Mismatch repair cancer syndrome (MMRCS), also known as Turcot syndrome or constitutional mismatch repair-deficiency (CMMRD) syndrome when referring to biallelic mutations, is a rare inherited disorder marked by a greatly increased risk of multiple cancers, often beginning in childhood. In MMRCS, both copies of one of the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes—MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, or PMS2—harbor pathogenic variants, preventing normal correction of DNA replication errors. As a result, affected individuals develop polyps in the large intestine and malignant tumors in the central nervous system (especially gliomas), often concurrently or sequentially. Beyond colorectal polyps and brain tumors, patients with MMRCS/CMMRD face high risks of leukemias, lymphomas, small-intestinal cancers, urinary tract cancers, sarcomas, and other malignancies. Features mimicking neurofibromatosis type 1—such as café-au-lait spots—along with developmental venous anomalies on imaging, are common benign signs. Lifespan is typically shortened, with many individuals developing a first cancer by age 10 and a second by late adolescence if untreated. medlineplus.goven.wikipedia.org
Types of Mismatch Repair Cancer Syndrome
PMS2-associated CMMRD
Pathogenic variants in the PMS2 gene account for over half of CMMRD cases. PMS2 encodes a protein critical for correcting small insertion–deletion loops; loss leads to severe genomic instability and early-onset tumors. medlineplus.govMSH6-associated CMMRD
Approximately 20% of patients carry biallelic MSH6 mutations. MSH6 partners with MSH2 to recognize base–base mismatches; its deficiency predisposes predominantly to hematologic and brain cancers in childhood. medlineplus.govMLH1-associated CMMRD
Biallelic MLH1 variants underlie a smaller subset of cases. MLH1 forms a complex with PMS2 to execute repair; its loss yields early colorectal polyposis and high-grade gliomas. medlineplus.govMSH2-associated CMMRD
Mutations in MSH2 comprise the remaining cases. As a key mismatch sensor, MSH2 deficiency presents similarly to MLH1-CMMRD but may also involve additional extracolonic tumors. medlineplus.gov
Causes
Germline MLH1 Mutation
An inherited change in both copies of the MLH1 gene impairs DNA repair, driving early tumor formation. medlineplus.govGermline MSH2 Mutation
Biallelic defects in MSH2 prevent mismatch recognition, leading to accumulation of replication errors and cancer. medlineplus.govGermline MSH6 Mutation
Dual MSH6 variants weaken repair of single-base mismatches, predisposing to lymphomas and gliomas. medlineplus.govGermline PMS2 Mutation
Homozygous PMS2 mutations eliminate repair of insertion–deletion loops, causing early colorectal polyp growth. medlineplus.govCompound Heterozygosity
Two different pathogenic variants in the same MMR gene (one from each parent) compromise protein function. medlineplus.govSplice-Site Variants
Mutations disrupting normal RNA splicing of MMR genes yield truncated, nonfunctional proteins. medlineplus.govNonsense Mutations
Premature stop codons in MMR genes generate truncated proteins lacking repair domains. medlineplus.govFrameshift Mutations
Insertions or deletions shift the reading frame, producing aberrant MMR proteins. medlineplus.govLarge Genomic Deletions
Loss of entire exons or whole MMR genes abolishes repair capacity. medlineplus.govMissense Variants
Single amino-acid changes destabilize MMR proteins or disrupt key interactions. medlineplus.govFounder Mutations
Population-specific variants (e.g., in Quebec’s Nunavik) cause “attenuated” CMMRD with later-onset cancers. medlineplus.govParental Carrier Status
When both parents carry a single MMR gene variant (Lynch syndrome), each child has a 25% chance of CMMRD. medlineplus.govConsanguinity
Related parents increase the probability of inheriting identical pathogenic MMR gene copies. medlineplus.govEPCAM Deletions
Rare deletions upstream of MSH2 lead to its epigenetic silencing, mimicking biallelic loss. medlineplus.govSomatic Second Hits
Inherited monoallelic carriers may acquire a second somatic mutation, transitioning to full CMMRD in a specific tissue. medlineplus.govEpigenetic Silencing
Promoter hypermethylation of MLH1 in germ cells can act like a mutation, reducing gene expression. medlineplus.govMosaicism
Postzygotic MMR gene mutations in early embryogenesis yield mosaic CMMRD, with variable tumor risk. medlineplus.govCopy-Number Variations
Gene duplications or losses affecting MMR loci disrupt normal protein dosage. medlineplus.govFunctional Hypomorphic Variants
Partial‐function mutations allow some repair but still raise cancer risk. medlineplus.govUnknown Modifier Genes
Other genetic factors may influence CMMRD presentation and age of onset. medlineplus.gov
Symptoms
Multiple Colorectal Polyps
Dozens of benign growths in the large intestine appear often before age 10. medlineplus.govEarly-Onset Colorectal Cancer
Malignant transformation of polyps leads to colon or rectal cancer in childhood or adolescence. medlineplus.govHigh-Grade Gliomas
Aggressive brain tumors arise, causing headaches, seizures, or focal neurologic deficits. medlineplus.govGlioblastoma Multiforme
A specific, highly malignant glioma subtype leads to rapid neurologic decline. medlineplus.govAcute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)
T-cell or B-cell ALL presents with fatigue, bruising, and bone pain. medlineplus.govNon-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Swollen lymph nodes, fever, and weight loss indicate lymphoma in children. medlineplus.govSmall-Intestinal Cancer
Abdominal pain, obstruction, or bleeding may signal tumors in the small bowel. medlineplus.govUrinary Tract Tumors
Hematuria and pain can occur with bladder or ureteral cancers in teens. medlineplus.govEndometrial Cancer
In adolescent girls, abnormal uterine bleeding may reflect early endometrial carcinoma. medlineplus.govOvarian Tumors
Pelvic pain or mass effect may indicate ovarian cancer in teenage girls. medlineplus.govSarcomas
Bone or connective tissue tumors present with localized pain or swelling. medlineplus.govCafé-au-Lait Spots
Multiple light-brown skin patches mimic neurofibromatosis type 1. medlineplus.govHypopigmented Macules
Lighter skin patches often accompany café-au-lait spots. medlineplus.govDevelopmental Venous Anomalies
Venous malformations in the brain appear on MRI without symptoms. medlineplus.govGrowth Retardation
Chronic illness and multiple cancers impair normal growth. medlineplus.govAnemia
Blood loss from polyps or marrow infiltration causes fatigue and pallor. medlineplus.govWeight Loss
Cancer-related metabolic changes lead to unintentional weight loss. medlineplus.govNeurologic Deficits
Seizures, vision changes, or motor weakness accompany brain tumors. medlineplus.govAbdominal Pain
Obstruction or tumor growth in the GI tract triggers crampy pain. medlineplus.govBleeding
GI bleeding from polyps or tumors leads to melena or hematochezia. medlineplus.gov
Diagnostic Tests
Physical Exam
General Inspection
Look for café-au-lait spots, skin hypopigmentation, and growth milestones. medlineplus.govAbdominal Palpation
Assess for masses or tenderness from intestinal tumors. medlineplus.govNeurologic Examination
Evaluate cranial nerves, motor strength, and reflexes for brain tumor signs. medlineplus.govLymph Node Palpation
Check for lymphadenopathy suggestive of lymphoma. medlineplus.govSkin Examination
Document café-au-lait and hypopigmented macules. medlineplus.govGrowth Assessment
Measure height and weight for growth retardation. medlineplus.govRectal Exam
Detect lower GI masses or bleeding. medlineplus.govNeurologic Fundoscopy
Evaluate for papilledema in intracranial hypertension. medlineplus.gov
Manual Tests
Digital Rectal Examination
Palpate rectal polyps or masses. medlineplus.govNeurologic Sensation Testing
Assess for focal deficits around brain lesions. medlineplus.govGait Analysis
Observe coordination issues from cerebellar tumors. medlineplus.govMuscle Strength Testing
Check for hemiparesis from glioma compression. medlineplus.govAbdominal Percussion
Identify organomegaly or fluid accumulation. medlineplus.govPalpation of Lymphatic Chains
Detect lymphoma involvement. medlineplus.govBreast and Pelvic Manual Exam
Screen for early genital tract tumors in adolescents. medlineplus.govMuscle Tone Assessment
Identify spasticity from CNS involvement. medlineplus.gov
Lab and Pathological Tests
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
Detect anemia, leukocytosis, or blasts in leukemia. medlineplus.govSerum Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)
Elevated in lymphoma and other malignancies. medlineplus.govCEA and CA 19-9
Tumor markers for colorectal cancer surveillance. medlineplus.govAFP and Beta-hCG
Screen for germ cell tumors in CMMRD. medlineplus.govBone Marrow Biopsy
Confirm leukemia subtype and marrow infiltration. medlineplus.govLymph Node Biopsy
Pathologic diagnosis of lymphoma. medlineplus.govPolyp Histology
Determine dysplasia or carcinoma in colorectal polyps. medlineplus.govImmunohistochemistry for MMR Proteins
Loss of staining for MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, or PMS2 in tumors indicates MMR deficiency. medlineplus.gov
Electrodiagnostic Tests
EEG
Evaluate seizure focus related to brain tumors. medlineplus.govEMG/Nerve Conduction
Assess peripheral neuropathy from chemotherapy. medlineplus.govSomatosensory Evoked Potentials
Monitor spinal cord function if intramedullary tumors are suspected. medlineplus.govVisual Evoked Potentials
Detect optic pathway involvement by tumor. medlineplus.govBrainstem Auditory Evoked Responses
Screen for brainstem compression. medlineplus.govMotor Evoked Potentials
Evaluate corticospinal tract integrity. medlineplus.govElectrocardiogram (ECG)
Baseline before chemotherapy. medlineplus.govHolter Monitor
Long-term cardiac rhythm monitoring during treatment. medlineplus.gov
Imaging Tests
MRI Brain with Contrast
Gold standard for detecting gliomas and developmental venous anomalies. medlineplus.govCT Abdomen and Pelvis
Identify colorectal masses and metastatic disease. medlineplus.govColonoscopy
Direct visualization and removal of polyps. medlineplus.govCapsule Endoscopy
Screen small intestine for polyps or tumors. medlineplus.govMRI Spine
Detect leptomeningeal spread of CNS tumors. medlineplus.govUltrasound Pelvis
Screen for ovarian and uterine tumors in adolescents. medlineplus.govPET–CT
Assess metabolic activity and staging of malignancies. medlineplus.govChest X-Ray/CT
Evaluate for pulmonary metastases. medlineplus.gov
Non-Pharmacological Treatments
Physiotherapy and Electrotherapy Therapies
Manual therapy
Manual therapy involves hands-on techniques to mobilize joints and soft tissues. It can relieve pain, improve mobility, and reduce muscle stiffness after cancer surgery or during recovery.Myofascial release therapy
This therapy reduces tightness and pain in the connective tissue, helping people improve movement and reduce discomfort, especially after abdominal surgeries.Lymphatic drainage massage
Used to reduce swelling, especially in patients who have had lymph nodes removed. It helps promote lymph fluid movement and reduce pain.Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES)
NMES uses electrical currents to stimulate weak muscles, helping rebuild strength, particularly after long hospital stays.Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)
TENS relieves pain through electrical impulses, blocking pain signals to the brain and promoting natural painkillers called endorphins.Ultrasound therapy
Ultrasound waves help promote tissue healing and reduce scar tissue formation, supporting recovery after cancer-related surgeries.Cryotherapy (cold therapy)
Reduces inflammation, swelling, and pain, especially in joint areas affected during cancer treatments.Heat therapy
Helps relax muscles, improve blood flow, and reduce stiffness.Balance and gait training
Focuses on improving stability and preventing falls, especially after chemotherapy, which can affect balance.Breathing exercises
Helps improve lung function and reduce stress, especially important after abdominal or thoracic surgeries.Pelvic floor rehabilitation
Strengthens pelvic muscles, which may weaken after certain surgeries or treatments affecting the pelvic area.Scar tissue mobilization
Helps break down excessive scar tissue and improve skin flexibility.Postural correction therapy
Improves spinal alignment and prevents musculoskeletal pain.Hydrotherapy
Water-based exercises reduce joint stress and improve mobility, useful for patients with pain or weakness.Biofeedback therapy
Teaches control of certain body functions (like muscle tension) to reduce pain and improve function.
Exercise Therapies
Aerobic exercise
Includes walking, cycling, or swimming to improve cardiovascular health and reduce cancer-related fatigue.Resistance training
Uses weights or bands to improve muscle strength, counteracting muscle loss from cancer treatments.Flexibility exercises
Stretching routines enhance range of motion and reduce stiffness.
Mind-Body Therapies
Yoga
Combines physical postures, breathing, and meditation to improve strength, reduce anxiety, and enhance overall well-being.Tai chi
A gentle martial art focusing on slow, controlled movements to improve balance, flexibility, and mental calmness.Meditation and mindfulness
Reduces stress and anxiety, improving emotional resilience during cancer management.
Educational and Self-Management Interventions
Pain education programs
Teach patients how to understand and cope with cancer-related pain.Self-care skill training
Helps patients learn daily strategies for managing fatigue, diet, and symptoms.Fatigue management education
Offers practical advice on conserving energy and balancing activities.
Drugs (Evidence-Based)
Aspirin
Class: NSAID.
Dosage: 81–325 mg daily (for chemoprevention).
Purpose: May reduce colorectal cancer risk.
Side effects: Stomach irritation, bleeding risk.5-Fluorouracil (5-FU)
Class: Antimetabolite chemotherapy.
Dosage: Varies by regimen (e.g., continuous infusion or bolus).
Purpose: Used in colorectal cancer treatment.
Side effects: Mouth sores, diarrhea, low blood counts.Capecitabine
Class: Oral fluoropyrimidine.
Dosage: Usually 1250 mg/m² twice daily for 14 days in a 21-day cycle.
Purpose: Alternative to 5-FU.
Side effects: Hand-foot syndrome, nausea.Oxaliplatin
Class: Platinum-based chemotherapy.
Dosage: Typically 85 mg/m² every 2 weeks.
Purpose: Combined with 5-FU for advanced disease.
Side effects: Neuropathy, low blood counts.Irinotecan
Class: Topoisomerase inhibitor.
Dosage: 180 mg/m² every 2 weeks.
Purpose: Second-line colorectal cancer therapy.
Side effects: Severe diarrhea, neutropenia.Bevacizumab
Class: Anti-VEGF antibody.
Dosage: 5–10 mg/kg every 2 weeks.
Purpose: Inhibits tumor blood vessel growth.
Side effects: Hypertension, bleeding risk.Cetuximab
Class: EGFR inhibitor.
Dosage: 400 mg/m² initial, then 250 mg/m² weekly.
Purpose: For RAS wild-type tumors.
Side effects: Skin rash, infusion reactions.Pembrolizumab
Class: PD-1 inhibitor immunotherapy.
Dosage: 200 mg every 3 weeks.
Purpose: For MMR-deficient tumors.
Side effects: Fatigue, immune-related side effects.Nivolumab
Class: PD-1 inhibitor.
Dosage: 240 mg every 2 weeks.
Purpose: Similar to pembrolizumab.
Side effects: Autoimmune reactions.Lenvatinib
Class: Multi-kinase inhibitor.
Dosage: 20 mg daily.
Purpose: For advanced endometrial cancer.
Side effects: Hypertension, fatigue.Tamoxifen
Class: Estrogen receptor modulator.
Dosage: 20 mg daily.
Purpose: For patients with certain secondary breast cancers.
Side effects: Hot flashes, clot risk.Leucovorin
Class: Folinic acid.
Dosage: Varies with 5-FU regimens.
Purpose: Enhances 5-FU effect.
Side effects: Mild; enhances side effects of 5-FU.Regorafenib
Class: Multi-kinase inhibitor.
Dosage: 160 mg daily for 21 days on/7 days off.
Purpose: Advanced colorectal cancer.
Side effects: Fatigue, liver toxicity.Trifluridine/tipiracil
Class: Antimetabolite combination.
Dosage: 35 mg/m² twice daily, days 1-5 and 8-12 in a 28-day cycle.
Purpose: Late-line colorectal cancer.
Side effects: Low blood counts, nausea.Ziv-aflibercept
Class: VEGF trap.
Dosage: 4 mg/kg every 2 weeks.
Purpose: With FOLFIRI regimen.
Side effects: Hypertension, bleeding.Ramucirumab
Class: VEGFR-2 inhibitor.
Dosage: 8 mg/kg every 2 weeks.
Purpose: Advanced cancers.
Side effects: High blood pressure, proteinuria.Panitumumab
Class: EGFR inhibitor.
Dosage: 6 mg/kg every 2 weeks.
Purpose: Similar to cetuximab.
Side effects: Skin toxicity.Aflibercept
Class: VEGF inhibitor.
Dosage: 4 mg/kg every 2 weeks.
Purpose: In combination chemotherapy.
Side effects: Bleeding, clotting.Aspirin high-dose
Class: NSAID (higher dose).
Dosage: Up to 600 mg daily (investigational for cancer prevention).
Side effects: Gastrointestinal bleeding.Lynch-specific vaccines (future research)
Class: Immunotherapy.
Dosage: Under investigation.
Purpose: Potential to prevent tumors.
Side effects: Not fully known yet.
Dietary Molecular Supplements
Vitamin D
Dosage: 1,000–2,000 IU daily.
Function: Supports immune function and may help reduce cancer risk.
Mechanism: Regulates cell growth and immune modulation.Calcium
Dosage: 1,000–1,500 mg daily.
Function: May lower colorectal cancer risk.
Mechanism: Binds bile acids, reducing mucosal irritation.Omega-3 fatty acids
Dosage: 1,000–2,000 mg daily.
Function: Reduces inflammation and supports heart health.
Mechanism: Anti-inflammatory effects.Curcumin
Dosage: 500–1,000 mg daily.
Function: Anti-inflammatory, potential cancer preventive.
Mechanism: Modulates signaling pathways involved in cell proliferation.Green tea extract (EGCG)
Dosage: 300–500 mg daily.
Function: Antioxidant, may reduce tumor growth.
Mechanism: Inhibits DNA damage.Folate
Dosage: 400–800 mcg daily.
Function: Supports DNA synthesis and repair.
Mechanism: Essential in methylation processes.Selenium
Dosage: 100–200 mcg daily.
Function: Antioxidant defense.
Mechanism: Reduces oxidative stress.Probiotics
Dosage: 1–10 billion CFU daily.
Function: Supports gut health and immunity.
Mechanism: Modulates gut microbiota.Resveratrol
Dosage: 100–250 mg daily.
Function: Anti-aging and anti-cancer properties.
Mechanism: Inhibits cancer cell proliferation.Fiber supplements
Dosage: 20–30 g daily.
Function: Promotes bowel health.
Mechanism: Reduces transit time and dilutes carcinogens.
Additional Drug Therapies
Bisphosphonates
Alendronate
Dosage: 70 mg weekly.
Function: Strengthens bones, prevents metastasis-related fractures.
Mechanism: Inhibits bone resorption.Zoledronic acid
Dosage: 4 mg IV every 3–4 weeks.
Function: Reduces skeletal-related events.
Mechanism: Strong osteoclast inhibition.
Regenerative and Stem Cell Drugs
Mesenchymal stem cells (experimental)
Dosage: Varies in trials.
Function: Tissue regeneration.
Mechanism: Differentiates into multiple cell types.Hematopoietic stem cells
Dosage: Individualized.
Function: Restores blood cells after intensive chemo.
Mechanism: Replaces damaged marrow.
Viscosupplementations
Hyaluronic acid injections
Dosage: Weekly for 3–5 weeks.
Function: Joint lubrication.
Mechanism: Improves synovial fluid quality.Platelet-rich plasma (PRP)
Dosage: Typically 1–3 injections.
Function: Accelerates healing.
Mechanism: Growth factor release.Stem cell-conditioned media
Dosage: Under research.
Function: Promotes repair.
Mechanism: Paracrine signaling.
Other Regenerative Drugs
Bone morphogenetic proteins
Dosage: Local application in surgery.
Function: Stimulates bone growth.
Mechanism: Osteoinduction.Synthetic peptide gels
Dosage: Depends on application.
Function: Promotes wound healing.
Mechanism: Cellular migration support.Growth factor concentrates
Dosage: Localized application.
Function: Tissue regeneration.
Mechanism: Stimulates repair pathways.
Surgeries
Colectomy
Procedure: Removes part or all of the colon.
Benefits: Reduces colorectal cancer risk.Prophylactic hysterectomy
Procedure: Removes the uterus.
Benefits: Prevents endometrial cancer.Bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy
Procedure: Removes ovaries and fallopian tubes.
Benefits: Prevents ovarian cancer.Polypectomy
Procedure: Removes colon polyps during colonoscopy.
Benefits: Prevents progression to cancer.Segmental bowel resection
Procedure: Removes cancerous bowel sections.
Benefits: Cancer removal, preserves bowel function.Liver metastasectomy
Procedure: Removes liver metastases.
Benefits: Improves survival.Lymph node dissection
Procedure: Removes regional lymph nodes.
Benefits: Stages cancer and prevents spread.Hepatic artery infusion pump placement
Procedure: Delivers chemotherapy directly to liver.
Benefits: Higher local drug concentration.Pelvic exenteration
Procedure: Removes pelvic organs in advanced cancer.
Benefits: Last resort curative option.Minimally invasive laparoscopic surgery
Procedure: Uses small incisions and a camera.
Benefits: Less pain, faster recovery.
Prevention Tips
Regular colonoscopy screenings
Detect polyps early and remove them before cancer develops.Genetic counseling
Identify at-risk family members and plan surveillance.Healthy diet
Rich in vegetables, whole grains, and fiber reduces risk.Regular physical activity
Keeps weight healthy and reduces inflammation.Avoid smoking
Smoking increases various cancer risks.Limit alcohol consumption
Excess alcohol can promote cancer development.Maintain a healthy weight
Obesity is a known cancer risk factor.Use of aspirin (under doctor advice)
Reduces polyp formation.Manage chronic conditions
Diabetes and inflammatory bowel disease may elevate risk.Regular gynecological exams
Essential for women to detect endometrial changes early.
When to See a Doctor
Seek immediate medical advice if you have unexplained weight loss, blood in stool, persistent abdominal pain, prolonged fatigue, or changes in bowel habits. Early detection saves lives.
What to Do and What to Avoid
What to Do
Follow recommended screening schedules.
Eat a balanced diet.
Stay physically active.
Adhere to medical advice and medication.
Attend genetic counseling.
Monitor for new symptoms.
Maintain hydration.
Join support groups.
Use stress-reduction techniques.
Stay updated on new research.
What to Avoid
Ignoring family history.
Smoking.
Excessive alcohol.
Processed meats in large amounts.
Self-medicating.
Ignoring regular check-ups.
Sedentary lifestyle.
Crash dieting.
Overusing supplements without guidance.
Delaying medical care for new symptoms.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
What is mismatch repair cancer syndrome?
It is a genetic condition that increases cancer risk due to defective DNA repair.Is it the same as Lynch syndrome?
Yes, Lynch syndrome is the most common type of MMR syndrome.What cancers are most common?
Colorectal and endometrial cancers.How is it inherited?
Autosomal dominant—one mutated gene from either parent.Can it be prevented?
While not fully preventable, regular screenings and surgeries reduce risk.Is genetic testing necessary?
Yes, especially if there’s a strong family history.When should screening start?
Often from age 20–25 or 2–5 years before the earliest family cancer.What if I test positive?
You’ll follow a personalized surveillance and prevention plan.Are there lifestyle changes that help?
Yes—healthy diet, exercise, and no smoking.Is there a cure?
No cure for the genetic mutation, but cancers can be treated or prevented.What treatments are available?
Surgery, chemotherapy, targeted drugs, immunotherapy.Does insurance cover genetic testing?
Often yes, depending on guidelines and risk.Can men also get it?
Yes, men can develop colorectal and other cancers.Can I have children?
Yes, but genetic counseling is advised.Will I definitely get cancer?
No, but your risk is significantly higher.
Disclaimer: Each person’s journey is unique, treatment plan, life style, food habit, hormonal condition, immune system, chronic disease condition, geological location, weather and previous medical history is also unique. So always seek the best advice from a qualified medical professional or health care provider before trying any treatments to ensure to find out the best plan for you. This guide is for general information and educational purposes only. Regular check-ups and awareness can help to manage and prevent complications associated with these diseases conditions. If you or someone are suffering from this disease condition bookmark this website or share with someone who might find it useful! Boost your knowledge and stay ahead in your health journey. We always try to ensure that the content is regularly updated to reflect the latest medical research and treatment options. Thank you for giving your valuable time to read the article.
The article is written by Team RxHarun and reviewed by the Rx Editorial Board Members
Last Updated: July 04, 2025.
