Are you in a caring profession? If so, do you ever feel preoccupied with the suffering of the people you work with?
In a helping role, we get up close with the trauma and suffering of clients and patients to try to understand their perspective and resonate with their pain.
Compassion is a wonderful gift to those we help. It is the experience of deep empathy for a person suffering coupled with a desire to resolve their misfortune or remedy their pain (Figley, 2002b; Stamm, 2002).
Although compassion can be deeply rewarding, it can also come at a cost, particularly if we’re frequently exposed to others’ traumatic experiences in our role as helpers.
In this article, we’ll outline some symptoms of compassion fatigue, delve into how it begins, and provide real-life examples of compassion fatigue in the helping profession.
Compassion Fatigue Explained: 22 Symptoms
Compassion fatigue is a form of stress or tension that arises from frequent contact with traumatized people, where we become preoccupied with the suffering or pain of others (Hunsaker, Chen, Maughan, & Heaston, 2015).
Compassion fatigue is a serious problem that can undermine a person’s mental and physical health and negatively affect their relationships and ability to care for others (Cocker & Joss, 2016).
Compassion fatigue can show itself in a range of symptoms and behaviors, such as:
- Diminished ability or interest to care for others
- Preoccupation with people you help
- Mental and/or physical exhaustion
- Anger and irritability
- Anxiety and/or depression
- Intrusive thoughts
- Sleep problems
- Being easily startled
- Hopelessness about helping work
- Flashbacks
- Hypervigilance
- Avoidance of certain activities, situations, or people you help
- Feeling like a failure as a helper
- Drops in productivity
- Emotional numbness
- Trouble separating personal and professional life
- A decreased capacity to experience sympathy and empathy
- Dysfunctional coping behaviors, e.g., misusing alcohol or drugs
- Taking more time off work
- Reduced decision-making ability
- Feeling disconnected
- Decreased satisfaction or enjoyment with work (Cocker & Joss, 2016; Clay, 2020; Stamm, 2010)
Compassion fatigue vs empathy fatigue
The terms compassion fatigue and empathy fatigue are occasionally used interchangeably. But this can confuse the issue slightly, as some models of compassion fatigue don’t agree on the role of empathy in the development of compassion fatigue.
According to Figley (2002a), without the ability to empathize, there is little room for compassion fatigue, because empathy is essential to helping work and experiencing the strains of caring. Empathic concern is our impetus to help those people that are suffering, for example, by providing our services as a therapist (Figley, 2002a).
Our empathic response toward clients and patients is how we try to remedy a client’s suffering and can lead us to share in their emotional responses. “Compassion stress” is the consequence of empathic responding and represents the ongoing desire to reduce the suffering of the client or patient (Figley, 2002a).
If compassion stress is severe and/or compounded by other life stresses, it can lead to compassion fatigue (Figley, 2002a), which can be emotionally overwhelming and make it more difficult to experience empathy (Clay, 2020).
However, a more recent model of compassion fatigue challenges the idea that it is empathy that makes us vulnerable to compassion fatigue (Coetzee & Laschinger, 2017). Instead, Coetzee and Laschinger (2017) suggest a lack of resources, the person’s response to the distress, and inadequate positive feedback make us susceptible to compassion fatigue. We’ll get into these models in more detail a little further on.
What Causes Compassion Fatigue?
There are two components to compassion fatigue: secondary traumatic stress and burnout.
When our job is to help others who are in distress or traumatized, we must adopt the perspective of the person who is suffering to empathize with them (Figley, 2002a).
By doing this, we are necessarily exposed to the emotional energy and trauma of the particular patient we are working with, which can lead to secondary traumatic stress (Figley, 2002b; Stamm, 2012).
Over time, we can also experience burnout and feel as though our helping work is not having a positive impact ( Stamm, 2012).
So, why do we continue to do compassionate work if it costs us?
According to Stamm (2012), we do it for compassion satisfaction – the positive and pleasurable experience of helping others that can be nourishing. You can experience compassion satisfaction and fatigue simultaneously, but when compassion fatigue overrides, it may undermine your ability to feel compassion satisfaction (Stamm, 2002; Bride, Radey, & Figley, 2007).
Compassion Fatigue vs Burnout
Burnout and secondary traumatic stress are both components of compassion fatigue, but these constructs are distinct from each other (Stamm, 2012; Cocker & Joss, 2016).
When we’ve been stressed for a long time, we can reach a state of physical, mental, and emotional exhaustion: burnout (National Health Service, n.d.). Burnout may have a range of causes, and it does not happen specifically after being exposed to another person’s trauma (Figley, 2002a; Middleton, 2015).
In contrast, secondary traumatic stress occurs when we’re unable to save someone from their suffering, and we become distressed and preoccupied with their pain (Cocker & Joss, 2016). The symptoms of secondary trauma can look very similar to post-traumatic stress disorder (Middleton, 2015).
Burnout builds up and takes hold gradually. The experience of secondary traumatic stress is typically fast, but it can contribute to the experience of burnout (Middleton, 2015; Stamm, 2012).
3 Real-Life Examples of Compassion Fatigue
Anyone in a helping role could develop compassion fatigue, particularly if your compassion satisfaction is dwindling or you’re not getting enough support at work.
Nursing
Nursing requires huge amounts of compassion and empathy to support those in pain, and although it can be extremely rewarding, it can also be a very emotionally demanding role.
One study found a greater distance between the care the nurses were able to provide and the quality of care they wanted to provide, as well as other physical and emotional stresses that made compassion fatigue worse (Perry, Toffner, Merrick, & Dalton, 2011). Work-life balance, colleague support, and acknowledgment were some factors that helped reduce it (Perry et al., 2011).
Low levels of manager support have predicted higher levels of burnout and compassion fatigue among emergency department nurses, whereas high levels of manager support contributed to greater compassion satisfaction (Hunsaker et al., 2015).
Social workers
Social workers frequently provide help to people who have experienced trauma, such as survivors of domestic violence or abuse. Following the September 11 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center, researchers found that New York social workers who were exposed to clients who had been traumatized experienced secondary trauma themselves (Adams, Figley, & Boscarino, 2008).
Another study exploring the experiences of compassion fatigue among six social workers found that effective supervision and a supportive work environment played an important role in enhancing the social workers’ resilience (Kapoulitsas & Corcoran, 2015).
Foster carers
The role of foster carers is to offer children in public care a safe and loving home, and foster carers are often exposed to the early traumatic experiences of the children they look after (Bridger, Binder, & Kellezi, 2020).
A survey involving 187 British foster carers found high levels of burnout and secondary traumatic stress among the carers. Foster carers provide round-the-clock care, and not getting enough time off or away from caring was a consistent issue raised by the carers (Bridger et al., 2020).
Fascinating Research Findings & Models
Many models of compassion fatigue have been developed over the years, but one of the most influential was the Compassion Stress and Fatigue Model by Figley (1995, 2002a, 2002b).
The Compassion Stress and Fatigue Model
At the heart of it, Figley (1995, 2002a) proposes that empathy and emotional energy are essential for therapists (or helpers) to connect with others and to respond to their suffering effectively. Essentially, we need to be able to adopt the perspective of the person we’re helping to understand the best way to help them.
As a result, therapists are then directly exposed to the emotions of the person in pain and are motivated to remedy or decrease their suffering through their empathetic responses (Figley, 2002a).
When the therapist feels a continuing demand to reduce the client’s suffering, this can create compassion stress. This can negatively impact the therapist’s wellbeing unless they manage this stress through a sense of achievement or disengagement (Figley, 2002a).
With disengagement, the therapist actively distances themselves from the client’s suffering between sessions and puts effort into their own self-care. Obtaining a sense of achievement and satisfaction from helping work also requires therapists to have some awareness to understand the limits of their responsibility (Figley, 2002a).
A few other important factors that contribute to compassion fatigue include (Figley, 2002a):
- Prolonged exposure
The feeling of responsibility for helping those in pain for a significant period of time—breaks and vacations are important to avoid this. - Traumatic recollections
Emotional memories that the client triggers for the therapist—these may reflect the therapist’s experiences of other clients who were especially difficult, demanding, or suffering greatly. - Life disruption
Any life event that disrupts your routine, schedule, or ability to manage and cope with your daily responsibilities.
Compassion Fatigue Model
The compassion fatigue model (Coetzee & Laschinger, 2017) aimed to build on previous models of compassion fatigue by weaving in the conservation of resources theory and growing research on the social neuroscience of empathy.
Ultimately, this model suggests that positive feedback, balanced resources, and reducing self-focused personal distress when working with those we help can mitigate compassion fatigue (Coetzee & Laschinger, 2017).
– Resources
The conservation of resources theory proposes that all caregivers have a certain balance of resources. The caregiver’s resource balance can be healthy or diminished for many reasons; for instance, they may have poor resources in their workplace, a lack of support at home, or low emotional energy (Coetzee & Laschinger, 2017).
– Resource appraisal
Your assessment of your resource balance will influence whether or not you see those you help as a threat to your resources and can influence whether your empathic focus is on yourself or the client (Coetzee & Laschinger, 2017).
– Other focus
Adopting an other focus means we are empathizing with the client and see things from their viewpoint, while also knowing that there is a clear boundary between the self and the other (Coetzee & Laschinger, 2017).
When investing resources in helping others, Coetzee and Laschinger (2017) suggest that therapists will expect some resource gain from helping in the form of positive feedback, such as the outcome for the client or praise. If the therapist faces a negative outcome, such as a lack of recognition or failed treatment, this can lead to a sense of resource loss (Coetzee & Laschinger, 2017).
– Self-focus
The main difference between other- and self-focus is the lack of distinction between the self and other. Self-focus can lead to more distress for the therapist.
Self-focused propositional processing (controlled, voluntary, and “cognitive”) can lead the therapist to assess their own thoughts and feelings about the client and their suffering, which can sometimes be helpful and other times, lead to distress (Coetzee & Laschinger, 2017).
Self-focused experiential processing (automatic, involuntary, and associated with emotional resonance) is more problematic and can lead to distress for the therapist and motivate them to avoid or withdraw from the client (Coetzee & Laschinger, 2017).
Compassion fatigue interventions
As well as getting enough support at work and enhancing opportunities for compassion satisfaction, some simple interventions may be helpful to reduce compassion fatigue.
– Trauma training
Specialized trauma training has been linked to lower compassion fatigue and higher compassion satisfaction, suggesting that being more knowledgeable about trauma may be a helpful buffer against trauma exposure (Sprang, Clark, & Whitt-Woosley, 2007).
– Self-care
This may seem like an obvious one, but it’s something many of us find hard to prioritize when caring for others. One study of hospice professionals found that those reporting a greater number of self-care strategies experienced lower burnout and compassion fatigue (Alkema, Linton, & Davies, 2008).
– Mindfulness
Research has found a positive relationship between mindfulness (attention awareness) and compassion satisfaction, and a negative relationship between mindfulness and secondary traumatic stress and burnout in people supporting the traumatically bereaved (Thieleman & Cacciatore, 2014).
The Psychology of Vicarious Trauma
We are vulnerable to secondary traumatic stress (compassion fatigue) and vicarious traumatization when working with trauma survivors (Jenkins & Baird, 2002).
But vicarious trauma is different from compassion fatigue and involves the changing of the helper’s schemas (mental frameworks or life beliefs) because of exposure to the traumatic experiences of others (Jenkins & Baird, 2002).
Learning about the trauma of others can trigger profound shifts in how a helper understands themselves or others, which can be very distressing (Jenkins & Baird, 2002).
Compared to secondary traumatic stress, vicarious trauma is less observable, happening below the surface, as the helper’s worldview is transformed. But distress and burnout symptoms can be common to both experiences (Jenkins & Baird, 2002).
As with secondary traumatic stress, vicarious trauma happens through empathic engagement with someone else’s trauma. But while secondary traumatic stress often happens rapidly, vicarious trauma builds up over time through repeatedly hearing about other people’s trauma (Jenkins & Baird, 2002).
3 Best Books on the Topic
Compassion fatigue is a complex and fascinating topic that is highly relevant to anyone in a caring role. If you’re keen to expand your library with compassion fatigue literature, here are some of our top picks:
1. Treating Compassion Fatigue – Charles R. Figley
Figley is one of the pioneers of traumatology research and theory, and this book is an extremely informative and comprehensive read for any trauma practitioner.
An impressive list of traumatology researchers have contributed to the book’s 11 chapters, which cover compassion fatigue theory, research, and treatment.
Find the book on Amazon.
- Hardcover Book
- English (Publication Language)
- 236 Pages - 08/22/2002 (Publication Date) - Routledge (Publisher)
2. Help for the Helper: The Psychophysiology of Compassion Fatigue and Vicarious Trauma – Babette Rothschild
This book delves into the psychophysiology of compassion fatigue and vicarious trauma and explores neurobiology, social psychology, folk psychology, and strategies for managing stress and burnout.
Rothschild is an internationally acclaimed expert in the treatment of trauma and a body-psychotherapist, and she has written numerous books, including the widely popular The Body Remembers series.
Find the book on Amazon.
- Hardcover Book
- Rothschild, Babette (Author)
- English (Publication Language)
- 272 Pages - 03/01/2006 (Publication Date) - W. W. Norton & Company (Publisher)
3. Surviving Compassion Fatigue: Help for Those Who Help Others – Beverly D. Kyer
Kyer is a clinical social worker and trauma specialist who has dedicated much of her life to helping others.
In this book, you’ll learn about her personal experience with compassion fatigue and how she overcame it.
This book has great practical appeal, as you’ll learn strategies and techniques to support your wellbeing and self-care while caring for those in need.
Find the book on Amazon.
- Kyer, Beverly Diane (Author)
- English (Publication Language)
- 242 Pages - 06/23/2016 (Publication Date) - Gatekeeper Press (Publisher)
A Take-Home Message
Many of us pursuing a career in the helping profession find great joy, meaning, and fulfillment in helping others.
But at the same time, offering compassion to those in need is a deeply emotional and resource-demanding process. Compassion fatigue comes in the form of secondary traumatic stress and burnout and can happen when being exposed to other people’s trauma.
Compassion satisfaction is a truly nourishing and pleasant experience that comes from helping others, which may help to stave off compassion fatigue. Having adequate resources to do your job and a supportive work environment, managing self-related distress, receiving positive feedback, and practicing self-care are other key factors that may help to reduce compassion fatigue.
Compassion fatigue can affect your mental and physical wellbeing and your ability to care for others. If you’re concerned that you may be developing compassion fatigue, it’s important to speak to someone and ask for support. As well as caring for others, you need to care for yourself too.
