What is Meditation Therapy? A Definition

Meditation therapy is “a method of relaxation and consciousness expansion by focusing on a mantra or a keyword, sound, or image while eliminating outside stimuli from one’s awareness” (Mosby’s Medical Dictionary, 2009).

There are many types of meditation. Examples include mindfulness, body scan, loving-kindness, walking, Zen, mantra, and transcendental meditations. They can be further categorized into insight or calming and guided or unguided. In the world of meditation, there is an approach for everyone.

Each type of meditation has a few things in common: choosing a quiet spot, finding a comfortable posture, and focusing your attention while remaining open (National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, n.d.).

The duration of meditation practice is as short as one minute to several hours. There also is not a “right” or “only” way to practice. It is as diverse as the people who practice it.

Research and Studies

Several studies are touting the benefits of meditation (NCCIH, n.d.). The degree to which a practice helps with various ailments has come into question. The primary issues have been small sample sizes and weak experimental design.

Goyal and colleagues (2014) conducted a review of 47 trials with 3,515 participants. The researchers found:

Mindfulness meditation programs improve anxiety, depression, and pain at eight weeks and 3-6 months. They cite “moderate evidence” for these improvements.
Low evidence for improved stress/distress and mental health-related quality of life.
Low-to-no evidence of any effect on positive mood, attention, substance use, eating habits, sleep, or weight.
No evidence that meditation programs were better than any active treatment (drugs, exercise, behavioral therapies.)

The authors point out that the studies up to June 2013 did not typically specify the level of expertise of the instructors, the number of training patients received, or the amount of at-home practice patients did (Goyal et al., 2014).

Studies since their review have found connections between:

Relaxation response training and reduced blood pressure (Bhasin et al., 2018). Note: This study did not include a control group of non-meditators.
Mindfulness training and reduced cravings to smoke (Elwafi, Witkiewitz, Mallik, Thornhill, & Brewer, 2013).
MBSR and CBT training and reduced chronic low back pain. Both were equally effective and resulted in “greater improvement in back pain and functional limitations at 26 weeks” when compared to the person’s regular care routine (Cherkin et al., 2016).
Compassionate responses to another person’s suffering increase among meditation practitioners who have practiced for eight weeks (Condon, Desbordes, Miller, & DeSteno, 2013).
Mindfulness meditation and alleviation of insomnia when compared to an eight-week self-monitoring condition (Ong et al., 2014).

6 Proven Benefits

To say something is “proven” in scientific terms is almost impossible. Social science researchers hesitate to say “x causes y.” They speak in terms of confidence intervals (CIs). The Association for Psychological Science has a fabulous article explaining this topic (Kalinowski, 2010).

Researchers use the term correlation when describing their results. This means that they have found a connection or no connection between the variables in question. For example, one might find that an 8-week mindfulness meditation training negatively correlated with a decrease in insomnia. As the person continued to use mindfulness meditation, their experience of insomnia lessened.

Does this mean that there are no “proven” effects of using meditation therapy? As the prior section indicated, the research is promising.

Here are six more studies:

The amygdala changes after two months of meditation training. Desbordes and colleagues (2012) found that there is less activation in this area after learning meditation.
Meditation has a stronger effect than relaxation training to reduce smoking and cravings (Tang, Tang, & Posner, 2013).
Ramsburg and Youmans (2014) found that meditation improves the retention of information. In their experiments, college students received brief meditation training or rest. Then they listened to a lecture followed by a quiz. Students who received meditation training retained more information. Unaffected variables included mood, relaxation, and class interest.
A 2015 study by Ching, Koo, Tsai, and Chen found that a semester-long mindfulness course improved learning effectiveness. It also enhanced participants’ attention and memory.
Loving-kindness meditation reduces implicit bias against blacks and homeless people (Kang, Gray, & Dovidio, 2013). The researchers compared this result against a loving-kindness discussion group and a waitlisted group.
Goldin, Ziv, Jazaieri, Hahn, and Gross (2013) compared MBSR to an aerobic exercise stress reduction program. They found that “meditation practice was associated with decreases in negative emotion and social anxiety symptom severity and increases in attention-related parietal cortex neural responses when implementing attention regulation of negative self-beliefs.”

8 Techniques Used in Meditation Therapy

A mental health professional may use a variety of techniques based on the patient’s needs. One exercise might work for one person but be ineffective for another. Fortunately, there are several options.

The University of Minnesota (n.d.) recommends these:

Diaphragmatic (belly) breathing. Sit or lie comfortably on your back. Breathe in through your nose with your mouth closed. Exhale slowly through your mouth with your lips pursed. Try to make your exhalation longer than your inhalation.
Straw breathing is a great way to extend your exhalation. Breathe in through your nose. Using a plastic straw, exhale through it until all the air leaves your lungs. Repeat this for anywhere from 2-5 minutes.
2-minute relaxation. Start by taking a few deep breaths. Remember to exhale slowly and fully. Be mindful of the air as it leaves your lungs. Scan your body for tense areas. Imagine warm light loosening the muscle. Allow your head to fall forward gently. Rotate to the left and right. Raise your head. Rotate left and right. Look up and then slowly return your head to a neutral position. If at any point you feel pain, stop. Roll your shoulders forward and back. Recall something pleasant. Take a few more deep breaths exhaling slowly.
Exercise your shoulder and neck muscles to reduce tension. Stand or sit. Shrug your shoulders to your ears for a count of ten then release. Repeat as needed. Stretch your arms up and overhead without locking your elbows. Swing your arms at your sides forward and back, and side to side.
Engage the relaxation response. Choose a quiet spot with little-to-no distractions. Get into a comfortable position. Choose a focal point such as your breath, a word, a sound, or a prayer. If you get distracted, imagine the distraction as a cloud sweeping across the sky. Let it float past without judgment or emotion. Return your attention to your focal point.
Georgia Tech (n.d.) advises students to use the above techniques and Progressive Muscle Relaxation (PMR). Sit or lie in a comfortable position. Take a few deep breaths and close your eyes. Beginning at the top of your body, slowly tense and then release the muscles in your body. For a more detailed explanation, visit the Georgia Tech Division of Student Life.
Body scanning is useful for reducing pain. To start, lie on your back in a comfortable position, close your eyes, and breathe deeply. Focus on your left foot. Allow yourself to feel all the sensations. Do this for each part of your body. If you experience pain in any area as you move through your body, acknowledge it, and breathe through the pain. Refrain from judging yourself or the pain (Harvard Health Publishing, 2016).
Guided Imagery is using words and music to evoke imaginary scenarios in the listener. The goal is to assist the person in “see” and “feel” the imagined experience.

If you would like to experience a guided imagery meditation, listen to Jason Stephensen’s, Guided meditation for anxiety and stress.

A Look at Stillness Meditation Therapy

Developed by psychiatrist Dr. Ainslie Meares, this form of meditation involves “the natural regulation of the nervous system through the repeated experience of mental rest” (Stillness Meditation, n.d.) Unlike many other forms of meditation, stillness meditation is non-sectarian. It helps practitioners relieve stress and anxiety without drugs.

Stillness meditation is about allowing the mind to come to rest on its own. There are no specific breathing techniques. One does not need to listen to music, chant, visualize, or focus on emptying one’s mind. You are free to allow your mind to wander. It involves no effort. You are not trying to achieve anything.

Facilitated sessions might involve therapeutic touch. This helps the teacher communicate safety to the client allowing the client to experience successful mental rest (Stillness Meditation, n.d.).

Using Somatic Meditation in a Therapeutic Setting

Somatic meditation is body-centered. The goal is to identify and release negative tension throughout the body. To do this, a practitioner incorporates talk therapy, mind-body exercises, and physical techniques (Psychology Today, n.d.).

Practitioners believe that negative emotional experiences manifest through the body. This is not limited to physical pain. It also includes anger, frustration, and other emotions. During a therapy session, a client relives those negative emotions by recalling memories.

The therapist assists the person by integrating some of the following:

Yoga
Dance
Vocal work
Massage
Exercise
Deep breathing
Relaxation exercises
Meditation

Suggested Reading on the Topic

If you are interested in reading more on the topic, I have some suggestions below.

I recommend the following by Buddhist teacher and scholar, Reginald Ray:

The Awakening Body: Somatic Meditation for Discovering Our Deepest Life (Amazon)

[amazon box="1611803713"]

The Practice of Pure Awareness: Somatic meditation for awakening the sacred (Amazon)

[amazon box="1611803810"]

Manuela Mischke-Reeds, MA, MFT, is an international teacher of mindfulness-based somatic psychology and has an interesting workbook you can find below.

Somatic psychotherapy toolbox: 125 Worksheets and exercises to treat trauma and stress (Amazon)

[amazon box="1683731352"]

How to Use Guided Meditations in Therapy

As a therapist, having one’s practice is helpful. Doing so allows you to understand better the challenges and rewards a meditation practice offers. This will increase your compassion toward your client. It also allows you to share your experiences, as appropriate. For example, how you acknowledge distractions without judgment.

Tara Brach (n.d.) suggests having clients work with a meditation teacher. Then, when the client returns to a session, the discussion can include how to incorporate meditation into their therapy.

Using Meditation Therapy for Depression

One evidence-based approach is mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT). Borrowing from the MBSR format, Segal, Williams, and Teasdale developed MBCT to combat depression (Lu, 2015).

Like MBSR, MBCT is an 8-week program that includes yoga, body awareness, and daily homework. According to the Center for Mindfulness in Medicine, Health Care, and Society (n.d.), “the key difference in MBCT is an explicit focus on turning toward low mood and negative thoughts.”

Research (Lu, 2015) has shown that,

People with early-onset depression, or who experienced abuse as a child are more likely to benefit.
People who are “ready to engage” also benefit. These are people who’ve tried medication and or other therapies but still struggle.
Recurring depressive episodes decrease with the use of MBCT. When compared to medication, the results were similar and better than a placebo.

Dimidjian and colleagues (2015) adapted MBCT for perinatal women. They found an “18% relapse/recurrence rate through 6 months postpartum.” For pregnant women battling depression, this research provides hope.

A 2014 study by Raes, Griffith, van der Gucht, and Williams found that MBCT is well-suited for adolescents. Their randomized, controlled study was a first of its kind and included 408 students ages 13-20. Results showed that the intervention group experienced “significantly greater reductions in depression compared with the control groups at 6-month follow-up.”

How Can Meditation Therapy be Used for PTSD and Anxiety Disorders?

Question

What is Meditation Therapy? A Definition

Meditation therapy is “a method of relaxation and consciousness expansion by focusing on a mantra or a keyword, sound, or image while eliminating outside stimuli from one’s awareness” (Mosby’s Medical Dictionary, 2009).

There are many types of meditation. Examples include mindfulness, body scan, loving-kindness, walking, Zen, mantra, and transcendental meditations. They can be further categorized into insight or calming and guided or unguided. In the world of meditation, there is an approach for everyone.

Each type of meditation has a few things in common: choosing a quiet spot, finding a comfortable posture, and focusing your attention while remaining open (National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, n.d.).

The duration of meditation practice is as short as one minute to several hours. There also is not a “right” or “only” way to practice. It is as diverse as the people who practice it.

Research and Studies

Several studies are touting the benefits of meditation (NCCIH, n.d.). The degree to which a practice helps with various ailments has come into question. The primary issues have been small sample sizes and weak experimental design.

Goyal and colleagues (2014) conducted a review of 47 trials with 3,515 participants. The researchers found:

Mindfulness meditation programs improve anxiety, depression, and pain at eight weeks and 3-6 months. They cite “moderate evidence” for these improvements.
    Low evidence for improved stress/distress and mental health-related quality of life.
    Low-to-no evidence of any effect on positive mood, attention, substance use, eating habits, sleep, or weight.
    No evidence that meditation programs were better than any active treatment (drugs, exercise, behavioral therapies.)

The authors point out that the studies up to June 2013 did not typically specify the level of expertise of the instructors, the number of training patients received, or the amount of at-home practice patients did (Goyal et al., 2014).

Studies since their review have found connections between:

Relaxation response training and reduced blood pressure (Bhasin et al., 2018). Note: This study did not include a control group of non-meditators.
    Mindfulness training and reduced cravings to smoke (Elwafi, Witkiewitz, Mallik, Thornhill, & Brewer, 2013).
    MBSR and CBT training and reduced chronic low back pain. Both were equally effective and resulted in “greater improvement in back pain and functional limitations at 26 weeks” when compared to the person’s regular care routine (Cherkin et al., 2016).
    Compassionate responses to another person’s suffering increase among meditation practitioners who have practiced for eight weeks (Condon, Desbordes, Miller, & DeSteno, 2013).
    Mindfulness meditation and alleviation of insomnia when compared to an eight-week self-monitoring condition (Ong et al., 2014).

6 Proven Benefits

To say something is “proven” in scientific terms is almost impossible. Social science researchers hesitate to say “x causes y.” They speak in terms of confidence intervals (CIs). The Association for Psychological Science has a fabulous article explaining this topic (Kalinowski, 2010).

Researchers use the term correlation when describing their results. This means that they have found a connection or no connection between the variables in question. For example, one might find that an 8-week mindfulness meditation training negatively correlated with a decrease in insomnia. As the person continued to use mindfulness meditation, their experience of insomnia lessened.

Does this mean that there are no “proven” effects of using meditation therapy? As the prior section indicated, the research is promising.

Here are six more studies:

The amygdala changes after two months of meditation training. Desbordes and colleagues (2012) found that there is less activation in this area after learning meditation.
    Meditation has a stronger effect than relaxation training to reduce smoking and cravings (Tang, Tang, & Posner, 2013).
    Ramsburg and Youmans (2014) found that meditation improves the retention of information. In their experiments, college students received brief meditation training or rest. Then they listened to a lecture followed by a quiz. Students who received meditation training retained more information. Unaffected variables included mood, relaxation, and class interest.
    A 2015 study by Ching, Koo, Tsai, and Chen found that a semester-long mindfulness course improved learning effectiveness. It also enhanced participants’ attention and memory.
    Loving-kindness meditation reduces implicit bias against blacks and homeless people (Kang, Gray, & Dovidio, 2013). The researchers compared this result against a loving-kindness discussion group and a waitlisted group.
    Goldin, Ziv, Jazaieri, Hahn, and Gross (2013) compared MBSR to an aerobic exercise stress reduction program. They found that “meditation practice was associated with decreases in negative emotion and social anxiety symptom severity and increases in attention-related parietal cortex neural responses when implementing attention regulation of negative self-beliefs.”

8 Techniques Used in Meditation Therapy

A mental health professional may use a variety of techniques based on the patient’s needs. One exercise might work for one person but be ineffective for another. Fortunately, there are several options.

The University of Minnesota (n.d.) recommends these:

Diaphragmatic (belly) breathing. Sit or lie comfortably on your back. Breathe in through your nose with your mouth closed. Exhale slowly through your mouth with your lips pursed. Try to make your exhalation longer than your inhalation.
    Straw breathing is a great way to extend your exhalation. Breathe in through your nose. Using a plastic straw, exhale through it until all the air leaves your lungs. Repeat this for anywhere from 2-5 minutes.
    2-minute relaxation. Start by taking a few deep breaths. Remember to exhale slowly and fully. Be mindful of the air as it leaves your lungs. Scan your body for tense areas. Imagine warm light loosening the muscle. Allow your head to fall forward gently. Rotate to the left and right. Raise your head. Rotate left and right. Look up and then slowly return your head to a neutral position. If at any point you feel pain, stop. Roll your shoulders forward and back. Recall something pleasant. Take a few more deep breaths exhaling slowly.
    Exercise your shoulder and neck muscles to reduce tension. Stand or sit. Shrug your shoulders to your ears for a count of ten then release. Repeat as needed. Stretch your arms up and overhead without locking your elbows. Swing your arms at your sides forward and back, and side to side.
    Engage the relaxation response. Choose a quiet spot with little-to-no distractions. Get into a comfortable position. Choose a focal point such as your breath, a word, a sound, or a prayer. If you get distracted, imagine the distraction as a cloud sweeping across the sky. Let it float past without judgment or emotion. Return your attention to your focal point.
    Georgia Tech (n.d.) advises students to use the above techniques and Progressive Muscle Relaxation (PMR). Sit or lie in a comfortable position. Take a few deep breaths and close your eyes. Beginning at the top of your body, slowly tense and then release the muscles in your body. For a more detailed explanation, visit the Georgia Tech Division of Student Life.
    Body scanning is useful for reducing pain. To start, lie on your back in a comfortable position, close your eyes, and breathe deeply. Focus on your left foot. Allow yourself to feel all the sensations. Do this for each part of your body. If you experience pain in any area as you move through your body, acknowledge it, and breathe through the pain. Refrain from judging yourself or the pain (Harvard Health Publishing, 2016).
    Guided Imagery is using words and music to evoke imaginary scenarios in the listener. The goal is to assist the person in “see” and “feel” the imagined experience.

If you would like to experience a guided imagery meditation, listen to Jason Stephensen’s, Guided meditation for anxiety and stress.

A Look at Stillness Meditation Therapy

Developed by psychiatrist Dr. Ainslie Meares, this form of meditation involves “the natural regulation of the nervous system through the repeated experience of mental rest” (Stillness Meditation, n.d.) Unlike many other forms of meditation, stillness meditation is non-sectarian. It helps practitioners relieve stress and anxiety without drugs.

Stillness meditation is about allowing the mind to come to rest on its own. There are no specific breathing techniques. One does not need to listen to music, chant, visualize, or focus on emptying one’s mind. You are free to allow your mind to wander. It involves no effort. You are not trying to achieve anything.

Facilitated sessions might involve therapeutic touch. This helps the teacher communicate safety to the client allowing the client to experience successful mental rest (Stillness Meditation, n.d.).

Using Somatic Meditation in a Therapeutic Setting

Somatic meditation is body-centered. The goal is to identify and release negative tension throughout the body. To do this, a practitioner incorporates talk therapy, mind-body exercises, and physical techniques (Psychology Today, n.d.).

Practitioners believe that negative emotional experiences manifest through the body. This is not limited to physical pain. It also includes anger, frustration, and other emotions. During a therapy session, a client relives those negative emotions by recalling memories.

The therapist assists the person by integrating some of the following:

Yoga
    Dance
    Vocal work
    Massage
    Exercise
    Deep breathing
    Relaxation exercises
    Meditation

Article Summary

Key Takeaways

Seek urgent medical care if you notice

Emergency now

See a doctor

Learn safely