A conjunctival inclusion cyst is a benign, fluid‑filled sac that forms on the surface of the eye, specifically within the conjunctiva, the thin clear membrane ...
Dr. Mona Adeli MD - Ophthalmologist
Mucinous tubular and spindle cell carcinoma (MTSCC) of the kidney is a rare subtype of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), accounting for less than 1% of all kidney ...
Thymic spindle cell carcinoma is a rare type of cancer that starts in the thymus, a small organ located in the front part of the chest behind the breastbone. ...
Esophageal carcinosarcoma, also known as spindle cell carcinoma of the esophagus, is a rare form of esophageal cancer characterized by a mixture of malignant ...
Pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma (PSC) is a rare and highly aggressive subtype of non‑small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) characterized by poorly differentiated ...
Metaplastic Spindle Cell Carcinoma of the breast is a rare and aggressive subtype of metaplastic breast carcinoma characterized by a predominant proliferation ...
Cutaneous Spindle Cell Carcinoma is a rare and aggressive form of skin cancer characterized by long, slender (spindle‑shaped) malignant cells that resemble ...
Spindle squamous cell carcinoma (SpSCC) is a rare and aggressive variant of conventional squamous cell carcinoma characterized by the presence of elongated, ...
Spindle cell carcinoma is a rare and aggressive form of cancer characterized by the predominance of long, narrow (spindle‑shaped) malignant cells. Unlike ...
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) is a malignant tumor that predominantly arises in the salivary glands—most often the parotid gland—and is characterized by a ...
Conjunctival invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a malignant tumor arising from the squamous epithelial cells of the conjunctiva, the clear membrane ...
Conjunctival Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) is a precancerous condition of the eye in which abnormal squamous epithelial cells proliferate on the surface of ...
Actinic keratosis of the conjunctiva is a premalignant change in the conjunctival epithelium caused by chronic ultraviolet (UV) exposure. On the ocular ...
Conjunctival keratotic plaques—commonly known as Bitot’s spots—are superficial accumulations of keratinized epithelial cells on the bulbar conjunctiva that ...
Epithelial inclusion cysts are benign (non‑cancerous) sacs that develop when surface cells become trapped beneath the skin or mucosal surface. Over time, these ...
Conjunctival dacryoadenoma is an extremely rare benign tumor characterized by a localized proliferation of lacrimal gland–type cells within the conjunctival ...
Conjunctival Hereditary Benign Intraepithelial Dyskeratosis (HBID) is a rare, autosomal‑dominant disorder characterized by elevated, gelatinous plaques on the ...
Keratoacanthoma (KA) is a rapidly growing, dome‑shaped skin lesion arising from the hair follicle’s outer root sheath. Often appearing as a flesh‑colored to ...
Conjunctival pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia (PEH) is a benign, reactive overgrowth of the conjunctival squamous epithelium that can closely mimic squamous ...
Papilloma of the caruncle is a benign tumor that arises from the epithelial cells of the lacrimal caruncle, the small pink bump at the inner corner of the eye. ...
Conjunctival papilloma is a non‑cancerous growth on the conjunctiva, the thin clear layer covering the white part of the eye and lining the inside of the ...
Conjunctival epithelium neoplasms are abnormal growths originating from the surface layer of the eye’s conjunctiva, the transparent membrane covering the white ...
Conjunctival concretions are small, benign deposits comprised mainly of degenerated epithelial cells and proteinaceous material that form beneath the palpebral ...
Conjunctival biopsy is a minor surgical procedure in which a small strip of the conjunctiva—the thin, transparent membrane covering the white part of the ...
Congenital third nerve palsy, also known as congenital oculomotor nerve palsy, is a rare condition present at birth in which the third cranial nerve ...
Congenital stromal corneal dystrophy (CSCD) is a rare, inherited eye disorder marked by bilateral, diffuse clouding of the corneal stroma that is present at or ...
Congenital Stationary Night Blindness (CSNB) is a group of inherited retinal disorders characterized by non‑progressive difficulty seeing in low light ...
Congenital Simple Hamartoma of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium (CSHRPE) is a rare, benign ocular lesion characterized by a focal, nodular proliferation of ...
Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) is a condition that occurs when a developing fetus is infected with the rubella virus (also known as German measles) through ...
Congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMS) are a group of rare, inherited disorders of the neuromuscular junction, where communication between nerve endings and ...
Congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (CHRPE) is a benign, congenital overgrowth (hamartoma) of the retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) layer ...
Congenital Hereditary Endothelial Dystrophy (CHED) is a rare genetic disorder of the corneal endothelium that manifests as bilateral corneal clouding from ...
Congenital Fibrosis of the Extraocular Muscles (CFEOM) is a rare, inherited group of eye-movement disorders present from birth. In healthy development, cranial ...
Congenital ectropion uveae (CEU) is a rare, non‑progressive developmental eye anomaly where the pigmented layer of the iris (the back surface) is ...
Congenital cystic eye (CCE) is an extremely rare birth defect in which the normal structures of the eye fail to form, and instead a fluid‐filled cyst occupies ...
Congenital Cranial Dysinnervation Disorders (CCDDs) are a group of rare conditions present at birth in which one or more of the cranial nerves that control ...
Epiblepharon is an eyelid condition characterized by an extra horizontal fold of skin and pretarsal orbicularis muscle that rides over the eyelid margin, ...
Conductive keratoplasty (CK) is a minimally invasive refractive procedure that uses controlled radiofrequency energy to reshape the cornea and correct mild to ...
Digital Eye Strain (DES), also known as Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS), is a clinical syndrome characterized by a collection of visual disturbances and ocular ...
Compressive visual field defects are abnormalities in the patient’s peripheral or central vision caused by pressure (mass effect) on the visual ...
Commotio retinae, also known as Berlin’s edema when involving the macula, is a form of traumatic retinopathy that arises following blunt injury to the eye. In ...
Deuteranopia, often called green–blindness, is a form of red–green color vision deficiency in which the medium‑wavelength (green) cone photoreceptors in the ...
Protanopia is a form of color vision deficiency in which the long-wavelength sensitive cones (often called “red” cones) are either absent or nonfunctional. ...
Normal trichromatic vision is the typical human ability to perceive and distinguish a wide range of colors using three types of cone photoreceptor cells in the ...
Combined hamartoma of the retina and retinal pigment epithelium (often abbreviated CHR-RPE or simply CHRRPE) is a rare, benign, congenital ocular tumor. It ...
Color vision is the ability of the visual system to distinguish light of different wavelengths and to interpret those differences as distinct colors. In the ...
Coloboma is a congenital eye condition in which normal eye structures do not form completely during early development. The term “coloboma” comes from the Greek ...
Cogan syndrome (often written “Cogan’s syndrome”) is a rare autoimmune disease in which the body’s own defense system mistakenly attacks tissues of the inner ...
Valley Fever—known to doctors as coccidioidomycosis—is an infection you catch by breathing in microscopic fungal spores that float up from dry, dusty soil in ...
Coccidioidomycosis—often called Valley Fever—is a fungal infection caused by breathing in microscopic spores of Coccidioides fungi that live in certain desert ...
Cobalamin C (often written cblC) deficiency is the single most common inherited error in the way our cells handle vitamin B₁₂. It sits at the crossroads of two ...
Coats disease is an uncommon, non‑hereditary eye disorder in which the tiny blood vessels (capillaries) inside the retina become abnormally dilated, twisted, ...
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis is a severe viral infection of the retina – the light‑sensing tissue at the back of the eye. CMV belongs to the herpes‑virus ...
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) endotheliitis is a sight‑threatening eye infection in which human CMV invades the corneal endothelium—the single‑cell‑thick layer that ...
Clear Lens Extraction (CLE) — sometimes called refractive lens exchange, refractive lensectomy or custom lens replacement — is a surgical technique in which ...
Cicatricial ectropion means the eyelid—usually the lower lid—turns outward because scar tissue (a “cicatrix”) shortens or contracts the skin, pulling the lid ...
“Cicatricial” is another word for “caused by a scar.” “Conjunctivitis” means inflammation of the conjunctiva―the thin, clear membrane that covers the white of ...
Chronic Relapsing Inflammatory Optic Neuritis—usually shortened to CRION—is a rare, immune‑mediated disease in which the optic nerve keeps becoming inflamed, ...
Chronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia is a slow‑moving muscle disease in which the tiny muscles that lift your eyelids and move your eyes lose power ...
Chromatopsia is an acquired disturbance of colour vision in which everything in the visual field looks as though it has been dipped in one dominant tint, while ...
Choroideremia (pronounced kuh‑ROY‑der‑EE‑mee‑ah) is a rare, inherited eye disease that slowly robs people—mostly males—of their sight. It starts with ...
Choroidal macroaneurysms (CMAs) are balloon‑like bulges that form in the arteries of the choroid, the dense, blood‑rich layer that sits just behind the retina. ...
A choroidal macrovessel (CM) is an unusually large, tortuous blood vessel inside the choroid, the vascular layer that lies between the retina and the sclera. ...
Choroidal Posterior Vortex Veins Disorder describes a group of anatomical variations and malfunctions in the vortex‑vein drainage system of the choroid, ...
Choroidal vascular anomalies are a group of eye problems in which the network of blood vessels inside the choroid—the richly‑supplied, brick‑red layer that ...
A choroidal rupture is a tear that runs through three delicate, layered tissues at the back of the eye: the choroid (the blood‑rich layer that feeds the ...
A choroidal osteoma is an unusual, non‑cancerous growth made of true, mature bone that forms inside the choroid—the vascular, brown‑red layer lying between the ...
Choroidal neovascularization means that brand-new, fragile blood vessels grow out of the layer under the retina called the choroid. When the original trigger ...
Choroidal metastases are cancer cells that have travelled through the bloodstream from another part of the body and seeded in the choroid—the spongy, ...
Choroidal folds are alternating grooves and ridges that form in the innermost coats of the back of the eye—the choroid, Bruch’s membrane, and retinal pigment ...
Choroidal melanoma grows from pigment‑making (melanocyte) cells in the choroid—the carpet‑like sheet of blood vessels that feeds the retina at the back of the ...
Chorioretinitis sclopetaria is a rare, trauma‑driven eye disease in which a shock wave from a high‑velocity object that passes close to the globe—but does not ...
Chiasmitis—also called chiasmal optic neuritis or optic‑chiasm inflammation—is a rare, sight‑threatening disorder in which the immune system, an infectious ...
Cherubism is a rare genetic bone condition that causes the lower face—especially the jaws and cheeks—to look round, full, and “angelic,” like the cherubs in ...
A cherry‑red spot is a distinctive, bright‑red circle seen in the very center of the retina (the fovea) when an eye‑care professional looks inside your eye ...
An eyelid chemical peel (sometimes called a periorbital chemical peel or chemexfoliation of the lids) is a controlled application of a caustic solution—most ...
A chemical injury of the conjunctiva—also called an ocular chemical burn—happens when a liquid, powder, or gas that is strongly alkaline (high‑pH) or acidic ...
Cheiro‑Oral Syndrome is a very specific kind of sensory stroke. In COS a tiny lesion—most often an ischemic “lacunar” infarct or a small bleed—damages the ...
Charles Bonnet Syndrome is a “phantom‑vision” condition in which a person who has already lost part of their sight suddenly starts seeing things that are not ...
CHARGE syndrome is a rare, life‑long birth condition that affects many different organs at once. The word “CHARGE” began as an easy memory aid for ...
Chalcosis (often called chalcosis bulbi) is a slow‑moving eye disorder that happens when a small piece of copper or a copper‑based alloy is left inside the ...
A chalazion (pronounced kuh‑LAY‑zee‑on) is a small, localized swelling inside the upper or lower eyelid that forms when thickened oil can’t escape from a ...
Cerulean cataract—sometimes called “blue-dot cataract” because of the tiny sky-blue speckles it scatters through the lens—is a rare, usually inherited form of ...
Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis, usually shortened to CTX, is a very rare, inherited (autosomal‑recessive) metabolic disease in which the body cannot finish one ...
Cerebro‑oculo‑facial‑skeletal syndrome—often shortened to COFS syndrome—is a very rare, inherited, degenerative disorder that damages the brain, eyes, face, ...
Cerebral Visual Impairment (CVI)—sometimes called cortical visual impairment—is a brain‑based sight problem. The eyes themselves may be healthy, but the parts ...
Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis is a rare type of stroke in which a blood clot forms inside the large collecting veins (dural venous sinuses and cortical ...
Cerebral venous and dural sinus thrombosis—often shortened to CVST or “dural‑sinus clot”—is a rare, potentially life‑threatening kind of stroke that happens ...
“Diplopia” simply means double vision—seeing two separate copies of one real object. Most people automatically think about eye‑muscle problems when they hear ...
Cerebral polyopia—sometimes called cerebral diplopia—is a rare neurological vision disorder in which the brain, not the eyes, creates two or many “ghost” ...
Central Toxic Keratopathy (CTK) is a rare, self‑limiting condition in which the very center of the cornea turns cloudy, thins, and flattens after refractive or ...
