The trigeminovagal reflex—more commonly called the trigeminocardiac reflex (TCR)—is a sudden, strong “vagal” response that can slow the heart, lower blood ...

The oculocardiac reflex (OCR) is a body reflex that links the eye to the heart. When the eye or the tissues around the eye are pressed, pulled, or irritated, a ...

An air embolism means air bubbles have entered the bloodstream and are blocking blood flow the way a cork blocks a bottle. In OVAE, the air enters through ...

Ocular trauma means any injury to the eye or the tissues around the eye (eyelids, tear ducts, eye muscles, and the bony eye socket). The injury may be from a ...

Ocular torticollis means a person holds their head in an unusual position—a tilt, a face turn, a chin up, a chin down, or a mix of these—because of an eye ...

Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia (OSSN) is a group of growths that start from the skin-like cells on the front of the eye. These cells line the conjunctiva ...

Dysbiosis means the microbes that live on or inside your body are out of balance. In a healthy state, your gut, mouth, skin, and other body sites host a rich, ...

The ocular surface microbiome means the very small, carefully controlled group of microorganisms that live on the front of the eye — mainly the conjunctiva ...

The ocular surface is the front “skin” of your eye. It includes the cornea (the clear window you see through), the conjunctiva (the thin lining over the white ...

Ocular rosacea is a long-lasting eye problem linked to skin rosacea. It mainly affects the eyelids, the edge of the lids, and the surface of the eye. The tiny ...

A scleral shell is a very thin, custom-made artificial cover that sits over a small, shrunken, or scarred eye to restore a natural look. It is different from a ...

An ocular prosthesis is an artificial eye made to fill the eye socket and replace the look of a natural eye when an eye is missing or severely shrunken. It ...

Ocular pentastomiasis means a tongue-worm parasite has reached the eye. Tongue-worms are not true worms. They are arthropod-related parasites (order ...

An eye that has been pierced (penetrating injury) or pierced through-and-through (perforating injury) is a true emergency. If this is happening now, cover the ...

Ocular Ortner Syndrome (OOS) is a rare condition characterized by hoarseness (due to recurrent laryngeal nerve involvement) and visual loss, often associated ...

Ocular neuropathic pain means eye pain that mainly comes from a problem in the nerves that carry pain signals from the eye and around the eye to the brain. The ...

Ocular neuromyotonia (ONM) is a rare problem with the nerves that move the eyes. In ONM, one or more eye muscles suddenly “lock” or spasm for a short time. ...

Wyburn-Mason Syndrome (WMS) is a very rare condition present from birth in which some blood vessels grow in an unusual way. Instead of a normal tiny “net” of ...

Subclavian Steal Syndrome (SSS) is a blood-flow problem. It happens when one of the big arteries that supplies blood to your arm—the subclavian artery—becomes ...

Polychondritis—usually called relapsing polychondritis (RP)—is a rare disease where your immune system mistakenly attacks your own cartilage. Cartilage is the ...