List of Muscle Attachment of Arms and Forearms

Last updated: February 7, 2026Reviewed date: February 7, 2026Reading time: 11 min read

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List of Muscle Attachment of Arms and Forearms/shoulder a girdle or pectoral girdle is the set of bones in the appendicular skeleton which connects to the arm on each side. In humans it consists of the clavicle and scapula; in those species with three bones in the shoulder, it consists of the clavicle, scapula, and coracoid. Some mammalian species (such as the dog and the horse) have only the scapula. The pectoral girdles are to the upper limbs as the pelvic girdle is to the lower limbs;...

Key Takeaways

This article explains Joints Of Shoulder Girdle in simple medical language.
This article explains Muscle attachment of Shoulder joint in simple medical language.
This article explains Surgical Considerations in simple medical language.

Educational health guideWritten for patient understanding and clinical awareness.

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List of Muscle Attachment of Arms and Forearms/shoulder a girdle or pectoral girdle is the set of bones in the appendicular skeleton which connects to the arm on each side. In humans it consists of the clavicle and scapula; in those species with three bones in the shoulder, it consists of the clavicle, scapula, and coracoid. Some mammalian species (such as the dog and the horse) have only the scapula.

The pectoral girdles are to the upper limbs as the pelvic girdle is to the lower limbs; the girdles are the parts of the appendicular skeleton that anchor the appendages to the axial skeleton.

List of Muscle Attachment of Arms and Forearms

Joints Of Shoulder Girdle

Acromioclavicular joint

The acromioclavicular joint is the articulation between the acromion process of the scapula and the lateral end of the clavicle. It is a plane type of synovial joint. The acromion of the scapula rotates on the acromial end of the clavicle.

Sternoclavicular joint

The sternoclavicular joint is the articulation of the manubrium of the sternum and the first costal cartilage with the medial end of the clavicle. It is a saddle type of synovial joint but functions as a plane joint. The sternoclavicular joint accommodates a wide range of scapula movements and can be raised to a 60° angle.

Scapulocostal joint

The scapulocostal joint (also known as the scapulothoracic joint) is a physiological joint formed by an articulation of the anterior scapula and the posterior thoracic rib cage. It is musculotendinous in nature and is formed predominantly by the trapezius, rhomboids and serratus anterior muscles.

Suprahumeral joint

The superhumeral joint (also known as the subacromial joint) is a physiological joint formed by an articulation of the coracoacromial ligament and the head of the humerus. It is formed by the gap between the humerus and the acromion process of the scapula. This space is filled mostly by the subacromial bursa and the tendon of the supraspinatus. This joint plays a role during complex movements while the arm is fully flexed at the glenohumeral joint, such as changing a lightbulb or painting a ceiling.

Muscle attachment of Shoulder joint

Anterior Axioappendicular Muscles (Thoracoappendicular Muscles)[rx]

Pectoralis major

Function: flexion, adduction, medial rotation of the humerus.
Origin: clavicular head: medial clavicle anteriorly, sternocostal head: anterior sternum and costal cartilages of ribs 1 to 6 as well as external oblique aponeurosis
Insertion: the lateral edge of an intertrabecular groove of the humerus
Innervation: medial pectoral nerve (C8, T1) lateral pectoral nerve (C5, C6, C7) of brachial plexus

Pectoralis minor

Function: Depression of the shoulder, protraction of the scapula
Origin: Third, fourth, fifth ribs close to their respective costal cartilages
Insertion: Coracoid process
Innervation: Medial pectoral nerve (C8, T1)

Subclavius

Function: Depression and stabilization of the clavicle
Origin: First rib medially
Insertion: Middle of the clavicle, inferiorly
Innervation: Nerve to subclavius (C5, C6)

Serratus anterior

Function: Protraction of scapula, rotation of the scapula
Origin: Lateral first to the eighth rib
Insertion: anterior scapula, medially
Innervation: long thoracic nerve (C5, C6, C7)

Posterior Axioappendicular Muscles

Superficial layer

Latissimus dorsi

Function: Adduction, medial rotation, extension of humerus
Origin: Spinous processes of seventh to 12th thoracic vertebrae, iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia, and inferior third and fourth rib
Insertion: Intertubercular groove of humerus
Innervation: Thoracodorsal nerve (C5,C6,C7)

Trapezius

Function: Elevation, depression, and retraction of the scapula, rotation of glenoid cavity
Origin: Superior nuchal line, nuchal ligament, occipital protuberance, spinous processes of C7- T12
Insertion: Spine of scapula, acromion, and lateral clavicle
Innervation: CN XI

Deep Layer

Levator scapulae

Function: Adduction, medial rotation, an extension of humerus
Origin: Transverse processes of C1 through C4 vertebrae
Insertion: Scapula at its medial border
Innervation: Thoracodorsal nerve (C5, C6, C7)

Rhomboid major

Function: Retraction of scapula and depression of glenoid cavity
Origin: Spinous processes of T2 through T5 vertebrae
Insertion: Inferior aspect of medial scapula
Innervation: Dorsal scapular nerve (C4, C5)

Rhomboid minor

Function: Retraction of scapula and depression of glenoid cavity
Origin: Nuchal ligament as well as spines of C7 and T1 vertebrae
Insertion: Superior aspect of medial scapula
Innervation: Dorsal scapular nerve (C4, C5)

Scapulohumeral (Intrinsic Shoulder Muscles)

Deltoid

Function: Anterior part: flexion and medial rotation of the arm, middle part: the abduction of arm, posterior part: extension and lateral rotation of the arm
Origin: Lateral clavicle, acromion and scapular spine
Insertion: Deltoid tuberosity
Innervation: Axillary nerve (C5, C6)

Teres major

Function: Adduction and medial rotation of the arm
Origin: Posterior surface of scapula at its inferior angle
Insertion: Intertubercular groove on its medial aspect
Innervation: Lower scapular nerve (C5, C6)

Supraspinatus

Function: Initiation of arm abduction
Origin: Posterior scapula, superior to the scapular spine
Insertion: Superior aspect of the greater tubercle
Innervation: Suprascapular nerve (C5, C6)
Part of rotator cuff muscles

Infraspinatus

Function: Lateral rotation of arm
Origin: Posterior scapula, inferior to the scapular spine
Insertion: Greater tubercle of the humerus, between the supraspinatus and teres minor insertion
Innervation: Suprascapular nerve (C5, C6)
Part of rotator cuff muscles

Teres minor

Function: Lateral rotation of the arm
Origin: Posterior surface of scapula at its inferior angle
Insertion: Inferior aspect of the greater tubercle
Innervation: Axillary nerve (C5, C6)
Part of rotator cuff muscles

Subscapularis

Function: Adduction and medial rotation of the arm
Origin: Anterior aspect of scapula
Insertion: Lesser tubercle of humerus
Innervation: Subscapular nerves (C5, C6, C7)
Part of rotator cuff muscles

*Rotator cuff muscles: supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis

Muscles of Anterior Compartment of Arm (Flexors of Arm)

Biceps brachii

Function: Major flexion of forearm, supination of the forearm, resists dislocation of the shoulder
Origin: Short head originates from the coracoid process. The long head is from the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula
Insertion: Radial tuberosity and forearm fascia (as bicipital aponeurosis)
Innervation: Musculocutaneous nerve (C5, C6)

Brachialis

Function: Flexion of forearm
Origin: Distal anterior humerus
Insertion: Coronoid process and ulnar tuberosity
Innervation: musculocutaneous nerve (C5, C6, C7 small contribution)

Coracobrachialis

Function: Flexion and adduction of the arm
Origin: Coracoid process
Insertion: Middle of the humerus, on its medial aspect
Innervation: Musculocutaneous nerve (C5, C6, C7)

Muscles of Posterior Compartment of Arm (Extensors of Arm)

Triceps brachii

Function: Major extensor of the forearm, resists dislocation of the shoulder
Origin: Lateral head: above the radial groove, medial head: below the radial groove, long head: infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula
Insertion: Olecranon process of ulna and forearm fascia
Innervation: Radial nerve (C6,C7,C8)

Anconeus

Function: Extension of the forearm, stabilization of elbow joint
Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus
Insertion: Olecranon process and posterior ulna
Innervation: Radial nerve (C7, C8, T1)

Muscles of Anterior Compartment of Forearm (Flexors of Forearm)

Superficial layer

Pronator teres

Function: Pronation of radio-ulnar joint
Origin: Coronoid process and medial epicondyle of humerus
Insertion: Lateral surface of the radius
Innervation: Median nerve (C6, C7)

Flexor carpi radialis

Function: Flexion and adduction at the wrist
Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus
Insertion: Base of second metacarpal
Innervation: Median nerve (C6, C7)

Palmaris longus

Function: Flexion at the wrist, tensing of the palmar aponeurosis
Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus
Insertion: Flexor retinaculum
Innervation: Median nerve (C7, C8)

Flexor carpi ulnaris

Function: Flexion and adduction at the wrist
Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus and olecranon
Insertion: Pisiform, hook of hamate and fifth metacarpal
Innervation: Median nerve (C7, C8)

Intermediate Layer

Flexor digitorum superficialis

Function: Flexion of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the second, third, fourth, and fifth finger. Also has a weaker flexion action on the metacarpophalangeal joints of the same fingers
Origin: Medial epicondyle, coronoid process, and anterior radius
Insertion: Second, third, fourth, and fifth middle phalanges
Innervation: Median nerve (C7, C8, T1)

Deep Layer

Flexor digitorum profundus

Function: Flexion of the distal interphalangeal joint of the second, third, fourth, and fifth finger
Origin: Medial and the anterior surface of the proximal ulna and interosseous membrane
Insertion: Second, third, fourth, and fifth distal phalanges
Innervation: Ulnar nerve (C8, T1) for the medial part, anterior interosseous nerve (C8,T1) for the lateral

Flexor pollicis longus

Function: Flexion of the interphalangeal joint of the thumb
Origin: Anterior aspect of radius as well as interosseous membrane
Insertion: Base of distal phalanx of thumb
Innervation: Anterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8)

Pronator quadratus

Function: Pronator of the forearm
Origin: Anterior aspect of distal ulna
Insertion: Anterior aspect of the distal radius
Innervation: Anterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8)

Brachioradialis

Function: Weak flexor of the forearm
Origin: Proximal supracondylar ridge on the humerus
Insertion: Lateral surface of the distal end of radius
Innervation: Radial nerve (C5, C6, C7)

Muscles of Posterior Compartment of Forearm

Superficial

Extensor carpi radialis longus

Function: Extension and abduction of the wrist
Origin: Proximal supracondylar ridge on the humerus
Insertion: Dorsal base of the second metacarpal
Innervation: Radial nerve (C6, C7)

Extensor carpi radialis brevis

Function: Extension and abduction of the wrist
Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus
Insertion: Dorsal base of the third metacarpal
Innervation: Deep branch of the radial nerve (C7, C8)

Extensor digitorum

Function: Extension of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the second, third, fourth, and fifth fingers. Also has a weaker extension action on the metacarpophalangeal joints of the same fingers
Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus
Insertion: Extensor expansions on the dorsal aspect of second, third, fourth, and fifth middle and distal phalanges
Innervation: Posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8)

Extensor digit minimi

Function: Extension of the little finger at the metacarpophalangeal joint and interphalangeal joint
Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus
Insertion: Extensor expansion on the dorsal aspect of fifth phalanx
Innervation: Posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8)

Extensor carpi ulnaris

Function: Extension and adduction of the wrist
Origin: Lateral epicondyle of the humerus and posterior ulna
Insertion: Fifth metacarpal base
Innervation: Posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8)

Deep Layer

Extensor indices

Function: Extension of the index finger
Origin: Dorsal surface of distal ulna and interosseous membrane
Insertion: Extensor expansion of second finger
Innervation: Posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8)

Supinator

Function: Supination of the forearm
Origin: Lateral epicondyle and supinator crest of ulna
Insertion: Lateral surface of radius
Innervation: Deep branch of radial nerve (C7, C8)

Abductor policies longus

Function: Abduction of the thumb by acting on the carpometacarpal joint and the metacarpophalangeal joint
Origin: Dorsal aspects of the proximal radius, ulna, and interosseous membrane
Insertion: Base of the first metacarpal
Innervation: Posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8)

Extensor pollicus longus

Function: Extension of the thumb by acting on the carpometacarpal joint, the metacarpophalangeal joint, and the interphalangeal joint.
Origin: Dorsal aspects of the middle ulna and interosseous membrane
Insertion: Distal phalanx of 1st finger
Innervation: Posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8)

Extensor pollicus brevis

Function: Extension of the thumb by acting on the carpometacarpal joint and the metacarpophalangeal joint
Origin: Dorsal aspects of middle radius and interosseous membrane
Insertion: Distal phalanx of 1st finger
innervation: Posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8)

Intrinsic Muscles of Hand

Thenar muscles

Opponents policies

Function: Opposition of the thumb
Origin: Flexor retinaculum and tubercle of trapezium
Insertion: Lateral aspect of first metacarpal
Innervation: Recurrent branch of median nerve (C8, T1)

Abductor policies Brevis

Function: Abduction of the thumb at the metacarpophalangeal joint
Origin: Flexor retinaculum and tubercle of scaphoid
Insertion: Lateral aspect of proximal phalanx of first finger
Innervation: Recurrent branch of median nerve (C8, T1)

Flexor pollicus brevis

Function: Flexion of the thumb at the metacarpophalangeal joint
Origin: Flexor retinaculum and tubercle of trapezium
Insertion: Lateral aspect of proximal phalanx of first finger
Innervation: Recurrent branch of median nerve (C8, T1)

Adductor Compartment

Adductor pollicus

Function: Adduction of the thumb
Origin: Second, third metacarpal, and capitate
Insertion: Proximal phalanx and extensor expansion of 1st finger
Innervation: Deep branch of ulnar nerve (C8, T1)

Hypothenar Muscles

Abductor digiti minimi

Function: Abduction of the little finger at the metacarpophalangeal joint
Origin: Pisiform
Insertion: Medial aspect of proximal phalanx of fifth finger
Innervation: Deep branch of ulnar nerve (C8, T1)

Flexor digiti minimi brevis

Function: Flexion of the little finger at the metacarpophalangeal joint
Origin: Flexor retinaculum and hook of hamate
Insertion: Medial aspect of proximal phalanx of fifth finger
Innervation: Deep branch of ulnar nerve (C8, T1)

Opponens digiti minimi

Function: Opposition of the little finger
Origin: Flexor retinaculum and hook of hamate
Insertion: Medial aspect of fifth metacarpal
Innervation: Deep branch of ulnar nerve (C8, T1)

Short Muscles

Lubricants

Function: Flexion of the metacarpophalangeal joints with extension of the interphalangeal joints
Origin: Arise from tendons of flexor digitorum profundus. First 2 are unipennate, and the third and fourth are bipennate
Insertion: Extensor expansions of second, third, fourth, and fifth finger
Innervation: Median nerve (C8, T1) for the lateral 2 lumbricals, deep branch of ulnar nerve (C8, T1) for the medial 2 lumbricals

Dorsal interossei

Function: Abduction of the second, third, and fourth finger away from the axial line
Origin: Adjacent metacarpals
Insertion: Extensor expansions and proximal phalanges of the second, third, and fourth fingers
Innervation: Deep branch of ulnar nerve (C8, T1)

Palmar interossei

Function: Adduction of the second, third, and fourth finger towards the axial line
Origin: Palmar surfaces of second, fourth, and fifth metacarpals
Insertion: Extensor expansions and proximal phalanges of the second, fourth, and fifth fingers
Innervation: Deep branch of ulnar nerve (C8, T1)

Surgical Considerations

The deltoid is a significant factor when considering the anterior surgical approach to gain access to the shoulder joint. Some of these technical procedures include, but are not limited to the following:

Open Bankart repair/capsular reconstructions – indicated in the setting of recurrent anterior (or other directional) instability of the shoulder
Shoulder arthroplasty – indicated for cases of post-traumatic deformity, advanced degenerative pain, swelling, stiffness, or reduced movement. সহজ বাংলা: জয়েন্টের প্রদাহ।" data-rx-term="arthritis" data-rx-definition="Arthritis means joint inflammation causing pain, swelling, stiffness, or reduced movement. সহজ বাংলা: জয়েন্টের প্রদাহ।">arthritis, and/or avascular necrosis includes hemiarthroplasty, total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA), reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA)
The long head of the biceps tendon (LHBT) – repair versus tenotomy versus tenodesis procedures indicated in the setting of either LHBT/bicipital groove instability or advanced/end-stage LHBT tendinopathy and degeneration[rx][rx]
Rotator cuff repair contemporary – indications remain somewhat controversial although most of these procedures are now being performed arthroscopically popular approaches (as opposed to the deltopectoral approach) include the mini-open approach (lateral deltoid-splitting approach)

References

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Article Summary

Key Takeaways

Seek urgent medical care if you notice

Emergency now

See a doctor

Learn safely

Joints Of Shoulder Girdle

Acromioclavicular joint

Sternoclavicular joint

Scapulocostal joint

Suprahumeral joint

Muscle attachment of Shoulder joint

Anterior Axioappendicular Muscles (Thoracoappendicular Muscles)[rx]

Posterior Axioappendicular Muscles

Superficial layer

Deep Layer

Scapulohumeral (Intrinsic Shoulder Muscles)

Muscles of Anterior Compartment of Arm (Flexors of Arm)

Muscles of Posterior Compartment of Arm (Extensors of Arm)

Muscles of Anterior Compartment of Forearm (Flexors of Forearm)

Intermediate Layer

Deep Layer

Muscles of Posterior Compartment of Forearm

Intrinsic Muscles of Hand

Thenar muscles

Surgical Considerations

References

Check your symptom safely

Choose quickly

Prepare before seeing a doctor

Which doctor may help?

What to tell the doctor

Questions to ask

Tests to discuss

Avoid these mistakes

Medicine safety and first-aid guide

Safe first steps

OTC medicine safety

Avoid these mistakes

Get urgent help if

Patient health record and symptom diary

Patient care roadmap

Check danger signs first

Record the symptom story

Visit a qualified clinician

Do only useful tests

Follow up and return early if worse

Ask a health question safely

Frequently Asked Questions

References

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