Costal synostosis is a medical condition in which two or more ribs join together prematurely by bone (ossify), rather than remaining separate and flexible. In ...

Craniosynostosis is a birth condition in which one or more of the fibrous joints (sutures) between the bones of an infant’s skull close too early. Normally, ...

Unilateral cranial suture fusion—often called unilateral craniosynostosis—is a birth condition in which one of the joints (sutures) between the bones of an ...

Congenital bilateral vertebral fusion is a rare but important spinal anomaly in which two or more adjacent vertebral bones are joined together from birth. This ...

Congenital unilateral vertebral fusion is a birth condition in which two neighboring vertebrae on one side of the spine grow together instead of remaining ...

Contralateral pseudo-articulation is a specific form of lumbosacral transitional vertebra (LSTV) in which one side of the enlarged lumbar transverse process ...

Bilateral Complete Fusion refers to a congenital or acquired condition in which two adjacent bony structures—most commonly vertebrae—become fully united on ...

Unilateral complete fusion is a congenital or acquired condition in which two anatomical structures—most commonly adjacent vertebrae, bones of the skull, or ...

Bilateral pseudo-articulations refer to the presence of “false joints” on both sides of the spine, where the transverse processes of the lowest lumbar vertebra ...

Unilateral pseudo-articulation is a congenital spinal anomaly in which one transverse process (usually of L5) abnormally enlarges and forms a “false joint” ...

A transverse process is the bony projection on either side of a vertebra that serves as an attachment point for muscles and ligaments. In a dysplastic ...

Pseudarthrosis fusion, often called nonunion, refers to the failure of bone segments to unite after an attempted surgical fusion, most commonly in the spine ...

Dysplastic transverse process fusion (DTPF) is a congenital spine anomaly in which one or both transverse processes of a vertebra—most often the lowest lumbar ...

Pseudoarticulation of the lumbosacral junction—sometimes called Bertolotti’s syndrome—is a condition in which an extra joint forms between the lowest lumbar ...

Congenital lumbosacral fusion—also known as sacralization of L5 or a lumbosacral transitional vertebra (LSTV)—is a developmental anomaly in which the fifth ...

Complete lumbosacral fusion refers to the abnormal joining of the lowest lumbar vertebrae (usually L5) to the sacrum, the triangular bone at the base of the ...

Incomplete lumbo-sacral fusion—sometimes called a lumbosacral transitional vertebra (LSTV)—is a congenital anomaly at the junction between the lowest lumbar ...

A dysplastic transverse process is a congenital anomaly of the spine in which one or more vertebral transverse processes—usually at the lumbosacral ...

Sacralization is a condition in which the lowest lumbar vertebra (usually L5) becomes partially or completely fused to the sacrum. In a normal spine, each ...

Lumbarization of S1 is a congenital spinal anomaly in which the first sacral segment (S1) fails to fuse with the remaining sacrum and instead assumes ...