Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion (BRVO)

Last updated: February 8, 2026Reviewed date: February 8, 2026Reading time: 9 min read
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Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion (BRVO) may sound like a complex term, but in simpler words, it's when something blocks the small blood vessels in your eye, leading to various eye problems. In this article, we will break down BRVO into easy-to-understand sections to help you...

For severe symptoms, danger signs, pregnancy, child illness, or sudden worsening, seek urgent medical care.

বাংলা রোগী নোট এখনো যোগ করা হয়নি। পোস্ট এডিটরে “RX Bangla Patient Mode” বক্স থেকে সহজ বাংলা সারাংশ যোগ করুন।

এই তথ্য শিক্ষা ও সচেতনতার জন্য। এটি ডাক্তারি পরীক্ষা, রোগ নির্ণয় বা প্রেসক্রিপশনের বিকল্প নয়।

Article Summary

Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion (BRVO) may sound like a complex term, but in simpler words, it's when something blocks the small blood vessels in your eye, leading to various eye problems. In this article, we will break down BRVO into easy-to-understand sections to help you grasp the types, causes, symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatments, drugs, and surgeries related to this eye condition. Types of BRVO BRVO...

Key Takeaways

  • This article explains Types of BRVO in simple medical language.
  • This article explains What Causes BRVO? in simple medical language.
  • This article explains Common Symptoms of BRVO in simple medical language.
  • This article explains How is BRVO Diagnosed? in simple medical language.
Educational health guideWritten for patient understanding and clinical awareness.
Reviewed content workflowUse writer and reviewer profiles for stronger trust.
Emergency safety firstUrgent warning signs are highlighted below.

Seek urgent medical care if you notice

These warning signs are general safety guidance. Local emergency numbers and clinical judgment should always come first.

  • Sudden vision loss, severe eye pain, new flashes, or many new floaters.
  • Eye symptoms after injury or chemical exposure.
  • Rapidly worsening redness, swelling, or vision changes.
1

Emergency now

Use emergency care for severe, sudden, rapidly worsening, or life-threatening symptoms.

2

See a doctor

Book a professional medical evaluation if symptoms persist, worsen, recur often, affect daily activities, or occur in a high-risk patient.

3

Learn safely

Use this article to understand possible causes, tests, treatment options, prevention, and questions to ask your clinician.

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Start here Choose the right pathway for symptoms, reports, medicines, or urgent warning signs. Disease article roadmap Read this topic step by step: meaning, symptoms, warning signs, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and follow-up. Treatment planner Prepare questions about treatment choices, benefits, risks, side effects, and follow-up. Family & caregiver guide Organize symptoms, reports, medicines, questions, and follow-up safely. Nutrition & diet guide Prepare food, hydration, supplement, and medicine-timing questions safely. Prevention guide Organize risk factors, protective habits, screening, and warning signs. Recovery guide Prepare a safe plan for activity, rehabilitation, warning signs, and follow-up.
Definition

Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion (BRVO) may sound like a complex term, but in simpler words, it’s when something blocks the small blood vessels in your eye, leading to various eye problems. In this article, we will break down BRVO into easy-to-understand sections to help you grasp the types, causes, symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatments, drugs, and surgeries related to this eye condition.

Types of BRVO

BRVO can be categorized into two types:

  1. Major Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion (BRVO): This happens when one of the main blood vessels in your eye gets blocked.
  2. Macular Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion (MBRVO): In this case, the blockage occurs in smaller blood vessels near the center of your retina, called the macula.

What Causes BRVO?

Various factors can lead to BRVO. Here are 20 common causes:

  1. Aging: As we get older, our blood vessels may become less flexible and more prone to blockages.
  2. High Blood Pressure: Uncontrolled high blood pressure can damage blood vessels in the eye.
  3. insulin is low or not working well. সহজ বাংলা: রক্তে চিনি বেশি থাকার রোগ।" data-rx-term="diabetes" data-rx-definition="Diabetes is a condition where blood sugar stays too high because insulin is low or not working well. সহজ বাংলা: রক্তে চিনি বেশি থাকার রোগ।">Diabetes: High blood sugar levels can harm the delicate blood vessels in the retina.
  4. Glaucoma: This condition increases eye pressure, potentially affecting blood flow.
  5. Smoking: Smoking damages blood vessels throughout the body, including those in the eye.
  6. Blood Clots: Clots can travel to the eye and block blood vessels.
  7. High Cholesterol: Elevated cholesterol levels may contribute to vessel blockages.
  8. Obesity: Being overweight can increase the risk of BRVO.
  9. Family History: Genetics can play a role in predisposing individuals to BRVO.
  10. Arteriosclerosis: Hardening of the arteries can restrict blood flow.
  11. Heart Disease: Cardiovascular issues may affect blood circulation in the eye.
  12. Thickened Blood: Conditions like polycythemia can thicken the blood and hinder flow.
  13. infection, or irritation, often causing pain, swelling, heat, or redness. সহজ বাংলা: শরীরের প্রদাহ; ব্যথা, ফোলা বা লালভাব হতে পারে।" data-rx-term="inflammation" data-rx-definition="Inflammation is the body’s response to injury, infection, or irritation, often causing pain, swelling, heat, or redness. সহজ বাংলা: শরীরের প্রদাহ; ব্যথা, ফোলা বা লালভাব হতে পারে।">Inflammation: Diseases causing infection, or irritation, often causing pain, swelling, heat, or redness. সহজ বাংলা: শরীরের প্রদাহ; ব্যথা, ফোলা বা লালভাব হতে পারে।" data-rx-term="inflammation" data-rx-definition="Inflammation is the body’s response to injury, infection, or irritation, often causing pain, swelling, heat, or redness. সহজ বাংলা: শরীরের প্রদাহ; ব্যথা, ফোলা বা লালভাব হতে পারে।">inflammation can harm blood vessels.
  14. Eye Infections: Infections may lead to vessel damage.
  15. Blood Disorders: Conditions like anemia can impact blood flow.
  16. Medications: Certain drugs may affect blood vessels in the eye.
  17. Hormonal Changes: Hormonal imbalances can influence blood vessel health.
  18. Blood Vessel Abnormalities: Structural issues in blood vessels may increase the risk.
  19. Dehydration: Insufficient fluid intake can lead to blood thickening.
  20. Eye Trauma: Physical injury to the eye can cause vessel damage.

Common Symptoms of BRVO

Recognizing the symptoms of BRVO can help you seek timely medical attention. Here are 20 common signs:

  1. Blurred Vision: Vision becomes unclear or hazy.
  2. Floaters: Small dark spots or lines seem to float in your vision.
  3. Distorted Vision: Straight lines may appear wavy or bent.
  4. Loss of Vision: Partial or complete loss of vision in one eye.
  5. Difficulty Reading: Trouble reading small print or seeing details.
  6. Eye Pain: Discomfort or pain in the affected eye.
  7. Redness: The eye may appear red or bloodshot.
  8. Increased Light Sensitivity: Sensitivity to bright lights.
  9. Dark Spots: Dark patches or shadows in your vision.
  10. Trouble Recognizing Faces: Difficulty identifying faces.
  11. Peripheral Vision Loss: Reduced side or peripheral vision.
  12. Double Vision: Seeing two images instead of one.
  13. Eye tendon. সহজ বাংলা: মাংসপেশি/টেনডনে টান।" data-rx-term="strain" data-rx-definition="A strain is injury to a muscle or tendon. সহজ বাংলা: মাংসপেশি/টেনডনে টান।">Strain: Feeling strained when trying to focus.
  14. Night Blindness: Difficulty seeing in low-light conditions.
  15. Color Vision Changes: Colors may appear faded or distorted.
  16. Eye Dryness: Dry and uncomfortable eyes.
  17. Eye Twitching: Involuntary eye muscle contractions.
  18. Headaches: Frequent headaches, especially around the eyes.
  19. Sudden Vision Changes: Rapid onset of vision problems.
  20. Eye Discharge: Unusual discharge from the eye.

How is BRVO Diagnosed?

Doctors use various diagnostic tests to confirm BRVO. Here are 20 common ones:

  1. Ophthalmoscopy: The doctor examines the retina using a special instrument with a light.
  2. Fundus Photography: High-resolution photos of the retina are taken.
  3. Fluorescein Angiography: A dye is injected into your arm, and images are taken to highlight blood vessel issues.
  4. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT): This non-invasive test provides detailed cross-sectional images of the retina.
  5. Visual Acuity Test: Measures how well you can see at various distances.
  6. Tonometry: Measures eye pressure.
  7. Amsler Grid Test: Helps detect distortion or irregularities in your central vision.
  8. Pupil Dilation: The doctor uses eye drops to enlarge your pupils for a better view of the retina.
  9. Color Vision Testing: Checks for color perception changes.
  10. Intraocular Pressure Measurement: Measures the pressure inside the eye.
  11. Retinal Thickness Analysis: Evaluates the thickness of the retina.
  12. Blood Pressure Measurement: Ensures blood pressure isn’t contributing to the problem.
  13. Visual Field Test: Measures your peripheral vision.
  14. Electroretinogram (ERG): Records the electrical response of the retina to light.
  15. Blood Tests: To rule out underlying health conditions.
  16. Ultrasound: Uses sound waves to create images of the eye’s interior.
  17. Doppler Ultrasound: Measures blood flow in the eye.
  18. Computed Tomography (CT) Scan: May be used to evaluate blood vessel health.
  19. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Provides detailed images of the eye and surrounding structures.
  20. Angiography with Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT-A): Combines angiography and OCT for precise imaging.

Treating BRVO

Treating BRVO aims to improve vision and prevent further complications. Here are 30 treatment options:

  1. Observation: Sometimes, BRVO resolves on its own, and regular check-ups are all that’s needed.
  2. Lifestyle Changes: Managing conditions like insulin is low or not working well. সহজ বাংলা: রক্তে চিনি বেশি থাকার রোগ।" data-rx-term="diabetes" data-rx-definition="Diabetes is a condition where blood sugar stays too high because insulin is low or not working well. সহজ বাংলা: রক্তে চিনি বেশি থাকার রোগ।">diabetes and high blood pressure is crucial.
  3. Medication: Medications like anti-VEGF injections can help reduce swelling in the retina.
  4. Corticosteroids: Injected into the eye to reduce infection, or irritation, often causing pain, swelling, heat, or redness. সহজ বাংলা: শরীরের প্রদাহ; ব্যথা, ফোলা বা লালভাব হতে পারে।" data-rx-term="inflammation" data-rx-definition="Inflammation is the body’s response to injury, infection, or irritation, often causing pain, swelling, heat, or redness. সহজ বাংলা: শরীরের প্রদাহ; ব্যথা, ফোলা বা লালভাব হতে পারে।">inflammation.
  5. Retinal Laser Therapy: Laser treatment can help seal leaking blood vessels.
  6. Anti-Platelet Drugs: Reduce the risk of blood clots.
  7. Blood Thinners: Prevent clots from forming.
  8. Eye Drops: To control eye pressure.
  9. Intravitreal Implants: Slow-release implants can provide long-term medication.
  10. Vitrectomy: Surgical removal of the vitreous gel in the eye to improve blood flow.
  11. Retinal Cryopexy: Freezing therapy to seal leaking blood vessels.
  12. Scleral Buckle Surgery: Repositions the retina and relieves pressure.
  13. Grid Laser Therapy: Targets specific areas of the retina to reduce swelling.
  14. infection, or irritation, often causing pain, swelling, heat, or redness. সহজ বাংলা: শরীরের প্রদাহ; ব্যথা, ফোলা বা লালভাব হতে পারে।" data-rx-term="inflammation" data-rx-definition="Inflammation is the body’s response to injury, infection, or irritation, often causing pain, swelling, heat, or redness. সহজ বাংলা: শরীরের প্রদাহ; ব্যথা, ফোলা বা লালভাব হতে পারে।">inflammation, pain, or swelling. সহজ বাংলা: প্রদাহ/ফোলা/ব্যথা কমায়।" data-rx-term="anti-inflammatory" data-rx-definition="Anti-inflammatory means reducing inflammation, pain, or swelling. সহজ বাংলা: প্রদাহ/ফোলা/ব্যথা কমায়।">Anti-Inflammatory Medication: Reduces inflammation in the eye.
  15. Supplemental Oxygen: Increases oxygen levels in the blood to help damaged vessels heal.
  16. Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy: Delivers oxygen under pressure to promote healing.
  17. Intravenous Medication: Medication is administered directly into the bloodstream.
  18. Steroid Implants: Slow-release implants can reduce inflammation.
  19. Low Vision Rehabilitation: Helps individuals adapt to vision loss.
  20. Anti-Angiogenic Medication: Targets abnormal blood vessel growth.
  21. Nutritional Supplements: Certain vitamins and minerals can support eye health.
  22. Home Monitoring: Regularly check your vision and report changes to your doctor.
  23. Physical Therapy: Can improve eye muscle function.
  24. Occupational Therapy: Helps with daily tasks affected by vision loss.
  25. Counseling: Offers emotional support and coping strategies.
  26. Vision Aids: Devices like magnifiers and electronic readers.
  27. Prism Glasses: Assist with double vision.
  28. Low Vision Devices: Specialized tools for low vision individuals.
  29. Oral Medication: For specific underlying conditions like diabetes.
  30. Stem Cell Therapy (Emerging): An experimental option to repair damaged blood vessels.

Medications for BRVO

Several drugs may be prescribed to manage BRVO. Here are 20 common ones:

  1. Ranibizumab (Lucentis): An anti-VEGF drug to reduce swelling.
  2. Bevacizumab (Avastin): Also an anti-VEGF medication.
  3. Aflibercept (Eylea): Another option to control VEGF.
  4. Triamcinolone (Kenalog): A corticosteroid used to reduce inflammation.
  5. Dexamethasone (Ozurdex): An implant that releases corticosteroids.
  6. Aspirin: An anti-platelet drug to prevent blood clots.
  7. Warfarin (Coumadin): A blood thinner to reduce clotting risk.
  8. Clopidogrel (Plavix): Another anti-platelet medication.
  9. Dorzolamide (Trusopt): Eye drops to lower eye pressure.
  10. Brinzolamide (Azopt): Another option for controlling eye pressure.
  11. Fluorometholone (FML): Eye drops to reduce inflammation.
  12. Acetazolamide (Diamox): An oral medication to lower eye pressure.
  13. Rutoside (Rutin): A supplement with potential vascular benefits.
  14. Pentoxifylline (Trental): Improves blood flow in smaller vessels.
  15. Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Supplements that may support eye health.
  16. Vitamin E: An antioxidant that can help maintain eye health.
  17. Ginkgo Biloba: An herbal supplement that may improve circulation.
  18. Bromelain: An enzyme with potential anti-inflammatory effects.
  19. Vitamin C: An antioxidant that supports blood vessel health.
  20. Lutein and Zeaxanthin: Antioxidants found in green leafy vegetables.

Surgical Options for BRVO

In some cases, surgery may be necessary to treat BRVO. Here are 10 surgical procedures:

  1. Vitrectomy: Removes the vitreous gel in the eye to improve blood flow.
  2. Scleral Buckle Surgery: Repositions the retina and reduces pressure.
  3. Retinal Cryopexy: Freezing therapy to seal leaking blood vessels.
  4. Grid Laser Therapy: Targets specific areas of the retina to reduce swelling.
  5. Retinal Laser Therapy: Laser treatment to seal leaking blood vessels.
  6. Intravitreal Implants: Slow-release implants that provide long-term medication.
  7. Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy: Delivers oxygen under pressure to promote healing.
  8. Stem Cell Therapy (Emerging): Experimental procedure to repair damaged vessels.
  9. Surgery for Blood Clots: Surgical removal of blood clots in the eye.
  10. Vessel Bypass Surgery (Emerging): An experimental option to bypass blocked blood vessels.

In summary, Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion (BRVO) is a condition where blood vessels in the eye become blocked, leading to various eye problems. It can be caused by factors like aging, high blood pressure, diabetes, and more. Symptoms include blurred vision, floaters, and eye pain, among others. To diagnose BRVO, doctors use various tests, including ophthalmoscopy and optical coherence tomography. Treatment options range from medication and laser therapy to surgery, depending on the severity of the condition. Medications like anti-VEGF drugs and corticosteroids are commonly prescribed, while surgeries like vitrectomy and scleral buckle surgery may be necessary in some cases. It’s important to consult with an eye specialist for proper diagnosis and treatment if you suspect you have BRVO.

 

Disclaimer: Each person’s journey is unique, treatment plan, life style, food habit, hormonal condition, immune system, chronic disease condition, previous medical  history is also unique. So always seek the best advice from a qualified medical professional or health care provider before trying any treatments to ensure to find out the best plan for you. This guide is for general information and educational purposes only. If you or someone are suffering from this disease condition bookmark this website or share with someone who might find it useful! Boost your knowledge and stay ahead in your health journey. Thank you for giving your valuable time to read the article.

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  3. https://www.usa.gov/federal-agencies/national-institute-of-arthritis-musculoskeletal-and-skin-diseases
  4. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/skin/default.html
  5. https://www.skincancer.org/
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  43. https://orwh.od.nih.gov/

 

Doctor visit helper

Prepare before seeing a doctor

A simple rural-patient checklist to help you explain symptoms clearly, ask better questions, and avoid unsafe self-treatment.

Safety note: This is not a prescription or diagnosis. For severe symptoms, pregnancy danger signs, children with serious illness, chest pain, breathing difficulty, stroke-like weakness, or major injury, seek urgent care.

Which doctor may help?

Start with a registered doctor or the nearest qualified health center.

What to tell the doctor

  • Write when the problem started and how it changed.
  • Bring old prescriptions, investigation reports, and current medicines.
  • Write allergies, pregnancy status, diabetes, kidney/liver disease, and major past illnesses.
  • Bring one family member if the patient is weak, elderly, confused, or a child.

Questions to ask

  • What is the most likely cause of my symptoms?
  • Which danger signs mean I should go to hospital quickly?
  • Which tests are necessary now, and which can wait?
  • How should I take medicines safely and what side effects should I watch for?
  • When should I come for follow-up?

Tests to discuss

  • Vital signs: temperature, pulse, blood pressure, oxygen saturation
  • Basic physical examination by a clinician
  • CBC, urine test, blood sugar, or imaging only when clinically needed

Avoid these mistakes

  • Do not use antibiotics, steroid tablets/injections, or strong painkillers without proper medical advice.
  • Do not hide pregnancy, kidney disease, ulcer, allergy, or blood thinner use.
  • Do not delay emergency care when danger signs are present.

Medicine safety and first-aid guide

This section is for patient education only. It does not replace a doctor, pharmacist, or emergency care.

Safe first steps

  • Avoid heavy lifting, sudden bending, and prolonged bed rest.
  • Use comfortable posture and gentle movement as tolerated.
  • Discuss physiotherapy, X-ray, or MRI only when clinically needed.

OTC medicine safety

  • For mild back pain, pain-relief medicine may be discussed with a doctor or pharmacist.
  • Avoid repeated painkiller use if you have kidney disease, stomach ulcer, uncontrolled blood pressure, or are taking blood thinners.

Avoid these mistakes

  • Do not start antibiotics without a proper medical decision.
  • Do not use steroid tablets or injections casually for quick relief.
  • Do not delay emergency care because of home remedies.

Get urgent help if

  • Back pain with leg weakness, numbness around private area, loss of urine/stool control, fever, cancer history, or major injury needs urgent care.
Medicine names, dose, and timing must be decided by a qualified clinician or pharmacist after checking age, pregnancy, allergy, other diseases, and current medicines.

For rural patients and family caregivers

Patient health record and symptom diary

Write your symptoms, medicines already taken, test results, and questions before visiting a doctor. This note stays on your device unless you print or copy it.

Doctor to discuss: Doctor / qualified healthcare provider
Tests to discuss with doctor
  • Basic vital signs: temperature, pulse, blood pressure, oxygen level if needed
  • Relevant blood, urine, imaging, or specialist tests only after clinical assessment
Questions to ask
  • What is the most likely cause of my symptoms?
  • Which warning signs mean I should go to emergency care?
  • Which tests are really needed now?
  • Which medicines are safe for my age, pregnancy status, allergy, kidney/liver/stomach condition, and current medicines?

Emergency warning signs such as chest pain, severe breathing difficulty, sudden weakness, confusion, severe dehydration, major injury, or loss of bladder/bowel control need urgent medical care. Do not wait for online information.

Safe pathway to proper treatment

Care roadmap for: Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion (BRVO)

Use this simple roadmap to understand the next safe steps. It is educational and does not replace examination by a doctor.

Go to emergency care if you notice:
  • Severe or rapidly worsening symptoms
  • Breathing difficulty, chest pain, fainting, confusion, severe weakness, major injury, or severe dehydration
Doctor / service to discuss: Qualified healthcare provider; specialist depends on symptoms and examination.
  1. Step 1

    Check danger signs first

    If danger signs are present, seek emergency care and do not wait for online information.

  2. Step 2

    Record the symptom story

    Write when symptoms started, severity, medicines already taken, allergies, pregnancy status, and test results.

  3. Step 3

    Visit a qualified clinician

    A doctor, nurse, or qualified healthcare provider can examine you and decide which tests or treatment are needed.

  4. Step 4

    Do only useful tests

    Do tests after clinical assessment. Avoid unnecessary tests, random antibiotics, or repeated medicines without diagnosis.

  5. Step 5

    Follow up and return early if worse

    If symptoms worsen, new warning signs appear, or treatment is not helping, return for review quickly.

Rural patient practical tips
  • Take a written symptom diary and all previous prescriptions/test reports.
  • Do not hide medicines already taken, even herbal or over-the-counter medicines.
  • Ask which warning signs mean urgent referral to hospital.

This roadmap is for education. A real diagnosis and treatment plan requires history, examination, and clinical judgment.

RX Patient Help

Ask a health question safely

Write your symptom story. A health professional or site editor can review it before any answer is prepared. This box is not for emergency care.

Emergency first: Severe chest pain, breathing trouble, unconsciousness, stroke signs, severe injury, heavy bleeding, or rapidly worsening symptoms need urgent local medical care now.

Frequently Asked Questions

Types of BRVO BRVO can be categorized into two types: Major Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion (BRVO): This happens when one of the main blood vessels in your eye gets blocked. Macular Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion (MBRVO): In this case, the blockage occurs in smaller blood vessels near the center of your retina, called the macula. What Causes BRVO?

Various factors can lead to BRVO. Here are 20 common causes: Aging: As we get older, our blood vessels may become less flexible and more prone to blockages. High Blood Pressure: Uncontrolled high blood pressure can damage blood vessels in the eye. Diabetes: High blood sugar levels can harm the delicate blood vessels in the retina. Glaucoma: This condition increases eye pressure, potentially affecting blood flow. Smoking: Smoking damages blood vessels throughout the body, including those in the eye. Blood…

Common Symptoms of BRVO Recognizing the symptoms of BRVO can help you seek timely medical attention. Here are 20 common signs: Blurred Vision: Vision becomes unclear or hazy. Floaters: Small dark spots or lines seem to float in your vision. Distorted Vision: Straight lines may appear wavy or bent. Loss of Vision: Partial or complete loss of vision in one eye. Difficulty Reading: Trouble reading small print or seeing details. Eye Pain: Discomfort or pain in the affected eye. Redness: The eye may appear red or bloodshot. Increased Light Sensitivity: Sensitivity to bright lights. Dark Spots: Dark patches or shadows in your vision. Trouble Recognizing Faces: Difficulty identifying faces. Peripheral Vision Loss: Reduced side or peripheral vision. Double Vision: Seeing two images instead of one. Eye Strain: Feeling strained when trying to focus. Night Blindness: Difficulty seeing in low-light conditions. Color Vision Changes: Colors may appear faded or distorted. Eye Dryness: Dry and uncomfortable eyes. Eye Twitching: Involuntary eye muscle contractions. Headaches: Frequent headaches, especially around the eyes. Sudden Vision Changes: Rapid onset of vision problems. Eye Discharge: Unusual discharge from the eye. How is BRVO Diagnosed?

Doctors use various diagnostic tests to confirm BRVO. Here are 20 common ones: Ophthalmoscopy: The doctor examines the retina using a special instrument with a light. Fundus Photography: High-resolution photos of the retina are taken. Fluorescein Angiography: A dye is injected into your arm, and images are taken to highlight blood vessel issues. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT): This non-invasive test provides detailed cross-sectional images of the retina. Visual Acuity Test: Measures how well you can see at various distances. Tonometry:…

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