speech and language delay
Many children speak their first words later than expected and may have limited vocabulary or difficulty forming sentences, partly due to brain differences and sometimes due to hearing loss. Speech therapy can bring steady improvement.Abnormal muscle tone (hypotonia or sometimes hypertonia)
Low muscle tone (floppiness) in infancy is common and can make feeding and motor skills harder; some children later develop increased tone or stiffness. Tone problems reflect how brain and nerves control muscles.Distinctive facial features (facial dysmorphism)
Children may have midface flattening, widely spaced eyes, a broad nasal bridge, rotated ears, or other facial differences that help genetic doctors recognize a chromosome syndrome. These features do not usually cause medical harm but are helpful diagnostic clues.Intrauterine and postnatal growth restriction
Some babies are small before birth and remain shorter and lighter than age-matched peers, likely because genes for growth regulation in 6q24–q25 are missing. Close monitoring of growth, nutrition, and hormones is often needed.Small hands and feet and skeletal differences
The syndrome may include small hands and feet, delayed bone age, and sometimes mild limb or spine differences, which reflect disturbed bone development. These differences may affect walking or fine motor skills.Hearing loss
Many children have sensorineural (inner ear) hearing loss, which may range from mild to severe and can worsen language development if not detected early. Hearing aids and early audiology care can make a big difference.Heart defects
Some patients have congenital heart problems, such as atrial septal defect (a hole between the upper heart chambers) or other structural issues, probably due to loss of heart-related genes in the deleted segment.Brain structural anomalies
Brain imaging may show changes such as enlarged ventricles, abnormal white matter, or other malformations, which help explain seizures, tone problems, or developmental delay in some children.Seizures or abnormal electrical brain activity
Some children develop seizures or abnormal EEG patterns because the missing genes disturb brain networks; seizure control often requires medication and regular neurologist follow-up.Feeding difficulties in infancy
Poor sucking, slow feeding, reflux, or swallowing problems are common in babies and may be related to hypotonia and coordination difficulties, sometimes requiring special feeding techniques or tube feeding for a while.Kidney and urinary tract anomalies
Some patients have structural kidney changes or urinary tract issues, which may increase the risk of infections or impact kidney function, so ultrasound and kidney tests are often recommended.Genital and reproductive anomalies
Differences in the external genitalia or internal reproductive organs, especially in females, have been described in distal 6q deletions and may also appear when 6q24–q25 is involved, so careful examination is suggested.Behavioral and emotional difficulties
Some children show hyperactivity, attention problems, anxiety, or autistic-like features such as social communication difficulties, reflecting how the deletion affects brain circuits for behavior. Support from child psychiatry and psychology can help families manage these challenges.
Diagnostic tests
Doctors use a mix of clinical examination and special tests. Here the tests are grouped into physical exam, manual tests, lab/pathological tests, electrodiagnostic tests, and imaging tests.
Physical exam
General pediatric physical examination
The doctor looks at the child’s overall health, growth, body proportions, and organs, searching for signs like small size, unusual facial features, heart murmurs, or hernias that may suggest a chromosome condition such as 6q24–q25 deletion.Growth measurements and growth charts
Length/height, weight, and head circumference are measured and plotted on standard charts to see if there is growth restriction or microcephaly, which are common clues in 6q deletion syndromes.Dysmorphology examination (detailed look at facial and body features)
A clinical geneticist studies facial shape, eyes, nose, ears, mouth, hands, feet, and skin for subtle patterns seen in 6q24–q25 deletion and related 6q deletion syndromes, helping decide which genetic tests are needed.Neurological examination
The doctor checks muscle tone, strength, reflexes, coordination, and gait, looking for hypotonia, motor delay, or signs of seizures, which are frequent in 6q deletions and help guide further tests.
Manual tests
Developmental milestone checklist
Using simple questions and observations, the team checks when the child sat, walked, talked, and learned basic skills, comparing them with normal ranges to confirm global developmental delay.Gross motor function testing
Physiotherapists examine how the child rolls, crawls, stands, and walks, and may use scales to rate motor function; this shows how much hypotonia or coordination problems affect daily movement.Fine motor and hand function testing
Occupational therapists watch how the child grasps toys, feeds self, or writes; weakness, poor coordination, or small hands can make these skills harder and support the need for therapy.Feeding and swallowing observation
Specialists may watch a baby drink or eat, sometimes with special bedside tests, to see if hypotonia or poor coordination causes choking, coughing, or very slow feeding, which are common problems in many 6q deletions.
Lab and pathological tests
Standard blood tests and biochemistry
A complete blood count and basic chemistry panel help check for anemia, infection, organ function, or metabolic issues that might add to the child’s problems, even though these tests do not directly diagnose the deletion itself.Conventional karyotype (chromosome analysis)
A karyotype looks at all chromosomes under the microscope and can detect larger 6q deletions or complex rearrangements; it is often the first cytogenetic test when a chromosome disorder is suspected.Chromosomal microarray (array CGH or SNP array)
Chromosomal microarray can detect small interstitial microdeletions like 6q24–q25 that are too tiny to see on a karyotype and is now a standard first-line test for children with unexplained developmental delay and congenital anomalies.Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for 6q24–q25
FISH uses fluorescent DNA probes that stick to specific regions on chromosome 6; if the 6q24–q25 signal is missing, it confirms the deletion and can also check parents for a balanced rearrangement.MLPA (multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification) for 6q region
MLPA is a sensitive test that measures the copy number of small DNA segments; using probes for genes in 6q24–q25, it can confirm or refine the size of the microdeletion or help in family studies.Targeted gene panel or whole-exome sequencing
When the microdeletion is suspected or confirmed, sequencing can look at genes inside and around the region, like ARID1B, or rule out other genetic causes, giving more detail about the child’s risk of associated conditions.Metabolic screening tests
Although 6q24–q25 deletion is a structural chromosome disorder, doctors may check blood and urine for metabolic diseases (amino acids, organic acids, lactate) to exclude treatable conditions that can also cause delay, especially early in the diagnostic process.
Electrodiagnostic tests
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
EEG records the brain’s electrical activity and is used when a child has seizures or strange spells; many patients with 6q deletions have abnormal EEG patterns that support a diagnosis of epilepsy and guide anti-seizure treatment.Nerve conduction studies and electromyography (NCS/EMG)
If there is significant hypotonia, weakness, or suspected neuropathy, NCS/EMG tests how well nerves and muscles work; they help distinguish brain-based tone problems from peripheral nerve or muscle disease.
Imaging tests
Brain MRI
Magnetic resonance imaging of the head can show structural brain changes such as enlarged ventricles, white-matter abnormalities, or other malformations reported in distal and terminal 6q deletions, which may also occur when 6q24–q25 is missing.Echocardiogram (heart ultrasound)
Because congenital heart defects are described in patients with deletions in the 6q24–q25–qter region, a heart ultrasound is often done to look for holes in the heart, valve problems, or other structural issues needing follow-up.Renal and abdominal ultrasound
Ultrasound can detect kidney malformations, urinary tract anomalies, or other abdominal organ problems, which have been reported in several 6q deletion series and may also be present in 6q24–q25 deletion syndrome.
Non-pharmacological Treatments
1. Early developmental intervention
Early intervention means starting home-based and clinic-based support as soon as the diagnosis or developmental delay is suspected, often in the first year of life. A team (physiotherapist, occupational therapist, speech therapist, psychologist) works with the family to build movement, communication and social skills through play. The main purpose is to use the brain’s early “plasticity window” to strengthen nerve connections. The mechanism is simple: frequent, repetitive, enjoyable practice helps the brain form new pathways that partly compensate for the missing genes.
2. Physiotherapy for gross motor skills
Physiotherapy focuses on rolling, sitting, crawling, standing and walking, which may be delayed in children with 6q24-q25 deletion syndrome. The purpose is to improve muscle strength, balance, joint stability and coordination to reduce falls and contractures. The therapist uses guided exercises, stretching, positioning and sometimes splints or walkers. Mechanistically, regular movement training strengthens muscles, supports bone growth, improves posture and encourages more active participation in daily life.
3. Occupational therapy for daily living skills
Occupational therapists help children learn self-care skills such as dressing, feeding, using utensils, writing and play activities. The purpose is to maximize independence and reduce caregiver strain. The therapist adapts tasks into smaller, achievable steps and may suggest special tools (grips, adapted cutlery, seating). The mechanism is graded practice: repeated, meaningful activities improve fine motor control, planning and sensory processing so the child can function better at home and school.
4. Speech and language therapy
Speech therapy supports understanding and expression of language, which are often delayed due to hearing loss, cognitive delay or oral-motor issues. The purpose is to build communication using spoken words, signs, pictures or electronic devices. The mechanism is systematic language stimulation: the therapist models words, uses games, and trains the family to respond consistently, which gradually improves vocabulary, sentence building and social communication.
5. Hearing rehabilitation and auditory training
Because hearing loss is common in 6q24-q25 deletion syndrome, early hearing assessment, hearing aids or cochlear implants, and auditory training are crucial. The purpose is to give the brain clear sound as early as possible to support speech and learning. Mechanistically, amplification or implants increase sound input to the auditory nerve, while auditory training exercises teach the brain to recognize speech sounds and filter background noise.
6. Vision assessment and low-vision support
Some children may have eye movement problems or visual processing difficulties. Regular eye exams, glasses and low-vision aids (high-contrast materials, larger print, good lighting) help. The purpose is to optimize visual input for learning and mobility. The mechanism is straightforward: when images are clearer and easier to interpret, the brain spends less effort decoding them and can focus more on understanding, reading and coordinating movement.
7. Feeding and swallowing therapy
Feeding difficulties, reflux or poor weight gain can occur, especially in infancy. A speech or occupational therapist with feeding expertise assesses sucking, chewing and swallowing. The purpose is safe feeding and adequate nutrition. Mechanistically, changing posture, nipple flow, food texture and pacing can reduce aspiration risk and reflux. Gradual exposure to new textures and oral-motor exercises help the muscles in the mouth and throat work more efficiently.
8. Nutritional counselling
A dietitian reviews growth charts, calorie and protein intake, and micronutrient status. The purpose is to keep growth as close as possible to individualized targets, taking into account heart disease, frequent infections or low activity levels. The mechanism is tailored meal planning: adjusting energy density, meal frequency and nutrient composition ensures enough building blocks for growth, immunity and brain development without overloading the heart or gut.
9. Orthotic and postural management
Children with low or high muscle tone may benefit from ankle-foot orthoses, spinal supports, adapted chairs or standing frames. The purpose is to prevent contractures, scoliosis and pain, and support safe mobility. Mechanistically, orthoses and good seating distribute pressure evenly, keep joints in functional alignment and make it easier for muscles to work efficiently, which can extend walking time and improve participation.
10. Behavioral and psychological therapies
Some children show behavioral challenges, anxiety, attention difficulties or autistic features. Psychologists and behavioral therapists use techniques like positive reinforcement, visual schedules and coping strategies. The purpose is to reduce distress and improve daily functioning. The mechanism is behavior learning: by consistently rewarding helpful behaviors and calmly guiding alternatives to harmful behaviors, the child gradually develops more adaptive patterns and emotional regulation skills.
11. Special education and individualized learning plans
Many children need adapted curricula, smaller classes or support teachers. Individualized education programs (IEPs) set realistic goals for reading, writing, math and social skills. The purpose is to build on strengths while addressing specific learning weaknesses. Mechanistically, teaching in small steps, using multi-sensory methods and repeating key concepts help children with cognitive or language delays encode and recall information more effectively.
12. Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC)
When speech is limited, AAC tools such as picture cards, sign language, communication boards or tablets can be introduced. The purpose is to give the child a reliable way to express needs, choices and feelings. Mechanistically, AAC reduces frustration, improves social interaction and can even support verbal language by pairing symbols with spoken words, strengthening language networks in the brain.
13. Respiratory physiotherapy
If there are chest infections, weak cough or aspiration, respiratory physiotherapy can help. Techniques include chest percussion, breathing exercises and assisted coughing. The purpose is to clear mucus, improve ventilation and lower pneumonia risk. Mechanistically, these maneuvers loosen secretions and help air move more evenly through the lungs, reducing collapse of small airways and improving oxygen levels.
14. Cardiac rehabilitation and lifestyle advice
When congenital heart defects or valve problems related to the 6q24-q25 region (for example TAB2-related valve disease) are present, long-term cardiac follow-up is vital. The purpose is to balance activity with heart safety and prevent heart failure. Mechanistically, supervised exercise, fluid and salt guidance, and close monitoring of symptoms keep workload on the heart within safe limits and allow early detection of deterioration.
15. Sleep hygiene and night-time support
Sleep problems are common in many neurodevelopmental syndromes. Parents can be taught simple sleep routines, calming pre-bed rituals and bedroom adaptations. The purpose is better quality sleep for the child and family. Mechanistically, consistent bedtimes, low light, reduced screens and predictable routines help reset circadian rhythms and reduce nighttime awakenings, which in turn improves daytime behavior and learning.
16. Seizure first-aid training for caregivers
If seizures occur, families and school staff should learn seizure first-aid, when to call emergency services and how to give prescribed rescue medicines. The purpose is safety and reduced anxiety. Mechanistically, knowing exactly what to do during a seizure (protecting the head, timing the event, avoiding restraints) prevents injuries and ensures early medical help when seizures are prolonged or cluster.
17. Social work and care coordination
Social workers help families access financial support, respite care, inclusive education and community resources. The purpose is to reduce caregiver burnout and ensure continuity of care. The mechanism is system navigation: by connecting multiple services and simplifying paperwork, the social worker allows parents to focus more on their child’s well-being and less on administrative stress.
18. Genetic counselling for the family
Genetic counselling explains what the 6q24-q25 deletion means, the chance of recurrence in future pregnancies and options such as prenatal testing. The purpose is informed decision-making and emotional support. Mechanistically, clear explanations and pedigree analysis help families understand whether the deletion is de novo (new) or inherited and what testing might be offered to parents or siblings.
19. Parent training and psychosocial support
Living with a rare disorder is emotionally demanding. Parent groups, online communities and counselling provide validation and practical tips. The purpose is to protect caregiver mental health and reduce isolation. Mechanistically, sharing experiences normalizes challenges, offers coping strategies and builds a support network that can buffer stress and depression.
20. Patient advocacy and rare disease networks
Joining rare chromosome organizations or 6q-specific communities helps families stay updated on research and best practice. The purpose is empowerment and access to expert information. Mechanistically, advocacy groups collect data, lobby for services and connect families with clinicians and researchers, which can improve long-term care quality and research opportunities.
Drug Treatments
⚠️ Important: There is no single medicine that “fixes” the chromosome 6q24-q25 deletion itself. All drugs below are used to treat common complications (such as seizures, heart problems or reflux). Doses must always be individualized by a pediatrician or specialist. Never start, stop or change a prescription medicine without medical supervision.
Because of length limits, I’ll summarize groups of key drug options rather than give 20 long 100-word monographs. If you want, we can later expand any group into full, drug-by-drug profiles.
1. Antiseizure medicines – levetiracetam and similar drugs
If a child with 6q24-q25 deletion syndrome has epilepsy, medicines such as levetiracetam, valproic acid, lamotrigine or carbamazepine may be used. Their purpose is to reduce seizure frequency and severity. Mechanistically, these drugs stabilize electrical activity in brain cells by altering sodium or calcium channels or neurotransmitters like GABA and glutamate. Dosing is weight-based and carefully titrated to balance seizure control with side effects like sleepiness or mood change.
2. Rescue benzodiazepines for prolonged seizures
For long seizures or clusters, rescue medicines such as diazepam or midazolam (rectal, buccal or nasal) may be prescribed. The purpose is to stop dangerous, prolonged seizures outside hospital. Mechanistically, benzodiazepines rapidly boost GABA activity, the main calming neurotransmitter, which helps break the seizure. They can cause sleepiness and breathing depression, so caregivers receive clear instructions and emergency plans.
3. Proton pump inhibitors for reflux (e.g., omeprazole)
Babies and children with structural or neurological issues may have severe gastro-oesophageal reflux. Proton pump inhibitors reduce stomach acid production, easing pain, improving feeding and protecting the oesophagus. Mechanistically, they block the proton pumps in acid-producing stomach cells, raising pH. Long-term use needs review because of possible nutrient malabsorption, infection risk and bone effects, so doctors aim for the lowest effective dose and duration.
4. H2-receptor blockers (e.g., famotidine)
In milder reflux or when PPIs are not suitable, H2-blockers like famotidine can be used. The purpose is similar: reduce acid to relieve symptoms and protect the oesophagus. Mechanistically, these drugs block histamine-2 receptors on stomach cells, decreasing acid secretion, especially at night. Side effects are usually mild but can include headache or loose stools; dose and timing are adjusted to symptom patterns.
5. Laxatives such as polyethylene glycol for constipation
Low activity, hypotonia or certain medicines can cause chronic constipation. Osmotic laxatives like polyethylene glycol (PEG) draw water into the bowel to soften stool and make it easier to pass. The purpose is comfortable, regular bowel movements and prevention of impaction. Mechanistically, PEG is not absorbed significantly; it stays in the gut, holding water. Doses are titrated based on stool consistency and frequency, under medical guidance.
6. Antispasticity medicines – baclofen and similar agents
If a child has increased muscle tone or spasticity, oral baclofen or other antispasticity medicines may be used. The purpose is to reduce stiffness, improve comfort and allow better physiotherapy. Mechanistically, baclofen acts on GABA-B receptors in the spinal cord to reduce excessive reflex activity. Side effects can include weakness or drowsiness, so dose increases are slow and closely monitored.
7. Botulinum toxin injections for focal spasticity
In some children with focal contractures (for example, tight calf muscles), botulinum toxin injections into overactive muscles can help. The purpose is to relax specific muscles, improve joint position and reduce pain. Mechanistically, botulinum toxin temporarily blocks acetylcholine release at neuromuscular junctions, weakening the muscle for several months. Injections are usually guided by specialists and combined with physiotherapy and orthoses.
8. Inhaled bronchodilators (e.g., salbutamol)
If recurrent wheezing or airway hyper-reactivity occurs, inhaled bronchodilators may be prescribed. The purpose is fast relief of tight breathing. Mechanistically, drugs like salbutamol stimulate beta-2 receptors in airway muscles, causing them to relax and the airways to widen. Inhaler technique (with a spacer) is critical; side effects include tremor and rapid heart rate if doses are high.
9. Inhaled corticosteroids for chronic airway inflammation
When wheezing is frequent, a low-dose inhaled steroid may be added to calm long-term airway inflammation. The purpose is to reduce flare-ups and hospital visits. Mechanistically, inhaled steroids act locally on airway immune cells, reducing swelling and mucus. Rinsing the mouth afterward lowers risk of thrush; growth is monitored because long-term steroids can slightly affect height in some children.
10. Cardiac medicines – ACE inhibitors (e.g., enalapril)
If congenital heart defects or valve disease cause heart failure, ACE inhibitors like enalapril may be used. The purpose is to lower heart workload and improve symptoms such as breathlessness and poor growth. Mechanistically, ACE inhibitors relax blood vessels and reduce certain hormones, making it easier for the heart to pump. Blood pressure, kidney function and potassium are monitored to avoid side effects like low blood pressure or kidney strain.
11. Diuretics (e.g., furosemide)
In children with fluid overload due to heart disease, diuretics help remove excess salt and water via the kidneys. The purpose is to reduce leg swelling, lung fluid and breathlessness. Mechanistically, furosemide acts on kidney tubules to increase urine output. Electrolytes and kidney function are checked regularly because diuretics can cause low potassium or dehydration if not carefully balanced.
12. Paracetamol for pain and fever
Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is often the first-choice medicine for mild pain or fever. The purpose is comfort and better sleep when the child is unwell. Mechanistically, it acts on pain pathways in the brain and reduces fever set-point. Doses are weight-based and must not exceed maximum daily limits to avoid liver injury; caregivers should keep track of all medicines containing paracetamol.
13. Carefully selected NSAIDs for musculoskeletal pain
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen may be used for joint or muscle pain, but cautiously in children with kidney or heart issues. The purpose is to reduce inflammation and pain after surgery or with orthopedic problems. Mechanistically, NSAIDs block cyclo-oxygenase enzymes, lowering prostaglandin production. Side effects include stomach irritation and kidney strain, so they are used at the lowest effective dose for the shortest time.
14. Antibiotics for infections
Because some children may have recurrent ear, chest or urinary infections, antibiotics are occasionally required. The purpose is to treat bacterial infections promptly and prevent complications such as hearing loss or pneumonia. Mechanistically, antibiotics either kill bacteria or stop them multiplying. Choice of drug, dose and duration is based on infection site, local resistance patterns and kidney function; over-use is avoided to reduce resistance.
15. Thyroid hormone replacement (levothyroxine)
If thyroid function tests show hypothyroidism, levothyroxine may be prescribed. The purpose is to normalize thyroid hormone levels, which are vital for growth and brain development. Mechanistically, levothyroxine replaces the missing hormone, restoring metabolic rate and energy balance. Blood tests guide dose adjustments; too much can cause irritability and fast heart rate, while too little leaves the child tired and slow-growing.
16. Vitamin D and calcium (as medicines when severely low)
In some cases, vitamin D or calcium deficiency is severe enough to require prescription-strength doses rather than simple supplements. The purpose is to prevent rickets, fractures and muscle weakness. Mechanistically, vitamin D improves calcium absorption and bone mineralization. Blood levels are monitored to avoid toxicity; maintenance doses are usually lower after correction.
17. Growth hormone in proven deficiency
In rare situations where an endocrinologist documents true growth hormone deficiency, recombinant human growth hormone injections may be considered. The purpose is to improve linear growth and body composition. Mechanistically, growth hormone stimulates IGF-1 production, which drives bone and tissue growth. Therapy requires careful monitoring of growth charts, blood pressure, glucose and possible side effects like joint pain.
18. Anti-reflux prokinetic agents (used cautiously)
In selected cases with severe reflux and delayed stomach emptying, a specialist may consider prokinetic drugs that increase gut movement. The purpose is to help food move down faster and reduce reflux episodes. Mechanistically, these medicines act on receptors in the gut nervous system. Because of possible serious side effects, they are reserved for difficult cases and require close monitoring.
19. Sleep medicines (only when non-drug measures fail)
If behavioral sleep strategies fail and sleep problems cause major daytime impairment, a specialist may briefly use melatonin or similar medicines. The purpose is to re-set sleep timing and improve rest. Mechanistically, melatonin reinforces night-time sleep signals. Dosing and timing are individualized; long-term use is reviewed regularly due to limited data in complex neurodevelopmental conditions.
20. Psychotropic medicines for severe behavior or mood issues
In a minority of older children or adults with severe anxiety, aggression or mood disorders, child psychiatrists may consider psychotropic medicines (for example, SSRIs for anxiety or low mood, or atypical antipsychotics for severe aggression). The purpose is to reduce dangerous behaviors and improve quality of life. Mechanistically, these drugs alter brain neurotransmitter systems. Because side effects can be significant (weight gain, metabolic changes, movement problems), they are used only after non-drug strategies and with careful monitoring.
Dietary Molecular Supplements
⚠️ Supplements can interact with medicines and may not be safe for every heart, kidney or liver condition. Always discuss them with the treating team before starting.
1. Omega-3 fatty acids (fish-oil or algae-based)
Omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) are often used to support brain and eye development and may have mild anti-inflammatory effects. The purpose in 6q24-q25 deletion syndrome is to support cognitive function and possibly attention and mood. Mechanistically, omega-3s are incorporated into nerve cell membranes, where they influence signalling and fluidity. Dose is usually based on body weight and total EPA/DHA content, and must be adjusted if there are bleeding or platelet problems.
2. Vitamin D3
Vitamin D3 supports bone health, muscle function and immune regulation. In children with limited outdoor activity or feeding difficulties, deficiency is common. The purpose is to maintain normal bone mineral density and reduce fracture risk. Mechanistically, vitamin D increases intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate and modulates immune cells. Maintenance doses are usually low; higher doses for deficiency are supervised with periodic blood tests.
3. Calcium
Calcium supplements may be used if dietary intake is low or if there is increased need due to limited mobility or long-term medicines affecting bone. The purpose is to support strong bones and teeth. Mechanistically, calcium is a major component of bone mineral and also participates in muscle contraction and nerve signalling. Too much calcium can harm kidneys or cause constipation, so doses are matched to total intake from food and other supplements.
4. Iron
Iron support may be necessary in children with poor intake, frequent infections or surgeries causing blood loss. The purpose is to prevent or treat iron-deficiency anaemia, which can worsen fatigue and slow development. Mechanistically, iron is essential for haemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells. Doses are calculated by weight and anaemia severity; excess iron can cause stomach upset and, in overdose, toxicity, so storage and monitoring are important.
5. Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 is important for red blood cell production and nervous system myelin. In children with restricted diets or malabsorption, deficiency can worsen developmental delay. The purpose is to maintain normal nerve and blood health. Mechanistically, B12 is a cofactor in DNA synthesis and fatty acid metabolism. Supplement form (oral or injection) and dose depend on cause of deficiency; levels are checked periodically.
6. Folate (folic acid)
Folate works with B12 to support DNA synthesis and red blood cell production. The purpose is to prevent megaloblastic anaemia and support growth. Mechanistically, folate participates in one-carbon metabolism, which is vital for cell division. Supplementation is usually low dose unless a specific deficiency is documented. Over-supplementation can mask B12 deficiency, so doctors often test both nutrients together.
7. Zinc
Zinc supports immune function, wound healing and taste. In children with chronic illness, poor appetite or diarrhoea, zinc deficiency can appear. The purpose of supplementation is to support normal immune responses and growth. Mechanistically, zinc is a cofactor for many enzymes and transcription factors. Doses are weight-based and limited to avoid nausea and interference with copper absorption.
8. Probiotics
Probiotics are live microorganisms (usually certain lactobacilli or bifidobacteria) given to support gut health. The purpose is to reduce antibiotic-associated diarrhoea, support digestive comfort and possibly modulate immunity. Mechanistically, probiotics compete with harmful bacteria, produce beneficial substances and may influence immune cells in the gut wall. Strain-specific evidence varies, so clinicians choose products with data in children and avoid use in severely immunocompromised patients.
9. L-carnitine
L-carnitine helps transport fatty acids into mitochondria for energy production. In some children with muscle weakness or on certain antiseizure medicines, it may be considered. The purpose is to support energy metabolism and reduce fatigue. Mechanistically, carnitine shuttles long-chain fatty acids into mitochondria for beta-oxidation. Supplementation is individualized, as high doses can cause gastrointestinal upset or fishy body odour.
10. Coenzyme Q10
Coenzyme Q10 is involved in mitochondrial electron transport and acts as an antioxidant. It is sometimes used off-label in neurological or mitochondrial-like presentations. The purpose is to support cellular energy and possibly reduce oxidative stress. Mechanistically, CoQ10 transfers electrons between complexes in the respiratory chain and scavenges free radicals. Evidence is limited, so any use should be supervised and balanced against cost and pill burden.
Immune-Booster, Regenerative and Stem-Cell-Related Drugs
⚠️ No “immune booster” or stem-cell treatment is approved specifically for chromosome 6q24-q25 deletion syndrome. The options below describe general approaches that may be used in selected situations under specialist care.
1. Vaccination programs
Routine and, where appropriate, extra vaccines are among the safest and most effective immune supports. The purpose is to prevent serious infections such as pneumonia, meningitis and measles, which can be more dangerous in children with heart or lung issues. Mechanistically, vaccines train the immune system to recognize germs and respond quickly, reducing illness severity. Immunization schedules may be adapted for each child’s health status.
2. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG)
If a child has proven antibody deficiency or certain autoimmune problems, IVIG may be used. The purpose is to provide pooled antibodies from many donors to fight infections or modulate autoimmunity. Mechanistically, IVIG supplies broad antibodies that neutralize pathogens and alter immune signalling. Infusions are given in hospital at intervals; side effects include headache and infusion reactions, so monitoring is essential.
3. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF, e.g., filgrastim)
In rare cases with severe neutropenia and recurrent bacterial infections, G-CSF may be considered. The purpose is to increase neutrophil counts and lower infection risk. Mechanistically, G-CSF stimulates the bone marrow to make and release more neutrophils. Dosing and duration depend on blood counts and infection history; side effects can include bone pain and, long term, theoretical marrow risks, so use is specialist-driven.
4. Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (e.g., epoetin alfa)
If chronic anaemia is present and transfusion needs are high, erythropoiesis-stimulating agents may be discussed. The purpose is to stimulate the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells. Mechanistically, these drugs mimic natural erythropoietin, increasing red cell production. They require careful monitoring of haemoglobin, iron stores and blood pressure to avoid over-correction and thrombosis risk.
5. Recombinant growth factors for bone support
In some settings, bone-targeted medicines (such as bisphosphonates or newer anabolic agents) may be used for severe osteoporosis related to immobility or long-term steroids. The purpose is to strengthen bones and reduce fracture risk. Mechanistically, these drugs either slow bone breakdown or stimulate new bone formation. They are generally reserved for high-risk cases and given under specialist supervision with dental and kidney monitoring.
6. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in very rare indications
There is no standard indication for HSCT in 6q24-q25 deletion syndrome alone, but if a child also has a life-threatening blood or immune disorder that is transplant-treatable, HSCT may be considered. The purpose is to replace diseased bone marrow with healthy donor stem cells. Mechanistically, chemo-radiotherapy clears existing marrow, and transplanted stem cells engraft to form a new blood and immune system. HSCT carries serious risks, including infection, graft-versus-host disease and organ toxicity, so it is reserved for conditions where benefits clearly outweigh risks.
Surgeries and Procedures
1. Cardiac surgery for congenital heart defects
Some children with 6q24-q25 deletions have heart valve or structural defects, often linked to genes like TAB2. Cardiac surgery aims to repair or replace abnormal valves or close septal defects to improve circulation. Mechanistically, correcting the anatomical problem reduces heart strain, improves oxygen delivery and can greatly improve growth and exercise tolerance. Surgery timing and type depend on defect severity and child stability.
2. Ear procedures and cochlear implantation
For persistent ear fluid and infections, grommet (ventilation tube) insertion may be done to improve hearing and reduce infections. In severe sensorineural hearing loss, cochlear implantation is sometimes an option. Mechanistically, grommets equalize middle-ear pressure, while cochlear implants convert sound into electrical signals sent directly to the auditory nerve, bypassing damaged hair cells. Both procedures aim to provide clearer sound and support language development.
3. Gastrostomy tube placement (PEG or button)
When oral feeding is unsafe or insufficient despite therapy, a gastrostomy tube may be placed. The purpose is safe, reliable nutrition and hydration. Mechanistically, the surgeon creates a small channel from the abdominal wall into the stomach, allowing liquid feeds and medicines to bypass oral and swallowing problems. This can reduce aspiration risk, improve growth and relieve mealtime stress.
4. Orthopedic surgery for deformities
If joint contractures, hip dislocation or severe scoliosis develop and do not respond to conservative management, orthopedic surgery may be considered. The purpose is to improve alignment, relieve pain and make sitting, standing or walking easier. Mechanistically, surgery may lengthen tendons, stabilize joints or correct spinal curvature. Rehabilitation afterward is crucial to maintain the gains and prevent recurrence.
5. Craniofacial or palate surgery
Some children have facial differences or cleft palate that affect feeding, speech or breathing. Craniofacial and palate surgery aims to restore function and appearance. Mechanistically, repairing a cleft palate closes the gap between mouth and nose, improving speech resonance and reducing food regurgitation. Other facial procedures can correct jaw position or skull shape to relieve pressure or improve airway function.
Prevention Strategies
Because chromosome 6q24-q25 deletion syndrome is a structural genetic change, it cannot usually be “prevented” in the classic sense. However, several steps can reduce risks and complications.
Pre-conception and prenatal genetic counselling – Parents with a known 6q24-q25 deletion or a previously affected child can discuss recurrence risk and options such as prenatal diagnosis or pre-implantation genetic testing, helping them make informed reproductive decisions.
Avoiding harmful substances in pregnancy – Pregnant people should avoid alcohol, tobacco, recreational drugs and unnecessary medicines. While these do not cause the deletion, they can add extra stress to fetal development and worsen outcomes for any baby.
Early newborn screening and assessments – After birth, early checks for hearing, heart defects and feeding problems allow faster treatment, reducing long-term complications such as developmental delay from untreated hearing loss.
Routine vaccination and infection prevention – Staying up to date with vaccines and using good hand hygiene can reduce serious infections, hospital stays and regression after illness.
Early developmental therapies – Starting physiotherapy, speech and occupational therapy as soon as possible helps prevent contractures, severe communication gaps and secondary behavioral problems driven by frustration.
Regular cardiac and renal monitoring – Periodic cardiology and kidney checks in children with relevant abnormalities can detect deterioration early, allowing treatment adjustments before crises occur.
Safe feeding practices – Working closely with feeding therapists to choose textures and positions that reduce choking and aspiration risk prevents repeated pneumonias and growth failure.
Dental and oral care – Regular dental visits, good brushing and, if needed, fluoride treatments help prevent tooth decay and pain, which can worsen feeding and behavior in children with communication challenges.
Physical activity within safe limits – Encouraging appropriate physical play and physiotherapy exercises helps prevent obesity, contractures and low bone density, while respecting any cardiac or orthopedic restrictions.
Written emergency plans – Having a clear plan for seizures, severe breathing problems or sudden heart symptoms (with contact numbers and medicine instructions) helps caregivers act quickly and calmly, which can prevent serious complications.
When to See Doctors Urgently
Families should have regular planned visits with pediatricians, neurologists, cardiologists, geneticists and therapists. However, urgent medical review is needed if any of the following happen:
New or worsening breathing problems, blue lips, very fast breathing or struggling to breathe.
Seizures lasting longer than the time given in the rescue plan, or repeated seizures without full recovery between them.
Sudden feeding difficulties, choking, persistent vomiting or dehydration signs (very few wet nappies, dry mouth).
Signs of heart problems such as marked tiredness, sweating with feeds, very poor weight gain or swelling of legs or face.
High fever that does not respond to usual measures, especially in a child with heart or lung disease.
Sudden loss of skills (for example, stops walking or talking) that were previously mastered.
In any emergency, local emergency services should be contacted, and families should bring a summary of the child’s diagnoses and medicines to help the team respond quickly.
Diet: What to Eat and What to Avoid
1. Emphasize balanced, whole-food meals
Aim for regular meals that include carbohydrates (rice, bread, potatoes), proteins (eggs, fish, meat, lentils) and healthy fats (nuts, seeds, vegetable oils), plus fruits and vegetables. This balance provides energy, amino acids, vitamins and minerals essential for growth and brain function. A dietitian can help adjust portions based on the child’s size and activity.
2. Prioritize adequate protein intake
Protein is especially important for children with increased illness or surgeries, because it helps repair tissues and support immune function. Soft protein foods such as yogurt, paneer, well-cooked lentils or minced meat may be easier to chew and swallow.
3. Include colorful fruits and vegetables daily
Brightly colored fruits and vegetables provide vitamins, antioxidants and fibre. These nutrients support immunity, bowel health and overall vitality. For children with chewing or swallowing issues, vegetables can be pureed, mashed or cooked into soups and stews to make them safer and easier to eat.
4. Use healthy fats for extra calories when needed
For children with poor appetite or increased energy needs, healthy fats such as olive, canola or mustard oil and nut pastes can gently increase calorie content without large volume. These fats also aid absorption of fat-soluble vitamins like A, D and E.
5. Keep hydration steady throughout the day
Adequate fluids are vital to prevent constipation, support kidney function and maintain circulation, especially in hot climates or during illness. Depending on swallowing safety, fluids might need to be thickened. Water, oral rehydration solutions and milk are usually preferred over sugary drinks.
6. Limit very salty foods if there is heart or kidney disease
Children with heart problems or certain kidney issues may need to avoid highly salted snacks (chips, pickles, instant noodles). Too much salt increases fluid retention and blood pressure, adding strain to the heart. A cardiologist or nephrologist can give exact limits for each child.
7. Avoid or strictly limit sugary drinks and junk foods
Sugary drinks, sweets and heavily processed snacks provide calories but few nutrients, promoting weight gain, dental decay and unstable energy. Replacing them with fruits, nuts and homemade snacks supports more stable blood sugar and better overall nutrition.
8. Be cautious with hard, sticky or crumbly textures
Children with chewing or swallowing difficulties may choke on nuts, raw carrot sticks, popcorn, hard biscuits or chewy sweets. Food texture should be adapted according to the swallowing assessment, using mashed, minced or soft foods when needed.
9. Avoid unregulated “miracle” diets and supplements
Diets that promise to cure genetic conditions or unregulated herbal mixtures can be expensive, nutritionally unbalanced and sometimes harmful to the liver or kidneys. Because 6q24-q25 deletion syndrome is genetic, no diet can reverse the chromosome change, though good nutrition supports overall health.
10. Work with a dietitian for individualized plans
Every child with 6q24-q25 deletion is different. A dietitian experienced in complex disabilities can design meal plans for underweight, overweight, tube-fed or picky eaters, ensuring that all macro- and micro-nutrient needs are met in a realistic, family-friendly way.
Frequently Asked Questions
1. Is chromosome 6q24-q25 deletion syndrome curable?
No. The deletion means that part of chromosome 6 is missing in almost all body cells, and current medicine cannot replace that DNA. However, many complications (such as hearing loss, heart defects, seizures or feeding problems) can be treated or improved, so early, coordinated care still makes a big difference to quality of life.
2. How did this happen if no one else in the family is affected?
In many families, the deletion occurs “de novo,” meaning it appears for the first time in the child and is not inherited from either parent. This is usually due to a random error when sperm or egg cells formed. Parents often feel guilty, but nothing they did or did not do caused the deletion.
3. Can it be inherited in future pregnancies?
Sometimes the deletion is present in one parent in a balanced or mosaic form, or as the same deletion. Genetic testing of parents is recommended. If a parent carries the change, recurrence risks can be higher; if not, recurrence risk is usually low but not zero. Genetic counsellors explain test results and options.
4. What are the most common symptoms?
Common features include developmental delay, learning difficulties, distinctive facial appearance, possible growth problems, hearing loss and, in some cases, heart defects or skeletal anomalies. Not every child has all these features, and severity ranges from mild to significant.
5. Will my child walk and talk?
Many children with this deletion do learn to walk and use words, though later than peers; some may need walking aids or alternative communication systems. Early physiotherapy, speech therapy and supportive equipment greatly improve chances for these skills. Each child’s path is unique, so regular developmental reviews are important.
6. Does this condition affect life expectancy?
Life expectancy depends mainly on the severity of associated problems such as major heart defects, severe epilepsy, serious infections or feeding difficulties. With good medical and supportive care, many children can live into adulthood, but long-term outcome data are still limited because the syndrome is rare.
7. Can my child attend regular school?
Some children, especially those with milder cognitive effects and good hearing support, may attend mainstream school with accommodations. Others do better in special education settings with smaller classes and therapy support. The best choice is based on the child’s specific strengths, challenges and local resources.
8. Is hearing loss guaranteed in this syndrome?
No, but hearing loss is common enough that regular hearing tests are recommended, especially in the first years of life. Early detection allows timely fitting of hearing aids or implants, which strongly supports speech and language development.
9. Are behavior problems part of the syndrome?
Some children show attention difficulties, autistic features, anxiety or challenging behaviors, often related to communication difficulties, sensory issues or frustration. Behavioral therapies, communication support and, in some cases, medicines can help. Not every child will have major behavioral challenges.
10. What follow-up specialists are usually needed?
Most children need a pediatrician, clinical geneticist, audiologist, cardiologist (if heart issues), neurologist (if seizures), ophthalmologist, and various therapists (physio, occupational, speech). The exact team changes over time as the child grows.
11. Can adults with this deletion live independently?
Some individuals with milder forms may achieve partial or full independence with support, while others require lifelong assistance. Outcomes depend on cognitive level, mobility, communication, medical complications and the social support system around them.
12. Is there ongoing research or clinical trials?
Because chromosome 6q24-q25 deletion syndrome is rare, research mainly focuses on better understanding gene–symptom relationships and describing larger groups of patients. Families can watch rare disease networks, chromosome 6 projects and registries for updates and possible study invitations.
13. Does diet alone make a big difference?
Diet cannot repair the missing chromosome segment, but good nutrition supports growth, immune function, wound healing and energy, helping the child handle surgeries, illnesses and therapies better. Malnutrition, on the other hand, clearly worsens outcomes, so diet is an important supportive pillar.
14. Are “stem cell cures” available abroad?
Currently, there are no scientifically proven stem-cell cures for chromosome 6q24-q25 deletion syndrome. Commercial clinics that advertise cures for many conditions often operate without strong evidence and may pose serious risks. Families should be very cautious and discuss any proposed treatment with trusted specialists.
15. What is the single most important thing parents can do?
Perhaps the most powerful step is building a strong, coordinated care team and starting early interventions. Regular follow-up, hearing and heart checks, supportive therapies, loving family relationships and connection with other families facing similar challenges together create the best possible environment for the child’s development and happiness.
Disclaimer: Each person’s journey is unique, treatment plan, life style, food habit, hormonal condition, immune system, chronic disease condition, geological location, weather and previous medical history is also unique. So always seek the best advice from a qualified medical professional or health care provider before trying any treatments to ensure to find out the best plan for you. This guide is for general information and educational purposes only. Regular check-ups and awareness can help to manage and prevent complications associated with these diseases conditions. If you or someone are suffering from this disease condition bookmark this website or share with someone who might find it useful! Boost your knowledge and stay ahead in your health journey. We always try to ensure that the content is regularly updated to reflect the latest medical research and treatment options. Thank you for giving your valuable time to read the article.
The article is written by Team RxHarun and reviewed by the Rx Editorial Board Members
Last Updated: January 21, 2026.
