The storied history of the lotus

The powerful lotus plant has been used in East and Southeast Asian traditional medicine and cuisine for centuries. The lotus has the title of India’s national flower and is a symbol of purity in Buddhist and Hindu traditions.

The lotus is a bowl-shaped perennial and is often confused with water lilies. There are over 100 species of lotus. You’re probably most familiar with the white single-flower lotus, which has around two dozen petals. Other types of lotuses include the double-flowered lotus, which can have over 100 petals, as well as pink and red varieties.

This plant’s medicinal usage goes back generations but the science behind its potential has only recently come under study. What kinds of conditions might this flower be able to treat?

Halt your diarrhea?

One of the lotus’ most common uses in traditional Chinese medicine is stopping diarrhea?. To try this natural remedy, soak lotus seeds in warm water for a few hours and then add rock sugar until you find a taste you like.

Note: People suffering from constipation? should avoid using lotus.

Lower your blood sugar and cholesterol?

Lotus root contains both fiber and complex carbohydrates. These two components work together to help manage your body’s cholesterol? and blood sugar. Fiber and complex carbohydrates also help maintain a slow and steady digestive process.

Relieve infection?, or irritation, often causing pain?, swelling?, heat, or redness. সহজ বাংলা: শরীরের প্রদাহ; ব্যথা, ফোলা বা লালভাব হতে পারে।" data-rx-term="inflammation" data-rx-definition="Inflammation is the body’s response to injury, infection, or irritation, often causing pain, swelling, heat, or redness. সহজ বাংলা: শরীরের প্রদাহ; ব্যথা, ফোলা বা লালভাব হতে পারে।">inflammation?

Inflammation? is usually accompanied by a sensation of heat. It’s an uncomfortable side effect? or symptom of many conditions. It can also be caused by trauma, chemical exposure, or physical injury.

Recent research suggests that the seeds of both red and white lotus varieties could help reduce inflammation. A 2013 study[rx] found that two polysaccharides in lotus plumule have significant anti-inflammatory effects and show promise as a base for future treatment. Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties were found to be significant.

Lotus for lunch?

The stem of the lotus plant is full of minerals and nutrients — such as vitamin C — that are important for your body’s daily function. One of these minerals is potassium, which helps regulate blood pressure.

Boil lotus roots for 10 minutes and then eat them to receive a healthy dose of nutrients. Lotus root is a common ingredient in many Asian dishes and can be prepared in practically every way.

No more acne?

Lotus might be able to help you in your struggle with acne. Sebum is the waxy substance that can cause acne breakouts when it builds up and clogs your skin’s pores. Adding lotus to green tea and applying it to the face can significantly reduce the amount of sebum that your glands produce, according to 2013 researchrx].

Ease your period

Lotus leaves and root extracts have long been used in traditional Chinese medicine to help regulate the menstrual cycle and stop excess bleeding. There isn’t a lot of scientific research to back these claims. Some practitioners suggest that drinking lotus root juice or lotus soup can help you avoid anemia after menstruation by building blood to replace what was lost.

Soothe your cough

Put a traditional practice to the test by following the recommendation of this recent study, which suggests mixing lotus seed powder with honey to soothe your cough.

Cancer cure?

Researchr[x]conducted in 2014 found that reference, an organic compound in the lotus seed embryo, has the potential to kill and hinder the spread of lung cancer cells. This research suggests that the lotus may have a future in the treatment of this deadly disease.

The lotus is a beautiful symbol of healing. The flower is certainly not new to medicine, but scientific research is still underway to uncover how this powerful plant works, as well as new ways to put it to use. Consider trying a simple lotus remedy or supplement for a natural healing approach. Be sure to talk to your doctor before attempting to use lotus as an herbal remedy. It may interact with various medications and health conditions.

Traditional Chinese Medicine

Chrysanthemum has been used for hundreds of years in Chinese medicine. People use it to treat respiratory problems, high blood pressure, and hyperthyroidism. Fans of the flower also say it can reduce inflammation and calm your nerves.

Dr. J. D. Yang is an expert in Chinese and integrative medicine and founder of Tao Integrative. “Chinese medicine categorizes herbs based on energetic properties rather than the chemical ingredients,” he says. “Chrysanthemum provides mildly cold energy. It has special affinity to the energy channels that lead to the lungs, liver, spleen, and kidneys.

What the Research Says

Scientists have started to research the medicinal benefits of chrysanthemums because of their popularity in alternative practices. One study[rx] found that some chemicals extracted from chrysanthemum flowers can reduce inflammation. Another found that chrysanthemum extract could help treat bone disorders like osteoporosis.

Nutritionist Renee Rosen, trained at the Institute for Integrative Nutrition, has researched chrysanthemum extensively. “One cannot expect to take chrysanthemum and have a miraculous recovery from osteoporosis or to calm nerves overnight,” she says. Rosen advises ensuring the purity and concentration of the preparation. She also recommends taking chrysanthemum for a long period of time to reap the benefits.

Having studied the purported cooling and anti-inflammatory effects of chrysanthemum, Rosen says, “What seems realistic is that over very long periods of time, some people with the right body constitution can use chrysanthemum to reduce heat and inflammation.”

How to Make Chrysanthemum Tea

Chrysanthemum tea is easy to make. If you use chrysanthemum you’ve grown yourself, pluck the flowers and leave them to dry for several days in a sunny spot, or use a food dehydrator. You can also buy dried chrysanthemum blooms in health food and Asian groceries.

Boil the water and allow it to cool for about a minute to around 100°F. Then use between 3-6 dried flowers to an 8 oz. cup of water. Let it steep for a few minutes, and voila!

If you make chrysanthemum tea, make sure you use only plants that have not been sprayed with pesticides or other garden chemicals. If you’re pregnant or nursing, ask your doctor before drinking chrysanthemum tea.

Allergies and Side Effects

If you’re allergic to daisies or ragweed, you might also be allergic to chrysanthemum. Definitely stop consuming it if you have a reaction like a skin rash or respiratory irritation. Chrysanthemum products interact with many prescription medicines, though none very seriously. If you are taking prescription medicines, ask your doctor before you start using any chrysanthemum goods.

Chrysanthemum oil is very strong and should be used carefully. Its main chemical, pyrethrum, is used in many pesticides. Direct contact or long-term exposure to the pyrethrum can irritate your skin, eyes, nose, and mouth.

Calendula (Calendula officinalis)

• Calendula is also known as pot marigold. It’s a centuries-old antifungal, antiseptic, wound-healing ally. The petals of these cheerful yellow-and-orange daisy-like flowers lend skin-soothing properties to many natural cosmetics and diaper creams.
• Calendula is a freely reseeding annual that blooms all season long. It makes a lovely addition to gardens with full sun. Harvest the petals fresh. You can also dry entire blooms — which close in the evening — before they form seeds.

Cilantro (Coriandrum sativum)

• Cilantro boasts a unique flavor that people either love or hate. The leaves often garnish Mexican and Thai dishes. The seeds, known as coriander, are a prime ingredient in Indian curries.
• Few think of this plant as a medicinal herb, but research[rx] shows it’s a powerful digestive aid and may be capable of removing heavy metals and other toxic agents from the body.
• Cilantro grows best in a cool, moist garden and will quickly bolt in hot weather. Look for slow bolt varieties from seed companies.

Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis)

• The oils, tannins, and bitters in the fragrant leaves and flowers of lemon balm have a relaxing, antispasmodic effect on the stomach and nervous system. It may help fight off viruses such as herpes simplex when used topically, according to a 2008 study.
• Lemon balm is tasty and gentle enough for children when prepared in teas or tinctures with a glycerin base.
• This calming and uplifting perennial makes a pretty patch of bright green in the garden and is a great plant to grow fresh. The dried herb loses some potency after six months.

Peppermint (Mentha x Piperita)

• Spearmint and peppermint are familiar flavors in toothpaste and chewing gum. Both pack a powerfully refreshing zing, but the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health[rx] (NCCIH) reports that peppermint provides stronger medicine than its more culinary cousin.
• When brewed as tea, peppermint may relieve digestive discomforts such as indigestion and vomiting. It can also soothe sore muscles when applied topically as a liquid or lotion.

All mints spread rampantly in a moist garden. Consider growing each plant in its own large pot. Harvest leaves just before flowering. Any longer, and they’ll begin to taste bitter.

Rosemary (Rosmarinus Officinalis)

• Rosemary is a great reviver. This perennial woody herb stimulates energy and optimism and sharpens memory and concentration by bringing more oxygen to your brain. It’s a wonderfully stimulating alternative to caffeine when you need that second wind.
• A row of these long-lived and drought-tolerant plants makes a beautiful, bee-friendly evergreen hedge. You may only need one plant in your garden — a little goes a long way.

• Mullein’s soothing properties may help heal bronchial respiratory infections. The leaves are commonly added to cough formulas.
• Give this handsome and stately biennial plenty of space, and stand back in wonder. The sturdy, yellow-flowered stem will emerge from within a rosette of thick, hairy leaves, reaching skyward nearly 6 feet.

Thyme (Thymus vulgaris)

• This groundcover’s delicate stems and tiny leaves belie the tremendous power attributed to it by Europeans in the Middle Ages. Many believed in the herb’s ability to heighten bravery and ward off nightmares.
• Modern herbalists rely on the antibacterial and antiseptic properties of thyme’s oils to prevent winter colds and flu. Many cultivars exist beyond the straight species, including sweet-tasting citrus varieties that are perfect tummy remedies for children.

Lavender (Lavandula)

• Long recognized for its sweet perfume, lavender also boasts medical benefits as a mild antidepressant that may also benefit your nervous system, according to some studies[rx]. Add lavender oil to your bath to alleviate stress, tension, and insomnia. It’s also used in creams to treat sunburns and acne.
• Woody lavender plants prefer hot, sunny, and dry environments. The fresh flowers are tasty in small doses when added to salads, honey, butter, lemonade, and even shortbread cookies. If you’re crafty, try sewing up an herbal heating pad or eye pillow with the fragrant dried flowers.

German chamomile (Matricaria recutita)

• Delicate, apple-scented chamomile demonstrates that mild doesn’t mean ineffective. It’s primarily grown for its small, yellow-bellied flowers.
• The NCCIH[rx] reports that chamomile is one of the best herbs for treating colic, nervous stress, infections, and stomach disorders in children. In fact, it was chamomile tea that Peter Rabbit’s mother fixed for him after his stressful chase in Mr. McGregor’s garden!

Herbal garden allies

• These easy-to-grow herbs bring health benefits to your garden as well as your family. Many attract beneficial insects, including bees. They can also help repel harmful pests from more sensitive plants nearby.
• Be sure to choose plants that suit the light, water, and temperature conditions of your garden. For example, rosemary, lavender, and mullein are best for warm, dry spots in full sun. Cilantro and mint prefer rich, moist areas with shade.

Varieties

While varieties of tisanes can be made from any edible plant material, below is a list of those commonly used for such:

• Anise tea, made from either the seeds or the leaves
• Asiatic penny-wort leaf, in South Asia and Southeast Asia
• Artichoke tea
• Bael Fruit tea.^[rx]
• Bee balm
• Boldo, used in South America
• Burdock, the seeds, leaves, and roots have been used
• Cannabis tea, used in the preparation of Bhang
• Caraway, tea made from the seeds
• Catnip, tea used as a relaxant, sedative, and to calm
• Chamomile
• Che Dang, bitter tea made from Ilex causue leaves
• Chinese knot-weed tea
• Chrysanthemum tea, made from dried flowers
• Cinnamon
• Coca tea, infusion made from coca leaves. Contains trace amounts of cocaine and similar alkaloids.^[rx] In some countries where coca is illegal, products marketed as “coca tea” are supposed to be decocainized, i.e., the pharmacologically active components have been removed from the leaf using the same chemicals used in manufacturing cocaine.
• Cacao bean tea
  • Hot cocoa is not an herbal tea because the plant material is dissolved in water (or milk), but cacao bean can be used to make a tea.
• Coffee-leaf tea, coffee fruit tea, and coffee blossom tea are herbal teas made using the leaves, fruits and flowers of the coffee plant
• Coffee bean tea, or simply coffee, a tisane made from the seeds of the coffee plant
• Cerasse, bitter Jamaican herb
• Citrus peel, including bergamot, lemon and orange peel
• Dandelion coffee
• Dill tea
• Dried lime tea, made from dried limes common in western Asia
• Echinacea tea
• Elderberry
• European Mistletoe (Viscum album), (steep in cold water for 2–6 hours)
• Essiac tea, blended herbal tea
• Fennel
• Gentian
• Ginger root, can be made into herbal tea, known in the Philippines as salabat
• Ginseng, a common tea in China and Korea, commonly used as a stimulant and as a caffeine substitute
• Goji
• Guayusa, caffeinated tree of the holly genus, native to the Amazon Rainforest.
• Hawthorn
• Hibiscus (often blended with rose hip), a common tea in the Middle East or Asia
• Honeybush, similar to rooibos and grows in a nearby area of South Africa, but tastes slightly sweeter. Has a low tannin content, no caffeine.
• Horehound
• Houttuynia
• Hydrangea tea, dried leaves of hydrangeas; considerable care must be taken because most species contain a toxin. The “safe” hydrangeas belong to the Hydrangea serrata Amacha (“sweet tea”) Cultivar Group.^[rx]
• Jiaogulan, (also known as xiancao or poor man’s ginseng)
• Kapor tea, dried leaves of fireweed
• Kava root, from the South Pacific, can be made into a tea for stomach upsets and other minor illnesses. The traditional form is a water-based suspension of kava roots.
• Kratom, dried leaves of the kratom tree.
• Kuzuyu, is a thick white Japanese tea made by adding kudzu flour to hot water
• Labrador tea, made from the shrub by the same name, found in the northern part of North America.
• Lemon Balm
• Lemon and ginger tea
• Lemon grass
• Luo han guo
• Licorice root
• Lime blossom, dried flowers of lime tree (Tilia in Latin).
• Mint (mint tea), especially peppermint (also mixed with green tea)
  • Maghrebi mint tea
  • Korean mint tea
• Moringa
• Mountain Tea, common in the Balkans and other areas of the Mediterranean region. Made from a variety of the Sideritis syriaca plant which grows in warm climates above 3,000 feet. Records of its use date back 2,000 years.
• Neem leaf
• Nettle leaf
• New Jersey Tea
• Noni tea
• Oksusu cha, traditional roasted corn tea found in Korea.
• Olive leaf tea
• Osmanthus tea, dried flowers of the sweet olive tree are used alone or blended with tea leaves in China.
• Pandan tea
• Patchouli tea
• Pennyroyal leaf, an abortifacient
• Pine tea, or tallstrunt, made from needles of pine trees
• Poppy tea, drank for its sedative and analgesic properties
• Qishr, Yemeni drink with coffee husks and ginger
• Red clover tea
• Red raspberry leaf
• Barley tea, East Asian drink with roasted barley
• Roasted wheat, used in Postum, a coffee substitute
• Rooibos (Red Bush), a reddish plant used to make an infusion and grown in South Africa. In the US it is sometimes called red tea. It has many of the antioxidant characteristics of green tea, but because it does not come from tea leaves, it has no caffeine.
• Rose hip (often blended with hibiscus)
• Roselle petals (species of Hibiscus; aka Bissap, Dah, etc.), consumed in the Sahel and elsewhere
• Rosemary
• Sagebrush, California Sagebrush
• Sage
• Sakurayu, Japanese herbal tea made with pickled cherry blossom petals
• Salvia
• Sassafras roots were steeped to make tea and were used in the flavoring of root beer until being banned by the FDA.
• Scorched rice, known as hyeonmi cha in Korea
• Skullcap
• Serendib (tea), tea from Sri Lanka
• Sobacha
• Spearmint
• Spicebush (Lindera benzoin) leaves used to make a tea by some native peoples of eastern North America
• Spruce tea, made from needles of spruce trees
• Staghorn sumac, fruit can be made into a lemonade
• Stevia, can be used to make herbal tea, or as a sweetener in other beverages
• St. John’s Wort
• Thyme, contains thymol
• Tulsi, or Holy Basil, in English
• Turmeric tea
• Uncaria tomentosa, commonly known as Cat’s Claw
• Valerian is used as a sedative.^[rz]
• Verbena (Vervain)
• Vetiver
• Wax gourd in East Asia and Southeast Asia.
• Wong Lo Kat, a recipe for herbal tea from Guangdong, China since the Qing Dynasty
• Woodruff
• Yarrow

List of plants used in herbalism

Scientific name	Name	Description	Picture
Acacia senegal	Gum arabic	A natural gum sourced from hardened sap of various species of acacia tree used as a binder and emulsifier.
Achillea millefolium	Common yarrow	Purported to be a diaphoretic, astringent,[rx] tonic, stimulant and mild aromatic.
Actaea racemosa	Black cohosh	Historically used for arthritis and muscle pain, used more recently for conditions related to menopause and menstruation.[rx]
Aesculus hippocastanum	Horse chestnut	Its seeds, leaves, bark, and flowers have been used medicinally for many centuries. The raw plant materials are toxic unless processed.[rx]
Ageratina altissima	White snakeroot	Root tea has been used to treat diarrhea, kidney stones, and fever. A root poultice can be used on snakebites. The smoke from burning leaves is used to revive unconscious people.[rx][ The plant contains the toxin tremetol which causes milk sickness, a sometimes fatal condition.[rx]
Alcea rosea	Common hollyhock	Believed to be an emollient and laxative. It is used to control inflammation, to stop bedwetting and as a mouthwash in cases of bleeding gums.[rx]
Alisma plantago-aquatica	Water-plantain	Used for the urinary tract.[rx]
Allium sativum	Garlic	Widely used as an antibiotic and, more recently, for treating cardiovascular disease[rx][rx] Garlic is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor and has antidepressant-like effects on mice[rx] so might be used as a herbal antidepressant or anxiolytic in humans.[rx]
Aloe vera	Aloe vera	Leaves are widely used to heal burns, wounds and other skin ailments.[rx][rx]
Althaea officinalis	Marsh-mallow	Used for over 2,000 years as both a food and a medicine.[rx]
Amorphophallus konjac	Konjac	Significant dietary source of glucomannan,[rx][rx] which is used in treating obesity,[rx] constipation,[rx] and reducing cholesterol.[rx]
Anemone hepatica	Common hepatica	Historically used to treat liver diseases, it is still used in alternative medicine today. Other modern applications by herbalists include treatments for pimples, bronchitis and gout.[rx]
Angelica archangelica	Garden angelica	Roots have been used in the traditional Austrian medicine internally as tea or tincture for treatment of disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, nervous system, and also against fever, infections, and flu.[rx]
Angelica sinensis	Dong quai	Used for thousands of years in Asia, primarily in women’s health.[rx]
Apium graveolens	Celery	Seed is used only occasionally in tradition medicine. Modern usage is primarily as a diuretic.[rx]
Arctium lappa	Burdock	Used traditionally as a diuretic and to lower blood sugar[rx] and, in traditional Chinese medicine as a treatment for sore throat and symptoms of the common cold.[rx]
Arnica montana	Arnica	Used as an anti-inflammatory[rx] and for osteoarthritis.[rx] The US Food and Drug Administration has classified Arnica montana as an unsafe herb because of its toxicity.[rx] It should not be taken orally or applied to broken skin where absorption can occur.[rx]
Astragalus propinquus	Astragalus	Long been used in traditional Chinese medicine to strengthen the immune system, and is used in modern China to treat hepatitis and as an adjunctive therapy in cancer.[rx]
Atropa belladonna	Belladonna	Although toxic, was used historically in Italy by women to enlarge their pupils, as well as a sedative, among other uses. The name itself means “beautiful woman” in Italian.[rx]
Azadirachta indica	Neem	Used in India to treat worms, malaria, rheumatism and skin infections among many other things. Its many uses have led to neem being called “the village dispensary” in India.[rx]

B

Scientific name	Name	Description	Picture
Bellis perennis	Daisy	Flowers have been used in the traditional Austrian medicine internally as tea (or the leaves as a salad) for treatment of disorders of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tract.[rx]
Berberis vulgaris	Barberry	Long history of medicinal use, dating back to the Middle Ages particularly among Native Americans. Uses have included skin ailments, scurvy and gastro-intestinal ailments.[rx]
Borago officinalis	Borage	Used in hyperactive gastrointestinal, respiratory and cardiovascular disorders,[rx] such as gastrointestinal (colic, cramps, diarrhea), airways (asthma, bronchitis), cardiovascular, (cardiotonic, antihypertensive and blood purifier), urinary (diuretic and kidney/bladder disorders).[rx]
Broussonetia kurzii	Salae	Known as Salae in Thailand where this species is valued as a medicinal plant.[rx]

C

Scientific name	Name	Description	Picture
Calendula officinalis	Marigold	Also named calendula, has a long history of use in treating wounds and soothing skin.[rx]
Cannabis	Hemp, Cannabis, Marijuana, Indian hemp, Ganja	Used worldwide since ancient times as treatment for various conditions and ailments including pain, inflammation, gastrointestinal issues such as IBS, muscle relaxation, anxiety, Alzheimer’s and dementia, ADHD, autism, cancer, cerebral palsy, recurring headaches, Crohn’s disease, depression, epilepsy, glaucoma, insomnia, and neuropathy among others.[rx]
Capsicum annuum	Cayenne	Type of chili that has been used as both food and medicine for thousands of years. Uses have included reducing pain and swelling, lowering triglyceride and cholesterol levels and fighting viruses and harmful bacteria, due to high levels of Vitamin C.[rx][rx][rx]
Capsicum frutescens	Chili	Its active ingredient, capsaicine, is the basic of commercial pain-relief ointments in Western medicine. The low incidence of heart attack in Thais may be related to capsaicine’s fibronolytic action (dissolving blood clots).[rx]
Carica papaya	Papaya	Used for treating wounds and stomach troubles.[rx]
Cassia occidentalis	Coffee senna	Used in a wide variety of roles in traditional medicine, including in particular as a broad-spectrum internal and external antimicrobial, for liver disorders, for intestinal worms and other parasites and as an immune-system stimulant.1rx[rx]
Catha edulis	Khat	Mild stimulant used for thousands of years in Yemen, and is banned today in many countries. Contains the amphetamine-like substance cathinone.
Cayaponia espelina	São Caetano melon	It is a diuretic and aid in the treatment of diarrhea and syphilis.[rx]
Centaurea cyanus	Cornflower	In herbalism, a decoction of cornflower is effective in treating conjunctivitis and as a wash for tired eyes.[rx]
Chrysopogon zizanioides	Vetiver	Used for skin care.[55]
Cinchona spec.	Cinchona	Genus of about 38 species of trees whose bark is a source of alkaloids, including quinine. Its use as a febrifuge was first popularized in the 17th century by Peruvian Jesuits.[rx]
Citrus × aurantium	Bitter orange	Used in traditional Chinese medicine and by indigenous peoples of the Amazon for nausea, indigestion and constipation.[rx]
Citrus limon	Lemon	Along with other citruses, it has a long history of use in Chinese and Indian traditional medicine.[rx In contemporary use, honey and lemon is common for treating coughs and sore throat.
Citrus trifoliata	Trifoliate orange, bitter orange	Fruits of Citrus trifoliata are widely used in Oriental medicine as a treatment for allergic inflammation.[rx]
Cissampelos pareira	Velvetleaf	Used for a wide variety of conditions.[rx]
Cnicus benedictus	Blessed thistle	Used during the Middle Ages to treat bubonic plague. In modern times, herbal teas made from blessed thistle are used for loss of appetite, indigestion and other purposes.[rx]
Crataegus monogyna and Crataegus laevigata	Hawthorn	Fruit has been used for centuries for heart disease. Other uses include digestive and kidney related problems.[rx]
Curcuma longa	Turmeric	Spice that lends its distinctive yellow color to Indian curries, has long been used in Ayurvedic and traditional Chinese medicine to aid digestion and liver function, relieve arthritis pain, and regulate menstruation.[rx]
Cypripedium parviflorum	Yellow lady’s slipper	The Cypripedium species have been used in native remedies for dermatitis, tooth aches, anxiety, headaches, as an antispasmodic, stimulant and sedative. However, the preferred species for use are Cyp. parviflorum and Cyp.acaule, used as topical applications or tea.[rx][rx]

D

Scientific name	Name	Description	Picture
Digitalis lanata	Digitalis or foxglove	It came into use in treating cardiac disease in late 18th century England in spite of its high toxicity.a Its use has been almost entirely replaced by the pharmaceutical derivative Digoxin, which has a shorter half-life in the body, and whose toxicity is therefore more easily managed.[66] Digoxin is used as an antiarrhythmic agent and inotrope.[rx]

E

Scientific name	Name	Description	Picture
Echinacea purpurea	Purple coneflower	This plant and other species of Echinacea have been used for at least 400 years by Native Americans to treat infections and wounds, and as a general “cure-all” (panacea). It is currently used for symptoms associated with cold and flu.[rx][rx]
Equisetum arvense	Horsetail	Dates back to ancient Roman and Greek medicine, when it was used to stop bleeding, heal ulcers and wounds, and treat tuberculosis and kidney problems.[rx]
Eriodictyon crassifolium	Yerba Santa	Used by the Chumash people to keep airways open for proper breathing.[71] The US Forest Service profile[rx] for Eriodictyon crassifolium provides information on species distribution; taxonomic relationships; ecological and evolutionary considerations for restoration; growth form and distinguishing traits; habitat characteristics; projected future suitable habitat; growth, reproduction and dispersal; biological interactions; ecological genetics; seed characteristics, germination requirements and processing; and plant uses including agriculture, restoration, and traditional products, plus an extensive bibliography. It is part of Riverside-Corona Resource Conservation District’s resource materials collection on native plant recommendations for southern California ecoregions.
Erythroxylum coca	Coca	Used as coca tea or chewed, traditionally as a stimulant to overcome fatigue, hunger, thirst, and altitude sickness.[rx] Also used as an anesthetic and analgesic.[rx]
Eschscholzia californica	Californian poppy	Used as an herbal remedy: an aqueous extract of the plant has sedative and anxiolytic actions.[rx]
Eucalyptus globulus	Eucalyptus	Leaves were widely used in traditional medicine as a febrifuge.[rx] Eucalyptus oil is commonly used in over-the-counter cough and cold medications, as well as for an analgesic.[rx]
Euonymus atropurpureus	Wahoo	Plant is a purgative and might affect the heart.[rx]
Euphorbia hirta	Asthma-plant	Used traditionally in Asia to treat bronchitic asthma and laryngeal spasm.[rx][rx It is used in the Philippines for dengue fever.[81]
Euphrasia	Eyebright	Used for eye problems, mental depression, oxygenation and radiation poisoning.[rx]
Euterpe oleracea	Açai	Although açai berries are a longstanding food source for indigenous people of the Amazon, there is no evidence that they have historically served a medicinal, as opposed to nutritional role. In spite of their recent popularity in the United States as a dietary supplement, there is currently no evidence for their effectiveness for any health-related purpose.[83]

F

Scientific name	Name	Description	Picture
Ferula assa-foetida	Asafoetida	Might be useful for IBS, high cholesterol, and breathing problems.[rx]
Frangula alnus	Alder buckthorn	Bark (and to a lesser extent the fruit) has been used as a laxative, due to its 3 – 7% anthraquinone content. Bark for medicinal use is dried and stored for a year before use, as fresh bark is violently purgative; even dried bark can be dangerous if taken in excess.[rx]
Fumaria officinalis	Fumitory	Traditionally thought to be good for the eyes and to remove skin blemishes. In modern times herbalists use it to treat skin diseases and conjunctivitis, as well as to cleanse the kidneys. However, Howard (1987) warns that fumitory is poisonous and should only be used under the direction of a medical herbalist.[rx]

G

Scientific name	Name	Description	Picture
Galanthus	Snowdrop	It contains an active substance called galantamine, which is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. Galantamine (or galanthamine) can be helpful in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease, though it is not a cure.[rx]
Geranium robertianum	Robert geranium	In traditional herbalism, it was used as a remedy for toothache and nosebleeds[rx] and as a vulnerary (used for or useful in healing wounds).[rx]
Ginkgo biloba	Ginkgo	The leaf extract has been used to treat asthma, bronchitis, fatigue, Alzheimer’s and tinnitus.[rx]
Glechoma hederacea	Ground-ivy	It has been used as a “lung herb”.[rx] Other traditional uses include as an expectorant, astringent, and to treat bronchitis.[rx] The essential oil of the plant has been used for centuries as a general tonic for colds and coughs, and to relieve congestion of the mucous membranes.
Glycyrrhiza glabra	Licorice root	It has a long history of medicinal usage in Eastern and Western medicine. Uses include stomach ulcers, bronchitis, and sore throat, as well as infections caused by viruses, such as hepatitis.[rx]

H

Scientific name	Name	Description	Picture
Hamamelis virginiana	Common witch-hazel	It produces a specific kind of tannins called hamamelitannins. One of those substances displays a specific cytotoxic activity against colon cancer cells.[rx]
Hippophae rhamnoides	Sea buckthorn	The leaves are used as herbal medicine to alleviate cough and fever, pain, and general gastrointestinal disorders as well as to cure dermatologic disorders. Similarly, the fruit juice and oils can be used in the treatment of liver disease, gastrointestinal disorders, chronic wounds or other dermatological disorders.[rx]
Hoodia gordonii	Hoodia	The plant is traditionally used by Kalahari San (Bushmen) to reduce hunger and thirst. It is currently marketed as an appetite suppressant.[rx]
Hydrastis canadensis	Goldenseal	It was used traditionally by Native Americans to treat skin diseases, ulcers, and gonorrhea. More recently, the herb has been used to treat the respiratory tract and a number of other infections.[97]
Hypericum perforatum	St. John’s wort	Widely used within herbalism for depression. Evaluated for use as an antidepressant, but with ambiguous results.[rx][rx][rx]
Hyssopus officinalis	Hyssop	It is used for digestive and intestinal problems including liver and gallbladder conditions, intestinal pain, intestinal gas, colic, and loss of appetite. It is also used for respiratory problems including coughs, the common cold, respiratory infections, sore throat, and asthma.[rx]

I

Scientific name	Name	Description	Picture
Ilex paraguariensis	Yerba mate	It has been claimed to have various effects on human health and these effects have been attributed to the high quantity of polyphenols found in mate tea.[rx] Mate contains compounds that act as an appetite suppressant,[103] increases mental energy and focus,[104] and improves mood.[105] Yerba mate also contains elements such as potassium, magnesium, and manganese.[rx]
Illicium verum	Star anise	It is the major source of the chemical compound shikimic acid, a primary precursor in the pharmaceutical synthesis of anti-influenza drug oseltamivir (Tamiflu).[rx]
Inula helenium	Elecampane	It is used in herbal medicine as an expectorant and for water retention.[rx]

J

Scientific name	Name	Description	Picture
Jasminum officinale	Jasmine	It is used in dermatology as either an antiseptic or anti-inflammatory agent.[rx]

K

Scientific name	Name	Description	Picture
Knautia arvensis	Field scabious	The whole plant is astringent and mildly diuretic. An infusion is used internally as a blood purifier and externally for treating cuts, burns and bruises.[rx]

L

Scientific name	Name	Description	Picture
Larrea tridentata	Chaparral	The leaves and twigs are used by Native Americans to make a herbal tea used for a variety of conditions, including arthritis, cancer and a number of others. Subsequent studies have been extremely variable, at best. Chaparral has also been shown to have high liver toxicity, and has led to kidney failure, and is not recommended for any use by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or American Cancer Society.[rx][rx]
Laurus nobilis	Bay laurel	Aqueous extracts of bay laurel can be used as astringents and even as a reasonable salve for open wounds.[1rx] In massage therapy, the essential oil of bay laurel is reputed to alleviate arthritis and rheumatism, while in aromatherapy it is used to treat earaches and high blood pressure.[rx]
Lavandula angustifolia	Lavender	It was traditionally used as an antiseptic and for mental health purposes. It was also used in ancient Egypt in mummifying bodies. There is little scientific evidence that lavender is effective for most mental health uses.[rx]
Lawsonia inermis	Henna	The plants exhibits potential antibacterial activity. The alcoholic extract of the root has antibacterial activity due to the presence of flavonoid and alkaloids. Henna is also thought to show anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic effects in experimental animals.[rx]
Leucojum aestivum	Summer snowflake	It is known to contain Galantamine (Nivalin, Razadyne, Razadyne ER, Reminyl, Lycoremine in pharmaceutical format). It is used for the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease and various other memory impairments, in particular those of vascular origin.
Linum usitatissimum	Flaxseed	The plant is most commonly used as a laxative. Flaxseed oil is used for different conditions, including arthritis.[rx]

M

Scientific name	Name	Description	Picture
Magnolia officinalis	Magnolia-bark	The bark contains magnolol and honokiol, two polyphenolic compounds. Preclinical studies have evaluated their various potential applications including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and antimicrobial properties.[rx]
Malva sylvestris	Mallow	The seeds are used internally in a decoction or herbal tea[rx] as a demulcent and diuretic, and the leaves made into poultices as an emollient for external applications.
Matricaria recutita and Anthemis nobilis	Chamomile	It has been used over thousands of years for a variety of conditions, including sleeplessness, anxiety, and gastrointestinal conditions such as upset stomach, gas, and diarrhea.[rx]
Medicago sativa	Alfalfa	The leaves are used to lower cholesterol, as well as forum kidney and urinary tract ailments, although there is insufficient scientific evidence for its efficacy.[rx]
Melaleuca alternifolia	Tea tree oil	It has been used medicinally for centuries by Australian aboriginal people. Modern usage is primarily as an antibacterial or antifungal agent.[rx]
Melissa officinalis	Lemon balm	It is used as a sleep aid and digestive aid.rx]
Mentha x piperita	Peppermint	Its oil, from a cross between water mint and spearmint, has a history of medicinal use for a variety of conditions, including nausea, indigestion, and symptoms of the common cold.[rx]
Mitragyna speciosa	Kratom	Kratom is known to prevent or delay withdrawal symptoms in an opioid-dependent individual, and it is often used to mitigate cravings thereafter. It can also be used for other medicinal purposes. Kratom has been traditionally used in regions such as Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia.[rx]
Momordica charantia	Bitter melon	The plant is used as an agent to reduce the blood glucose level.[126]
Morinda citrifolia	Noni	It has a history of use as for joint pain and skin conditions.[rx]
Moringa oleifera	Drumstick tree	It is used for food and traditional medicine. It is undergoing preliminary research to investigate potential properties of its nutrients and phytochemicals.

N

Scientific name	Name	Description	Picture
Nasturtium officinale	Watercress	It may be diuretic and antibacterial.[rx]
Nelumbo nucifera	Lotus	Sacred lotus has been the subject of a number of in-vitro and animal studies, exploring its pharmacologic effects, including antioxidant, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, anti-infective, hyperlipidemic, and psychopharmacologic activity[rx] although clinical trials are lacking.
Nigella sativa	Nigella, black-caraway, black-cumin, and kalonji	It has efficacy as a therapy, mainly using the seed oil extract, volatile oil, and isolated constituent thymoquinone.[rx] One meta-analysis of clinical trials concluded that N. sativa has a short-term benefit on lowering systolic and diastolic blood pressure.[rx]

O

Scientific name	Name	Description	Picture
Ocimum tenuiflorum	Tulsi or holy basil	It is used for a variety of purposes in traditional medicine; tulsi is taken in many forms: as herbal tea, dried powder, fresh leaf or mixed with ghee. Essential oil extracted from Karpoora tulasi is mostly used for medicinal purposes and in herbal cosmetics.[rx]
Oenothera	Evening primrose	Its oil has been used since the 1930s for eczema, and more recently as an anti-inflammatory.[rx]
Origanum vulgare	Oregano	Used as an abortifacient in folk medicine in some parts of Bolivia and other northwestern South American countries, though no evidence of efficacy exists in Western medicine. Hippocrates used oregano as an antiseptic, as well as a cure for stomach and respiratory ailments. A Cretan oregano (O. dictamnus) is still used today in Greece as a palliative for sore throat. Evidence of efficacy in this matter is lacking.

P

Scientific name	Name	Description	Picture
Panax spec.	Ginseng	Used medicinally, in particular in Asia, for over 2,000 years, and is widely used in modern society.[rx]
Papaver somniferum	Opium poppy	The plant is the plant source of morphine, used for pain relief. Morphine made from the refined and modified sap is used for pain control in terminally ill patients. Dried sap was used as a traditional medicine until the 19th century.
Passiflora	Passion flower	Thought to have anti-depressant properties. Unknown MOA. Used in traditional medicine to aid with sleep or depression.
Peganum harmala	Syrian Rue (aka Harmal)	Can be used as an antidepressant, but carries significant risk. Used in traditional shamanistic rites in the amazon, and is a component of Ayahuasca, Caapi or Yajé (which is actually usually Banisteriopsis caapi but has the same active alkaloids).
Pelargonium sidoides	Umckaloabo, or South African Geranium	It is used in treating acute bronchitis.[rx]
Piper methysticum	Kava	The plant has been used for centuries in the South Pacific to make a ceremonial drink with sedative and anesthetic properties. It is used as a soporific, as well as for asthma and urinary tract infection.[rx]
Piscidia erythrina / Piscidia piscipula	Jamaica dogwood	The plant is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of insomnia and anxiety, despite serious safety concerns.[rx] A 2006 study suggested medicinal potential.[138]
Plantago lanceolata	Plantain	It is used frequently in herbal teas and other herbal remedies.[rx] A tea from the leaves is used as a highly effective cough medicine. In the traditional Austrian medicine Plantago lanceolata leaves have been used internally (as syrup or tea) or externally (fresh leaves) for treatment of disorders of the respiratory tract, skin, insect bites, and infections.[rx]
Platycodon grandiflorus	Platycodon, balloon flower	The extracts and purified platycoside compounds (saponins) from the roots may exhibit neuroprotective, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-allergy, improved insulin resistance, and cholesterol-lowering properties.[rx]
Polemonium reptans	Abscess root	It is used to reduce fever, inflammation, and cough.[1x]
Psidium guajava	Guava	It has a rich history of use in traditional medicine. It is traditionally used to treat diarrhea; however, evidence of its effectiveness is very limited.[rx][rx]
Ptelea trifoliata	Wafer Ash	The root bark is used for the digestive system.[1rx] Also known as hoptree.
Pulmonaria officinalis	Lungwort	Used since the Middle Ages to treat and/or heal various ailments of the lungs and chest.

Q

Scientific name	Name	Description	Picture
Quassia amara	Amargo, bitter-wood	A 2012 study found a topical gel with 4% Quassia extract to be a safe and effective cure of rosacea.[rx]

R

Scientific name	Name	Description	Picture
Reichardia tingitana	False sowthistle	Uses in folk medicine have been recorded in the Middle East, its leaves being used to treat ailments such as constipation, colic and inflamed eyes.[rx]
Rosa majalis	Cinnamon rose	It yields edible hip fruits rich in vitamin C, which are used in medicine[rx] and to produce rose hip syrup.
Rosmarinus officinalis	Rosemary	It has been used medicinally from ancient times.
Ruellia tuberosa	Minnieroot, fever root, snapdragon root	In folk medicine and Ayurvedic medicine it has been used as a diuretic, anti-diabetic, antipyretic, analgesic, antihypertensive, gastroprotective, and to treat gonorrhea.[rx]
Rumex crispus	Curly dock or yellow dock	In Western herbalism the root is often used for treating anemia, due to its high level of iron.[rx] The plant will help with skin conditions if taken internally or applied externally to things like itching, scrofula, and sores. It is also used for respiratory conditions, specifically those with a tickling cough that is worse when exposed to cold air. It mentions also passing pains, excessive itching, and that it helps enlarged lymphs.[rx]

S

Scientific name	Name	Description	Picture
Salix alba	White willow	Plant source of salicylic acid, white willow is like the chemical known as aspirin, although more likely to cause stomach upset as a side effect than aspirin itself which can cause the lining in your stomach to be destroyed. Used from ancient times for the same uses as aspirin.[1x]
Salvia officinalis	Sage	Shown to improve cognitive function in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease.[rx][rx]
Sambucus nigra	Elderberry	The berries and leaves have traditionally been used to treat pain, swelling, infections, coughs, and skin conditions and, more recently, flu, common cold, fevers, constipation, and sinus infections.[rx]
Santalum album	Indian sandalwood	Sandalwood oil has been widely used in folk medicine for treatment of common colds, bronchitis, skin disorders, heart ailments, general weakness, fever, infection of the urinary tract, inflammation of the mouth and pharynx, liver and gallbladder complaints and other maladies.[rx]
Santolina chamaecyparissus	Cotton lavender	Most commonly, the flowers and leaves are made into a decoction used to expel intestinal parasites.
Saraca indica	Ashoka tree	The plant is used in Ayurvedic traditions to treat gynecological disorders. The bark is also used to combat oedema or swelling.[rx]
Satureja hortensis	Summer savory	Its extracts show antibacterial and antifungal effects on several species including some of the antibiotic resistant strains.[rx][rx][rx]
Sceletium tortuosum	Kanna	African treatment for depression. Suggested to be an SSRI or have similar effects, but unknown mechanism of activity.
Senna auriculata	Avaram senna	The root is used in decoctions against fevers, diabetes, diseases of urinary system and constipation. The leaves have laxative properties. The dried flowers and flower buds are used as a substitute for tea in case of diabetes patients. The powdered seed is also applied to the eye, in case of chronic purulent conjunctivitis.
Sesuvium portulacastrum	Shoreline purslane	The plant extract showed antibacterial and anticandidal activities and moderate antifungal activity.[rx]
Silybum marianum	Milk thistle	It has been used for thousands of years for a variety of medicinal purposes, in particular liver problems.[rx]
Stachytarpheta cayennensis	Blue snakeweed	Extracts of the plant are used to ease the symptoms of malaria. The boiled juice or a tea made from the leaves or the whole plant is taken to relieve fever and other symptoms. It is also used for dysentery, pain, and liver disorders.[rx] A tea of the leaves is taken to help control diabetes in Peru and other areas.[164] Laboratory tests indicate that the plant has anti-inflammatory properties.[rx]
Stellaria media	Common chickweed	It has been used as a remedy to treat itchy skin conditions and pulmonary diseases.[rx] 17th century herbalist John Gerard recommended it as a remedy for mange. Modern herbalists prescribe it for iron-deficiency anemia (for its high iron content), as well as for skin diseases, bronchitis, rheumatic pains, arthritis and period pain.[rx7]
Strobilanthes callosus	Karvy	The plant is anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial,[rx] and anti-rheumatic.[rx]
Symphytum officinale	Comfrey	It has been used as a vulnerary and to reduce inflammation.[rx] It was also used internally in the past, for stomach and other ailments, but its toxicity has led a number of other countries, including Canada, Brazil, Australia, and the United Kingdom, to severely restrict or ban the use of comfrey.[rx]
Syzygium aromaticum	Clove	The plant is used for upset stomach and as an expectorant, among other purposes. The oil is used topically to treat toothache.[rx]

T

Scientific name	Name	Description	Picture
Tanacetum parthenium	Feverfew	The plant has been used for centuries for fevers, headaches, stomach aches, toothaches, insect bites and other conditions.[rx]
Taraxacum officinale	Dandelion	It was most commonly used historically to treat liver diseases, kidney diseases, and spleen problems.[rx]
Teucrium scordium	Water germander	It has been used for asthma, diarrhea, fever, intestinal parasites, hemorrhoids, and wounds.[rx]
Thymus vulgaris	Thyme	The plant is used to treat bronchitis and cough. It serves as an antispasmodic and expectorant in this role. It has also been used in many other medicinal roles in Asian and Ayurvedic medicine, although it has not been shown to be effective in non-respiratory medicinal roles.[rx]
Tilia cordata	Small-leaved linden	In the countries of Central, Southern and Western Europe, linden flowers are a traditional herbal remedy made into an herbal tea called tisane.[rx]
Tradescantia zebrina	Inchplant	It is used in southeast Mexico in the region of Tabasco as a cold herbal tea, which is named Matali.[178] Skin irritation may result from repeated contact with or prolonged handling of the plant, particularly from the clear, watery sap (a characteristic unique to T. zebrina as compared with other types).
Trema orientalis	Charcoal-tree	The leaves and the bark are used to treat coughs, sore throats, asthma, bronchitis, gonorrhea, yellow fever, toothache, and as an antidote to general poisoning.[rx]
Trifolium pratense	Red clover	The plant is an ingredient in some recipes for essiac tea. Research has found no benefit for any human health conditions.[rx]
Trigonella foenum-graecum	Fenugreek	It has long been used to treat symptoms of menopause, and digestive ailments. More recently, it has been used to treat diabetes, loss of appetite and other conditions.[1rx]
Triticum aestivum	Wheatgrass	It may contain antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds.[rx]
Turnera subulata	White buttercup	It is used for skin, gastrointestinal, and respiratory ailments.

U

Scientific name	Name	Description	Picture
Uncaria tomentosa	Cat’s claw	It has a long history of use in South America to prevent and treat disease.[rx]
Urtica dioica	Common nettle, stinging nettle	It has been used in the traditional Austrian medicine internally (as tea or fresh leaves) to treat disorders of the kidneys and urinary tract, gastrointestinal tract, locomotor system, skin, cardiovascular system, hemorrhage, influenza, rheumatism, and gout.[1x]

V

Scientific name	Name	Description	Picture
Vaccinium spec.	Blueberries	They are of current medical interest as an antioxidant[rx][rx] and for urinary tract ailments.[187]
Vaccinium macrocarpon	Cranberry	It was used historically as a vulnerary and for urinary disorders, diarrhea, diabetes, stomach ailments, and liver problems. Modern usage has concentrated on urinary tract related problems.[rx]
Vaccinium myrtillus	Bilberry	It is used to treat diarrhea, scurvy, and other conditions.[rx]
Valeriana officinalis	Valerian	It has been used since at least ancient Greece and Rome for sleep disorders and anxiety.[x]
Verbascum thapsus	Common mullein	It contains glycyrrhizin compounds with bactericide and potential anti-tumoral action. These compounds are concentrated in the flowers.[rx]
Verbena officinalis	Verbena	It is used for sore throats and respiratory tract diseases.[rx]
Vernonia amygdalina	Bitter leaf	The plant is used by both primates and indigenous peoples in Africa to treat intestinal ailments such as dysentery.[rx][rx]
Veronica officinalis	Veronica	The plant is used for sinus and ear infections.[rx]
Viburnum tinus	Laurustinus	V. tinus has medicinal properties. The active ingredients are viburnin (a substance or more probably a mixture of compounds) and tannins. Tannins can cause stomach upset. The leaves when infused have antipyretic properties. The fruits have been used as purgatives against constipation. The tincture has been used lately in herbal medicine as a remedy for depression. The plant also contains iridoid glucosides.[rx]
Viola tricolor	Wild pansy	It is one of many viola plant species containing cyclotides. These small peptides have proven to be useful in drug development due to their size and structure giving rise to high stability. Many cyclotides, found in Viola tricolor are cytotoxic.[rx] This feature means that it could be used to treat cancers.[rx][rx]
Viscum album	European mistletoe	It has been used to treat seizures, headaches, and other conditions.[rx]
Vitex agnus-castus	Chasteberry	It has been used for over thousands of years for menstrual problems, and to stimulate lactation.[rx]
Vitis vinifera	Grape	The leaves and fruit have been used medicinally since the ancient Greeks.[rx]

W

Scientific name	Name	Description	Picture
Withania somnifera	Ashwagandha	The plant’s long, brown, tuberous roots are used in traditional medicine. In Ayurveda, the berries and leaves are applied externally to tumors, tubercular glands, carbuncles, and ulcers.[202]

X

Y

Scientific name	Name	Description	Picture
Youngia japonica	Japanese hawkweed	The plant is antitussive and febrifuge. It is also used in the treatment of boils and snakebites.[rx]

Z