Zanthoxylum armatum, Indian Prickly Ash, Nepal Pepper, Toothache tree

Winged prickly ash botanically known as Zanthoxylum armatum, is a medicinal plant widely found in India from Kashmir to Bhutan at altitudes up to 2500 meters and also found throughout North East India. It is also found in Taiwan, China, Philippines, Nepal, Pakistan, Malaysia and Japan at an altitude of 1300 to 1500 meters. The eight species of Zanthoxylum are Z. acanthopodium DC., Z. floribundaWall., Zanthoxylum armatum DC., Z. Nepalese Babu, Z. oxyphyllum Edgew., Z. nitidum (Roxb.) DC., Z. simularis Hance and Z. tomentellum Hook. f. The customary locations of the species are valleys and thickets in the mountains, wasteland and understorey of mixed forest.

It is a large spiny shrub or small tree. Leaves are trifoliate with leaf stalk winged. Leaflets are stalk less, elliptic to ovate-lace like 2.0-7.5 × 1.0-1.7 cm, entire to slightly toothed, sharp-tipped, and base sometimes oblique. Flowers are minute, yellow that form in leaf axils. Flowers have 6 to 8 acute? sepals. Petals are absent. Female flowers have 1 to 3 celled ovaries, pale red and 3 mm in diameter. Male flowers have 6 to 8 stamens and large anthers as the flowers look yellow. Seeds are shining black, round and 3 mm in diameter. Flowering period starts from March to April.

Distribution

It is found in hot valleys of subtropical to temperate Himalayas, Laos Myanmar, Laos, north-east India and Pakistan, Bhutan, Bangladesh, China, North & South Korea, Japan, Taiwan, North Vietnam, Philippines, Lesser Sunda Islands and Sumatra. In the context of Nepal, it is distributed from west to east at an elevation range of 1000 to 2500 meters in open places and in the forest undergrowth. The plant develops in open pastures, wastelands and secondary scrub forest with adequate rainfall. Its habitat is moist areas with deep soils exposed to sun and degraded slopes, natural forests, shrub lands, and wastelands. It is found in hot valleys of subtropical Himalayas from Indus area to Bhutan.

Plant

The small aromatic tree is 6 meters high with glabrous branches usually armed with straight or slightly compressed and reddish-brown stipular spines. Leaves are imparipinnate having 3 to 5 pairs of leaflets, acuminate, elliptic-lanceolate, sessile, rounded or cuneate, margins are usually entire. Inflorescences are terminal panicles that form on short lateral shoots. Flowers are polygamous, minute that form on short cymes. Flowers have 6 to 8 stamens, 2 mm filaments arranged around globose pistillode. A small drupe is a reddish, ovoid and glandular warted and splits into two when ripe. Fruits have single seed which is rounded, black and about 2-3 mm size.

Floral characteristics

Flowers form in dense terminal or sparse axillary panicles. It is green to yellow. Calyx comprises of six to eight sub-acute? lobes. Stamens are six to eight. Follicles or ripe carpels are solitary, tubercled and pale red. The plant blooms flowers from March to May.

Traditional uses

• Bark and seeds are used as a tonic for treating dyspepsia, fevers and cholera.
• Branches, fruits and thorns are carminative and stomachic. It is used as a cure for toothache.
• Take the seeds with warm water to treat stomach problems.
• Seeds and fruits are used to cure cholera, toothache and to repel leech.
• Fruits are used as a tonic for cold, fever?, indigestion and cough.
• Chew the seeds to cure toothache.
• In Nepal, fruit decoction and berries are used for rheumatism, abdominal pain?, cholera, skin diseases, asthma and insulin? is low or not working well. সহজ বাংলা: রক্তে চিনি বেশি থাকার রোগ।" data-rx-term="diabetes" data-rx-definition="Diabetes is a condition where blood sugar stays too high because insulin is low or not working well. সহজ বাংলা: রক্তে চিনি বেশি থাকার রোগ।">diabetes?.
• Use the fresh fruits as spices or make pickles.
• Fruit extracts are used to expel round worms.
• Use the fruits in dental problems and its lotion is used for scabies.
• In China and India, it is used as a remedy for snake bites.
• Bark, seeds and fruits are used as aromatic tonic for fever? and dyspepsia.
• Tender twigs are used as a remedy for toothache and to brush teeth.
• It is used in various chronic? problems such as skin diseases, rheumatism, leg cramps and ulcers.
• It is used for fever?, low blood pressure, and infection?, or irritation, often causing pain?, swelling?, heat, or redness. সহজ বাংলা: শরীরের প্রদাহ; ব্যথা, ফোলা বা লালভাব হতে পারে।" data-rx-term="inflammation" data-rx-definition="Inflammation is the body’s response to injury, infection, or irritation, often causing pain, swelling, heat, or redness. সহজ বাংলা: শরীরের প্রদাহ; ব্যথা, ফোলা বা লালভাব হতে পারে।">inflammation?.
• Use poultice (lukewarm) of fresh leaves with rice flour to lower excessive infection?, or irritation, often causing pain?, swelling?, heat, or redness. সহজ বাংলা: শরীরের প্রদাহ; ব্যথা, ফোলা বা লালভাব হতে পারে।" data-rx-term="inflammation" data-rx-definition="Inflammation is the body’s response to injury, infection, or irritation, often causing pain, swelling, heat, or redness. সহজ বাংলা: শরীরের প্রদাহ; ব্যথা, ফোলা বা লালভাব হতে পারে।">inflammation? and pain in the neck and throat.
• Use bark decoction (cold) to clean wounds and ulcers.
• Leaves infusion is used to provide relieve stomach pains.
• Apply the leaves paste externally for treating leucoderma.
• Bark tincture or tea is used for treating dyspepsia, rheumatism, heart and kidney problems, and dysentery.
• Tea prepared from the inner bark is used for treating itchy skin.

Culinary uses

• Ground the seeds into powder and use it as condiment.
• Use young leaves as a condiment.

Precautions

• It is better to consult the health practitioner before treating any health conditions.
• If experienced any allergic reactions, avoid its use.

References