Thoracic Disc Retrolisthesis at the T7–T8

Types of Thoracic Disc Retrolisthesis

1. Grade I (Mild? Retrolisthesis)
   In Grade I retrolisthesis, the backward shift is less than 25% of the width of the vertebral body. Patients often experience mild discomfort or are asymptomatic?, and the condition may be detected incidentally on imaging.

2. Grade II (Moderate? Retrolisthesis)
   Here, the slip ranges from 25% to 50%. Moderate retrolisthesis may cause intermittent back pain?, stiffness, and occasional nerve irritation, particularly with twisting or extension movements.

3. Grade III (Severe? Retrolisthesis)
   When the displacement exceeds 50%, the spinal canal can narrow substantially, leading to persistent pain, reduced spinal mobility, and a higher risk of spinal cord or nerve root compression.

4. Static Retrolisthesis
   This form remains constant regardless of body position. It usually reflects structural changes, such as disc degeneration or facet joint arthritis?, and can cause chronic? back pain.

5. Dynamic Retrolisthesis
   In dynamic retrolisthesis, the backward shift worsens with certain movements (e.g., bending backward). It often results from ligament? laxity or segmental instability and may produce episodic symptoms tied to specific activities.

Causes of Thoracic Disc Retrolisthesis

1. Age-Related Disc Degeneration
   Over time, the intervertebral disc loses water content and height, reducing its ability to cushion vertebrae?. This makes the spinal segment more prone to slipping backward.

2. Facet Joint Osteoarthritis?
   Wear and tear of the small joints between vertebrae can alter spinal alignment and stability, allowing the disc to shift.

3. Trauma? or Injury
   Sudden impacts—such as falls, car accidents, or sports injuries—can damage spinal ligaments? and discs, leading to retrolisthesis.

4. Repetitive Strain?
   Jobs or activities that involve frequent bending, lifting, or twisting can gradually weaken spinal supports and allow vertebral slippage.

5. Ligamentous Laxity
   Inherent looseness of the spinal ligaments, whether genetic? or acquired, reduces stability and predisposes to segmental displacement.

6. Disc Herniation
   When part of the disc’s inner material pushes outward, it can push the adjacent vertebra? backward.

7. Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis?
   Defects or stress fractures in the vertebral arch may contribute to backward slippage of the disc segment.

8. Post-Surgical Changes
   Spine surgeries—especially those involving decompression or fusion—can alter biomechanics at neighboring levels, increasing stress and promoting retrolisthesis.

9. Inflammatory Arthritis
   Conditions like rheumatoid arthritis? can erode facet joints and ligaments, destabilizing the spinal segment.

10. Tumors or Bone Lesions
    Growths within or beside the vertebrae can weaken bony structures or displace them backward.

11. Osteoporosis?
    Reduced bone density from osteoporosis makes vertebrae more fragile and susceptible to collapse or displacement.

12. Congenital? Spine Abnormalities
    Birth defects affecting the shape or alignment of vertebrae can predispose to retrolisthesis later in life.

13. Idiopathic? Factors
    In some patients, no clear cause is found; subtle alignment variations and mild degeneration accumulate over time.

14. Excessive Lumbar Lordosis
    Severe curvature in the lower back? shifts mechanical forces upward, potentially destabilizing the thoracic segments.

15. Obesity
    Increased body weight places extra compressive forces on the spine, accelerating disc wear and instability.

16. Smoking
    Tobacco use impairs disc nutrition by reducing blood flow, leading to earlier degeneration and slippage.

17. Poor Posture
    Sustained kyphotic (rounded) or hyperextended postures stress the thoracic discs and ligaments.

18. Muscle Weakness
    Weak core and paraspinal muscles fail to support the spine adequately, allowing passive structures to overload and slip.

19. Spinal Infections
    Infections such as spinal osteomyelitis can erode bone or disc tissue, undermining stability.

20. Metabolic Bone Disorders
    Conditions like Paget’s disease disrupt normal bone remodeling, increasing the risk of vertebral displacement.

Symptoms of Thoracic Disc Retrolisthesis

1. Mid-Back Pain
   A deep, aching sensation localized around the T7–T8 region that may worsen with movement or prolonged standing.

2. Stiffness
   Difficulty bending or twisting the torso, particularly after sitting or resting for extended periods.

3. Muscle Spasm
   The paraspinal muscles may tense reflexively to stabilize the unstable segment, causing sharp, involuntary contractions.

4. Radiating Pain
   Pain that travels around the rib cage or into the chest when spinal nerves are irritated.

5. Numbness or Tingling
   Sensory disturbances along a thoracic dermatome (a band of skin supplied by a specific nerve) due to nerve root compression.

6. Weakness
   Muscle weakness in the trunk or lower limbs if severe retrolisthesis compresses the spinal cord.

7. Balance Difficulties
   Impaired proprioception and spinal cord involvement can lead to unsteady gait or clumsiness.

8. Difficulty Breathing Deeply
   Pain or nerve irritation around the ribs may make deep inhalation uncomfortable, mimicking chest problems.

9. Postural Changes
   An unwillingness to stand or sit upright; patients may adopt a flexed or “hunched” posture to reduce pressure.

10. Hyperreflexia
    Exaggerated reflexes below the level of compression if the spinal cord is involved.

11. Gastrointestinal Discomfort
    Rarely, referred visceral pain can present as upper abdominal discomfort.

12. Cold Sensations
    Patients sometimes describe a “cool band” around their torso corresponding to affected dermatomes.

13. Heat Sensations
    Conversely, nerve irritation may produce a localized burning feeling.

14. Electric-Shock Sensations
    Sudden jolts of pain with certain movements, typical of nerve root traction.

15. Pain with Coughing or Sneezing
    Increased intrathoracic pressure can exacerbate spinal compression, triggering pain.

16. Loss of Spinal Flexibility
    Reduced range of motion, especially in extension or rotation.

17. Sleep Disturbances
    Inability to find a comfortable position may cause frequent awakenings.

18. Reduced Exercise Tolerance
    Activities like walking, lifting, or sports become painful or fatiguing more quickly.

19. Sensory Level
    A clear horizontal line on the trunk where sensation changes may indicate spinal cord involvement.

20. Autonomic Dysfunction (Rare)
    In extreme cases, bladder or bowel control may be affected if the spinal cord is compressed dramatically.

Diagnostic Tests for Thoracic Disc Retrolisthesis

A. Physical Examination

1. Inspection of Spinal Alignment
   The clinician observes the patient’s posture, looking for abnormal kyphosis or asymmetry around T7–T8.

2. Palpation of the Spinous Processes
   Gentle pressure along the thoracic spine identifies tenderness or step-offs indicating vertebral displacement.

3. Assessment of Paraspinal Muscle Tone
   Feeling for muscle tightness or spasm that often accompanies instability at T7–T8.

4. Range of Motion Testing
   Measuring how far the patient can flex, extend, and rotate the thoracic spine without pain.

5. Gait Analysis
   Observing walking patterns to detect balance issues or compensatory movements from spinal discomfort.

6. Neurological Inspection
   Visual assessment of muscle bulk and look for signs of atrophy in the trunk or lower limbs.

7. Reflex Testing
   Evaluating deep tendon reflexes, especially the abdominal and lower limb reflexes, for hyperreflexia.

8. Sensory Level Mapping
   Light touch and pinprick tests across the thorax to identify dermatomal sensory changes.

B. Manual or Functional Tests

9. Thoracic Extension Provocation Test
   Patient extends the thoracic spine; exacerbation of pain suggests instability or retrolisthesis.

10. Thoracic Flexion Provocation Test
    Bending forward can stretch posterior ligaments; reproduction of pain indicates structural pathology.

11. Segmental Mobility Palpation
    The examiner applies gentle shear forces at each thoracic level to assess abnormal motion at T7–T8.

12. Adam’s Forward Bend Test
    Though more common in scoliosis, forward bending can highlight rotational or translational abnormalities.

13. Rib Springing Test
    Applying anterior pressure to individual ribs can reproduce pain if the underlying vertebra is unstable.

14. Thoracic Compression Test
    Axial loading of the spine to see if increased pressure worsens mid-back pain.

15. Upper Limb Neurodynamic Tests
    Procedures like the brachial plexus tension test can reveal nerve root sensitivity that may originate from thoracic segments.

16. Valsalva Maneuver
    Bearing down accentuates intrathecal pressure and can reveal pain from spinal canal narrowing.

C. Laboratory & Pathological Tests

17. Complete Blood Count (CBC)
    Detects infection or inflammation, which could mimic or contribute to spinal pain.

18. Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
    Elevated in inflammatory or infectious conditions of the spine.

19. C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
    Another marker that rises in acute inflammation, helping to rule out infectious causes.

20. Rheumatoid Factor & Anti-CCP
    Tests for rheumatoid arthritis, which can affect facet joints and destabilize the spine.

21. HLA-B27 Testing
    Evaluates for ankylosing spondylitis, a cause of inflammatory spinal disease and instability.

22. Serum Calcium and Vitamin D
    Assess bone health and rule out metabolic disorders that weaken vertebrae.

23. Blood Cultures
    If spinal infection is suspected, cultures help identify bacterial pathogens.

24. Bone Biopsy (if indicated)
    In cases of suspected tumor or infection, tissue sampling confirms diagnosis.

D. Electrodiagnostic Tests

25. Nerve Conduction Studies (NCS)
    Measures the speed of electrical impulses in spinal nerve roots to detect compression.

26. Electromyography (EMG)
    Evaluates muscle electrical activity for signs of chronic nerve root irritation from retrolisthesis.

27. Somatosensory Evoked Potentials (SSEPs)
    Records the nervous system’s response to sensory stimulation, detecting spinal cord dysfunction.

28. Motor Evoked Potentials (MEPs)
    Stimulates the motor pathways to assess integrity of the corticospinal tract near T7–T8.

29. F-Wave Studies
    Analyzes late responses of peripheral nerves, helping identify proximal nerve root issues.

30. H-Reflex Testing
    Evaluates reflex arcs for neurologic involvement above the lumbar spine.

31. Paraspinal Mapping EMG
    Places electrodes in thoracic muscles to localize nerve root compression more precisely.

32. Diaphragmatic EMG
    In rare cases, assesses phrenic nerve function if high thoracic involvement affects breathing.

E. Imaging Tests

33. Standing Lateral X-Ray
    The most common first-line study; measures the degree of vertebral slip on a side view.

34. Flexion-Extension X-Rays
    Compares alignment changes between bending forward and backward to reveal dynamic instability.

35. Computed Tomography (CT) Scan
    Provides detailed bone images, showing facet joint arthritis, osteophytes, or bony defects.

36. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
    Visualizes the disc, spinal cord, and nerve roots; highlights disc degeneration, spinal canal narrowing, or cord signal changes.

37. Myelography
    Injects contrast into the spinal canal to outline nerve compression; combined with CT for higher resolution.

38. Bone Scan (Technetium-99m)
    Detects increased metabolic activity in bone, helpful for tumors, infections, or occult fractures.

39. Single-Photon Emission CT (SPECT)
    A functional bone imaging modality that localizes areas of abnormal bone turnover.

40. Ultrasound Elastography
    Emerging technology assessing ligament stiffness; may detect subtle instability not visible on X-ray.

Non-Pharmacological Treatments

A. Physiotherapy & Electrotherapy Therapies

1. Manual Spinal Mobilization

   • Description: Trained therapist applies gentle forces to improve segmental movement.

   • Purpose: Restore normal glide between T7 and T8.

   • Mechanism: Mobilization reduces joint stiffness, improves nutrient exchange in discs, and alleviates pain by stimulating joint receptors.

2. Thoracic Traction

   • Description: Mechanical or manual pulling along spinal axis.

   • Purpose: Create space between vertebrae, reducing pressure on discs and nerves.

   • Mechanism: Decompresses vertebral segments, facilitates fluid exchange in discs, and relaxes paraspinal muscles.

3. Soft-Tissue Release (Myofascial Therapy)

   • Description: Therapist uses hands or instruments to release tight muscles and fascia.

   • Purpose: Reduce muscle guarding around T7–T8.

   • Mechanism: Breaks up adhesions, restores normal muscle length, and decreases pain-mediating chemicals.

4. Trigger-Point Dry Needling

   • Description: Fine needles inserted into tight muscle knots.

   • Purpose: Inactivate trigger points that refer pain.

   • Mechanism: Mechanical disruption of contracted sarcomeres, local blood-flow increase, and neuromodulation.

5. Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)

   • Description: Low-voltage electrical stimulation over painful areas.

   • Purpose: Provide short-term pain relief.

   • Mechanism: Activates large-fiber afferents to inhibit pain signals (gate control theory).

6. Interferential Current Therapy

   • Description: Two medium-frequency currents intersecting to produce low-frequency stimulation deep in tissues.

   • Purpose: Manage deep muscular and joint pain.

   • Mechanism: Increases endorphin release, improves local circulation, and reduces edema.

7. Ultrasound Therapy

   • Description: High-frequency sound waves applied via gel-covered transducer.

   • Purpose: Promote tissue healing and reduce inflammation.

   • Mechanism: Thermal and non-thermal effects increase cell metabolism, collagen extensibility, and blood flow.

8. Low-Level Laser Therapy (Cold Laser)

   • Description: Application of low-powered infrared laser at painful sites.

   • Purpose: Reduce pain and speed recovery.

   • Mechanism: Photochemical effects modulate inflammatory mediators and stimulate mitochondrial activity.

9. Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy

   • Description: Exposure to low-intensity electromagnetic fields.

   • Purpose: Enhance tissue repair.

   • Mechanism: Influences ion exchange in cell membranes, upregulates growth factors.

10. Heat Therapy (Thermotherapy)

    • Description: Application of moist hot packs or infrared lamps.

    • Purpose: Relax tightened muscles, ease stiffness.

    • Mechanism: Increases local blood flow, reduces muscle spindle sensitivity.

11. Cold Therapy (Cryotherapy)

    • Description: Ice packs or cold compresses.

    • Purpose: Reduce acute inflammation and pain flare-ups.

    • Mechanism: Vasoconstriction, slowed nerve conduction.

12. Kinesio Taping

    • Description: Elastic therapeutic tape applied over muscles.

    • Purpose: Support tissues without restricting movement.

    • Mechanism: Lifts skin to improve circulation, aids proprioception.

13. Spinal Bracing (Thoracic Orthosis)

    • Description: Removable rigid or semi-rigid brace around mid-back.

    • Purpose: Limit harmful movements, provide postural support.

    • Mechanism: Offloads stressed segments, reminds user to maintain proper alignment.

14. Dry Cupping

    • Description: Suction cups placed on skin to lift tissues.

    • Purpose: Increase local blood flow, relieve muscle tension.

    • Mechanism: Negative pressure draws fluid, promotes healing.

15. Manual Neural Mobilization

    • Description: Gentle gliding of the spinal cord and nerve roots through nerve-tension tests.

    • Purpose: Relieve nerve root irritation.

    • Mechanism: Restores normal nerve mobility, reduces mechanosensitivity.

B. Exercise Therapies

16. Thoracic Extension over Foam Roller

    • Description: Lie on a roller under upper back, gently extend thoracic spine.

    • Purpose: Counteract forward rounding, improve extension.

    • Mechanism: Stretches anterior ligaments and pectoral muscles, promotes segmental mobility.

17. Scapular Retraction Strengthening

    • Description: Rows, “Y”/“T” raises with light weights or bands.

    • Purpose: Strengthen mid-back muscles, support posture.

    • Mechanism: Activates rhomboids and lower trapezius to stabilize T7–T8 alignment.

18. Cat-Cow Stretch

    • Description: On hands/knees, alternate arching and rounding mid-back.

    • Purpose: Gentle mobilization of thoracic segments.

    • Mechanism: Moves vertebrae through flexion/extension, lubricates facets.

19. Thoracic Rotation Drill

    • Description: Seated or quadruped trunk rotations.

    • Purpose: Improve rotational mobility restricted by retrolisthesis.

    • Mechanism: Mobilizes intervertebral joints, stretches paraspinals.

20. Deep Neck Flexor Activation

    • Description: Subtle head nods lying on back.

    • Purpose: Improve overall spinal alignment from cervical through thoracic.

    • Mechanism: Increases segmental stability, reduces compensatory thoracic tension.

C. Mind-Body Self-Management

21. Mindful Breathing with Postural Awareness

    • Description: Coordinate slow diaphragmatic breaths while scanning thoracic posture.

    • Purpose: Reduce tension and correct slumped posture.

    • Mechanism: Parasympathetic activation lowers muscle tone; proprioceptive feedback reinforces upright alignment.

22. Guided Imagery for Pain Control

    • Description: Visualize healing energy around T7–T8.

    • Purpose: Modulate pain perception.

    • Mechanism: Activates descending inhibitory pathways in the brain.

23. Progressive Muscle Relaxation

    • Description: Sequentially tense and release major muscle groups, focusing on back muscles.

    • Purpose: Alleviate chronic muscular tension.

    • Mechanism: Interrupts pain-tension cycle via relaxation response.

24. Yoga Postures (Gentle Thoracic Focus)

    • Description: Poses like sphinx, child’s pose with chest opening.

    • Purpose: Improve flexibility, reduce stress.

    • Mechanism: Combines stretch with breath-flow, stimulates parasympathetic system.

25. Tai Chi Flow for Spine Mobility

    • Description: Slow, controlled weight-shift movements with trunk rotation.

    • Purpose: Enhance proprioception, balance, and segmental mobility.

    • Mechanism: Gentle oscillatory stimuli to joints and muscles, improving neuromuscular control.

D. Educational Self-Management

26. Ergonomic Training

    • Description: Instruction on proper workstation setup and safe lifting.

    • Purpose: Prevent harmful postures and loads.

    • Mechanism: Reduces mechanical stress on T7–T8 during daily activities.

27. Posture Awareness Apps and Cues

    • Description: Smartphone reminders or wearable devices alerting to slouch.

    • Purpose: Build habit of upright posture.

    • Mechanism: Behavioral cueing increases conscious correction.

28. Sleep Position Education

    • Description: Using a pillow under mid-back when lying supine, side-support pillow.

    • Purpose: Maintain neutral thoracic alignment overnight.

    • Mechanism: Prevents sustained flexed or extended positions that stress discs.

29. Back-Safe Movement Workshops

    • Description: Hands-on classes teaching safe bends, twists, and lifts.

    • Purpose: Reduce risk of aggravating retrolisthesis.

    • Mechanism: Motor learning fosters protective movement patterns.

30. Pain Flare-Up Action Plan

    • Description: Personalized guideline for activity modification, use of ice/heat, brief rest.

    • Purpose: Empower self-management during episodes of increased pain.

    • Mechanism: Structured approach prevents over-rest or harmful overexertion.

Evidence-Based Drugs

Note: Always evaluate individual risk factors — renal, hepatic, cardiovascular status, concurrent medications — before initiating pharmacotherapy.

Dietary Molecular Supplements

Advanced Biologic & Regenerative Drugs

Many of these are investigational; discuss with a specialist before considering.

Surgical Procedures

1. Posterior Decompression & Instrumented Fusion

   • Procedure: Remove part of lamina, place rods/screws to fuse T7–T8.

   • Benefits: Stabilizes segment, prevents further slip, decompresses nerves.

2. Interbody Fusion (Posterior Approach)

   • Procedure: Remove disc, insert bone graft or cage between T7–T8 with posterior fixation.

   • Benefits: Restores disc height, realigns vertebrae, strong fusion.

3. Anterior Thoracoscopic Discectomy & Fusion

   • Procedure: Minimally invasive removal of disc from front of spine, graft placement.

   • Benefits: Direct access to disc, less muscle disruption, effective decompression.

4. Transpedicular Corpectomy & Cage Reconstruction

   • Procedure: Remove part of vertebral body when necessary, replace with cage, posterior rods.

   • Benefits: Addresses severe deformity, restores anterior column support.

5. Laminectomy Only

   • Procedure: Remove lamina to relieve nerve compression without fusion.

   • Benefits: Quicker recovery; indicated in mild instability.

6. Costotransversectomy

   • Procedure: Remove rib head and part of transverse process to access disc posteriorly.

   • Benefits: Less muscle dissection, good disc access.

7. Posterolateral Pedicle Subtraction Osteotomy

   • Procedure: Wedge removal of vertebral bone to correct kyphotic deformity.

   • Benefits: Realigns thoracic curvature, reduces back pain.

8. Posterior Tension-Band Plating

   • Procedure: Screw-plate construct spanning multiple levels.

   • Benefits: Supplemental stabilization for moderate slips.

9. Minimally Invasive Paraspinal Approach & Fusion

   • Procedure: Muscle-splitting tubular retractor for fusion instrumentation.

   • Benefits: Less blood loss, faster recovery, less pain.

10. Endoscopic Thoracic Discectomy & Foraminotomy

    • Procedure: Endoscope to remove disc fragments and enlarge foramen.

    • Benefits: Small incisions, quicker return to function.

Prevention Strategies

1. Maintain Healthy Body Weight

2. Regular Core-Strengthening Exercises

3. Ergonomic Workstation Adjustments

4. Proper Lifting Mechanics

5. Postural Awareness Breaks Every 30 Minutes

6. Avoid High-Impact Sports Without Proper Conditioning

7. Gradual Progression of Physical Activity

8. Use Supportive Footwear

9. Quit Smoking (improves disc nutrition)

10. Adequate Daily Hydration

When to See a Doctor

• Severe mid-back pain unrelieved by 2–3 weeks of self-care

• Numbness, tingling, or weakness in legs

• Bowel or bladder changes

• Unexplained weight loss, fever, or night sweats

• Pain radiating around rib cage, chest tightness

“What to Do” & “What to Avoid”

1. Do maintain neutral spine during sitting; Avoid prolonged slouching.

2. Do use a lumbar-supported chair; Avoid low, unsupportive seats.

3. Do apply alternating heat/cold for stiff/painful flares; Avoid excessive bed rest.

4. Do perform prescribed exercises daily; Avoid unsupervised heavy lifting.

5. Do sleep with a supportive pillow under mid-back; Avoid stomach sleeping.

6. Do stand up and stretch hourly; Avoid sitting over 1 hr continuously.

7. Do keep hips and knees slightly bent when bending forward; Avoid straight-leg bending.

8. Do walk regularly to promote circulation; Avoid high-impact jogging in acute pain.

9. Do follow medication plan; Avoid random over-use of pain pills.

10. Do communicate worsening signs to your therapist/doctor; Avoid ignoring new neurological symptoms.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. What exactly is retrolisthesis?
   A backward slipping of one vertebra relative to the one below.

2. How common is T7–T8 retrolisthesis?
   Very rare—thoracic spine is stabilized by ribs and ligaments.

3. Can I reverse retrolisthesis with exercise?
   You can improve alignment and relieve symptoms, but structural slip often persists.

4. Is surgery always needed?
   No—most cases respond to conservative care unless there’s severe instability or nerve compression.

5. Will I need to wear a brace long-term?
   Usually braces are temporary to allow healing; most people transition to exercises.

6. Are injections helpful?
   Epidural steroid or facet joint injections can reduce inflammation and pain if nerve irritation is significant.

7. Can retrolisthesis lead to myelopathy?
   Rarely at T7–T8; more common higher in thoracic spine. Watch for gait changes and weakness.

8. How long until I feel better?
   Mild cases may improve in 6–12 weeks; chronic slips may require longer-term management.

9. Is it safe to drive?
   With your doctor’s approval, yes—ensure you can perform emergency braking without pain.

10. Can I fly or scuba dive?
    Air travel is generally safe; scuba increases spinal loading—consult a specialist first.

11. Do posture correctors help?
    They can cue better posture but should not replace exercise-based strengthening.

12. Is chiropractic care OK?
    Gentle mobilization by a trained practitioner can help, but avoid high-velocity thrusts in acute phases.

13. What if I get flare-ups?
    Use your action plan: brief rest, ice/heat, drop activity, resume gentle mobilization when tolerable.

14. Will I ever need spinal fusion?
    Only if there is progressive slip, nerve compromise, or debilitating pain despite conservative care.

15. How do I know my condition isn’t worsening?
    Track pain patterns, function, neurological signs. Regular follow-up imaging may be indicated for persistent symptoms.

Disclaimer: Each person’s journey is unique, treatment plan, life style, food habit, hormonal condition, immune system, chronic disease condition, geological location, weather and previous medical  history is also unique. So always seek the best advice from a qualified medical professional or health care provider before trying any treatments to ensure to find out the best plan for you. This guide is for general information and educational purposes only. Regular check-ups and awareness can help to manage and prevent complications associated with these diseases conditions. If you or someone are suffering from this disease condition bookmark this website or share with someone who might find it useful! Boost your knowledge and stay ahead in your health journey. We always try to ensure that the content is regularly updated to reflect the latest medical research and treatment options. Thank you for giving your valuable time to read the article.

The article is written by Team RxHarun and reviewed by the Rx Editorial Board Members

Last Updated: June 10, 2025.