Symptomatic narcolepsy is a form of narcolepsy that arises secondary to an identifiable underlying condition affecting the brain’s sleep–wake regulatory ...

Acute Brainstem Syndrome refers to a group of sudden-onset neurological symptoms arising from damage to the brainstem, the vital structure that connects the ...

Area Postrema Syndrome (APS) is a neurological condition characterized by intractable nausea, vomiting, and hiccups resulting from dysfunction or lesion of the ...

Subclinical Osmotic Demyelination (SOD) refers to a form of osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS) in which damage to the myelin sheaths of neurons occurs ...

Mixed Osmotic Demyelination Syndrome (Mixed ODS) is a neurological disorder characterized by the destruction of myelin—the protective sheath around nerve ...

Extrapontine myelinolysis (EPM) is a neurological disorder characterized by damage to the protective myelin sheath of nerve fibers in regions of the brain ...

Duret hemorrhages are small, linear bleeds within the midline of the brainstem—most often the pons—resulting from downward displacement (transtentorial ...

Massive peduncular hemorrhage is a rare but devastating form of intracerebral bleeding, localized to the cerebral peduncle of the midbrain. Because the ...

Circumscribed small peduncular hemorrhage is a focal, well-defined bleed within one of the brain’s peduncles—most often the cerebellar peduncles—that measures ...

Lateral peduncular hemorrhage is a rare form of intracerebral hemorrhage that occurs within the lateral aspect of the cerebral peduncle, a structure of the ...

A preganglionic sympathetic chain lesion occurs when the second-order neuron of the sympathetic nervous system—running from the spinal cord to the sympathetic ...

An internal watershed infarct, also known as an internal border-zone infarct, is a type of ischemic stroke that occurs in the deep white-matter regions of the ...

Cortical watershed infarcts are areas of brain tissue injury that occur at the junctions (or “watersheds”) between two major arterial territories in the ...

A lumbar spinal cord infarct, often called a spinal cord stroke, occurs when the blood supply to the lower (lumbar) portion of the spinal cord is suddenly ...

A thoracic spinal cord infarct, also known as a spinal cord stroke, occurs when the blood supply to the spinal cord at the thoracic (mid-back) level is ...

High cervical spinal cord infarction refers to the sudden death of nerve tissue in the upper (high) portion of the spinal cord—typically segments C1 through ...

A bilateral inferior cerebellar peduncle infarction is a type of stroke that affects the two lower “stalks” (peduncles) connecting the cerebellum—our brain’s ...

An inferior cerebellar peduncle infarction occurs when blood flow to one of the cerebellum’s three paired peduncles—the bundles of nerve fibers connecting the ...

A bilateral middle cerebellar peduncle (MCP) infarction occurs when blood flow to both of the large fiber bundles (the middle cerebellar peduncles) connecting ...

Unilateral middle cerebellar peduncle infarction occurs when the blood supply to one side of the middle cerebellar peduncle—a thick bundle of nerve fibers ...