Cataract 6 Multiple Types

Cataract 6 Multiple Types is a condition where the clear lens inside the eye becomes cloudy, like frosted glass, so light cannot pass through cleanly. This clouding slowly reduces sharp vision and makes the world look blurred, hazy, or washed out in color. The clouding usually happens because the proteins in the lens change and clump together over time. Cataracts are very common with aging and are one of the main causes of vision loss and preventable blindness worldwide. American Academy of Ophthalmology+2nei.nih.gov+2

A cataract is a cloudy patch inside the clear lens of the eye that slowly blocks light and makes vision blurry, hazy, or dim. It can cause faded colours, glare, halos around lights, and trouble seeing at night or while driving. Most cataracts happen with aging, but diabetes, long-term steroid use, eye injury, and heavy UV sunlight also increase risk.Wikipedia+2NCBI+2

Other names for cataract

Cataract is also called “lens opacity,” “clouding of the lens,” or “lens haze.” Doctors may say “age-related cataract” when it comes with aging, or “senile cataract” in older texts. In babies or children, they may say “congenital cataract” or “developmental cataract.” All these names point to the same basic problem: the normally clear lens inside the eye has turned cloudy and is blocking or scattering light. nei.nih.gov+2Wikipedia+2

Main types of cataract

There are many ways to classify cataracts, but in daily practice eye doctors often talk about six main clinical types. These types are based on where in the lens the clouding starts and what it looks like on examination. Understanding these types helps explain why different people notice different symptoms, such as glare, color change, or night-time problems. Wikipedia+1

Nuclear sclerotic cataract

In a nuclear sclerotic cataract, the clouding starts in the central “nucleus” of the lens. Over time this center becomes harder, more yellow or brown, and less transparent. People often notice slowly increasing blur and a change in glasses prescription, sometimes seeing better at near for a short time (“second sight”) before vision worsens again. This is the most common age-related type and progresses over many years. Wikipedia+1

Cortical cataract

A cortical cataract begins in the outer layers, or “cortex,” of the lens, often as white wedge-shaped streaks that look like spokes of a wheel. These streaks scatter light, especially from headlights or sunlight, so people often complain of glare and difficulty seeing at night even when daytime vision seems fair. The central vision may stay good until the streaks grow toward the middle of the lens. Wikipedia+1

Posterior subcapsular cataract

A posterior subcapsular cataract forms at the back of the lens just in front of the thin capsule that holds the lens. Because light rays focus toward the back of the lens, even a small cloudy area here can cause big symptoms. People often have trouble reading, see strong glare around lights, and may notice rapid vision loss over months rather than years. This type is more common in people taking steroids, those with diabetes, or those who have had eye inflammation. Wikipedia+2Mayo Clinic+2

Congenital or developmental cataract

A congenital cataract is present at birth, and a developmental cataract appears in early childhood. These cataracts may be caused by genetic changes, infections in the mother during pregnancy, or metabolic diseases in the baby. Sometimes only a small part of the lens is cloudy and vision is near normal; in other cases, the whole lens is white, and the eye cannot see properly. Early diagnosis and treatment are very important to stop permanent vision loss (amblyopia) in children. nei.nih.gov+1

Traumatic cataract

A traumatic cataract develops after an eye injury. The injury may be a blunt hit (like a ball or fist), a sharp object that enters the eye, a chemical burn, or even high-energy radiation. Damage to the lens capsule or lens fibers causes the proteins to change and become cloudy. The cataract may appear quickly or may slowly form months or years after the injury. People often have other damage in the same eye, so careful examination is needed. Wikipedia+1

Secondary cataract

A secondary cataract is a lens clouding that develops because of another disease or treatment. It can occur in people with diabetes, uveitis (inflammation inside the eye), or after long-term use of steroid medicines by mouth, by injection, or as eye drops. It can also develop after eye surgery for other conditions. The underlying disease or medicine speeds up damage to lens proteins, so cataracts appear earlier and progress faster than normal age-related changes. Wikipedia+2EyeWiki+2

Causes of cataract

Cataracts usually have more than one cause. Many people have a mix of aging, lifestyle, health problems, and environmental exposures that together damage the lens. nei.nih.gov+1

1. Normal aging of the lens
   The most common cause of cataract is simply getting older. With age, the proteins and fibers inside the lens slowly break down and clump together. The lens also loses its ability to repair damage from light and oxygen. These changes make the lens less clear and more yellow-brown over time, leading to typical age-related cataracts in people over 60. nei.nih.gov+2Wikipedia+2

2. Genetic tendency
   Some people inherit genes that make their lenses more likely to become cloudy. This may show as cataracts appearing at a younger age than usual or as congenital cataracts in newborns. Specific gene changes affect the structure of lens proteins or the pumps that keep the lens clear and hydrated. nei.nih.gov+1

3. Diabetes mellitus
   High blood sugar over many years damages the lens by drawing extra water into its fibers and by increasing harmful sugar-related products (advanced glycation end products). These changes disturb lens clarity and speed up cataract formation, especially posterior subcapsular cataracts. People with poorly controlled diabetes often develop cataracts earlier than others. Mayo Clinic+1

4. Long-term steroid use
   Prolonged use of corticosteroids for conditions such as asthma, arthritis, or autoimmune disease is a well-known cause of posterior subcapsular cataracts. Steroids change the metabolism of lens epithelial cells and protein turnover, leading to abnormal lens fibers and clouding at the back of the lens. Wikipedia+2EyeWiki+2

5. Smoking tobacco
   Smoking increases oxidative stress in the body and exposes the lens to toxic chemicals. This reduces antioxidant levels in the lens and increases damage to lens proteins, so cataracts form earlier and more often. The more someone smokes and the longer they smoke, the higher their risk. Wikipedia+1

6. Ultraviolet (UV) light exposure
   Long-term exposure to sunlight, especially UV-B rays, can damage the lens and speed up cataract formation. UV light triggers oxidative stress and changes in lens proteins. People who work outside or live in sunny climates without eye protection have higher cataract risk, which is why sunglasses and hats are advised. Wikipedia+1

7. Alcohol overuse
   Heavy and long-term alcohol intake is linked to higher cataract risk. Alcohol may lower antioxidant levels, increase oxidative damage, and disturb lens metabolism. While light to moderate drinking has mixed evidence, chronic heavy use is consistently associated with earlier and more severe lens opacities. Wikipedia+1

8. Eye trauma
   Direct injury to the eye can tear the lens capsule, bruise the lens fibers, or cause swelling inside the eye. This mechanical damage changes the arrangement of lens proteins and leads to clouding, sometimes soon after the injury and sometimes years later as scarring and degeneration continue. Wikipedia+1

9. Previous eye surgery
   Surgery for other eye problems, such as retinal detachment or glaucoma, can disturb lens nutrition, expose it to inflammation, or physically stress the lens capsule. Over time this may cause secondary cataracts to form earlier than normal in the operated eye. Wikipedia+1

10. Radiation exposure
    Exposure to ionizing radiation, such as X-rays or radiation therapy to the head and neck, can injure lens epithelial cells and cause characteristic cataracts, often in the posterior subcapsular region. These may appear several years after the exposure, and the risk rises with higher doses. Wikipedia+1

11. Chronic eye inflammation (uveitis)
    Ongoing inflammation inside the eye releases inflammatory chemicals and cells that damage the lens capsule and fibers. In addition, steroid treatments used to control uveitis also promote cataract formation, so people with long-standing uveitis are at high risk of secondary cataracts. EyeWiki+1

12. High myopia (severe near-sightedness)
    People with very long eyeballs and high myopia have structural changes in the eye that increase cataract risk. The stretched tissues and altered fluid flow may impair lens nutrition and increase oxidative damage, making cataracts appear earlier in life. EyeWiki+1

13. Hypertension and vascular disease
    High blood pressure and diseases of blood vessels reduce blood flow and oxygen delivery to eye tissues, including the structures that support the lens. Over time this can increase oxidative stress and metabolic stress in the lens, promoting cataract development along with other eye problems. Wikipedia+1

14. Poor nutrition and antioxidant deficiency
    Diets low in vitamins C and E, carotenoids, and other antioxidants may leave the lens less protected against oxidative damage. Studies suggest that people with poor nutrition, especially in low-income settings, may develop cataracts earlier because their lenses cannot repair daily damage as well. nei.nih.gov+1

15. Metabolic disorders (such as galactosemia)
    In rare metabolic diseases like galactosemia, abnormal sugars build up in the lens and draw in water, causing swelling and clouding. These cataracts often appear in infants or young children and can progress quickly if the underlying metabolic disorder is not treated. nei.nih.gov+1

16. Infections in pregnancy (congenital causes)
    Infections such as rubella, cytomegalovirus, or toxoplasmosis during pregnancy can damage the developing lens in the fetus. Babies born after such infections may have congenital cataracts as part of a wider syndrome that also affects hearing or brain development. nei.nih.gov+1

17. Certain medicines other than steroids
    Some medicines, such as phenothiazines or strong miotic eye drops used long term in the past, have been linked to cataract formation. These drugs may be toxic to lens cells or change the chemical environment inside the eye, leading to protein changes in the lens. Wikipedia+1

18. Smoking or indoor smoke exposure in childhood
    Children exposed for years to cigarette smoke or indoor biomass smoke (from cooking fires) inhale substances that increase oxidation and inflammation in the whole body, including the eye. This long-term stress can add to other risks for earlier cataract formation in adulthood. Wikipedia+1

19. Obesity and metabolic syndrome
    Obesity, high blood lipids, and metabolic syndrome are linked to diabetes and high blood pressure, which themselves raise cataract risk. Chronic low-grade inflammation and oxidative stress in these conditions may directly harm lens proteins and speed up clouding. Wikipedia+1

20. Unknown or mixed causes
    In many people, no single cause is found. Instead, a mix of moderate risk factors—such as mild diabetes, some sun exposure, slightly poor diet, and aging—together leads to cataract. Doctors often call these idiopathic or mixed-type cataracts, but they still follow the same basic process of protein damage inside the lens. Wikipedia+1

Symptoms of cataract

1. Blurry or cloudy vision
   The most common symptom is slowly increasing blur, as if looking through a dirty window. Fine detail like small print, stitching, or leaves on trees becomes harder to see. The blur usually affects both distance and near vision and may be worse in one eye at first. nei.nih.gov+2Cleveland Clinic+2

2. Faded or washed-out colors
   Colors may look less bright and more gray, brown, or yellow. People often notice that blues and purples are especially hard to tell apart. This happens because the yellowing lens filters and scatters light, removing the crispness and brightness of colors. nei.nih.gov+1

3. Glare from lights
   Bright sunlight, car headlights, or oncoming traffic at night may cause strong glare that makes it hard to see. The cloudy lens scatters light in many directions, so a light source spreads out and overwhelms the retina. This can make driving or walking outside very uncomfortable. Cleveland Clinic+1

4. Halos around lights
   Many people with cataracts see rings or halos around streetlights, lamps, or headlights. These halos are caused by light scattering through irregular cloudy areas in the lens. The effect is especially noticeable at night and can make night driving unsafe. Cleveland Clinic+1

5. Trouble seeing at night
   Night-time vision often worsens early in cataract development. With less light reaching the retina and more scatter from the cloudy lens, dark scenes appear even dimmer, and contrast is poor. People may stop driving at night because they cannot see lane markings, obstacles, or pedestrians clearly. Cleveland Clinic+1

6. Needing brighter light for reading or work
   Tasks like reading, sewing, or working at a computer may require much stronger light than before. The cloudy lens blocks part of the light, so the eye needs extra brightness to see the same level of detail. Patients often bring extra lamps close to their work to compensate. nei.nih.gov+1

7. Frequent changes in glasses prescription
   As the lens becomes more dense, its focusing power changes. People may notice that their spectacle or contact lens prescription needs updating more often, yet each new pair helps for only a short time. This pattern suggests that cataract, not just refractive error, is driving the vision changes. Cleveland Clinic+1

8. Double vision in one eye
   Some cataracts cause light to split in unusual ways, leading to double or multiple images when one eye is open and the other is closed. This “monocular double vision” is different from double vision caused by eye muscle problems and is a clue that the lens is unevenly cloudy. Cleveland Clinic+1

9. Seeing through a yellow or brown tint
   As nuclear cataracts progress, the lens becomes more yellow or brown. People may feel that the world looks tinted, similar to looking through old yellowed film. Whites do not look truly white, and this affects tasks like choosing matching clothing or evaluating printed colors. Wikipedia+1

10. Poor contrast sensitivity
    Even when letters on a chart are big, people may struggle to see them if they are gray on a light background. Cataracts reduce contrast sensitivity, so faces, steps, and objects in dim or foggy settings are hard to recognize. This adds to the risk of falls in older adults. Cleveland Clinic+1

11. Difficulty recognizing faces
    When the lens is cloudy, fine facial details blur, especially at mid-range distances like across a room or street. People may feel embarrassed because they fail to recognize friends or family until they are very close, which can affect social interactions and confidence. nei.nih.gov+1

12. Reading problems despite glasses
    Even with updated glasses, small print may remain fuzzy or swim, and reading can become tiring. The cataract reduces the clarity of the image hitting the retina, so optical correction alone cannot restore sharpness. Many patients describe words as “smudged” or “shadowed.” Mayo Clinic+1

13. In children, a white pupil or abnormal eye movements
    In babies or young children with congenital cataract, parents or doctors may see a white or gray reflex in the pupil instead of a normal red reflex. Children may also have wandering eyes (strabismus) or rapid, jerky eye movements (nystagmus) because the eye does not see clearly enough to fix on objects. nei.nih.gov+1

14. Increased risk of falls and accidents
    Because cataracts reduce depth perception, contrast, and detail, affected people are more likely to trip on steps, curbs, or obstacles, especially in dim light. This link between cataract and falls is well documented and is one reason surgery is recommended when vision loss affects daily safety. Wikipedia+1

15. Gradual loss of independence
    When cataracts become advanced, people may stop driving, struggle with cooking, managing medicines, and doing hobbies, and rely more on family help. This loss of independence can lead to frustration, low mood, and reduced quality of life, even before complete blindness occurs. SEE International+1

Diagnostic tests for cataract

Eye doctors use a set of examinations and tests to confirm cataract and to rule out other eye diseases. These tests also help plan treatment, especially surgery. American Academy of Ophthalmology+2EyeWiki+2

Physical exam tests

1. Review of medical and vision history
   The doctor first asks detailed questions about vision changes, glare, night driving, reading, and daily activities, as well as health problems like diabetes or past eye injuries. This history helps link symptoms to possible cataracts and identifies risk factors that may affect treatment choices and surgery safety. Mayo Clinic+1

2. General physical examination
   A basic physical exam checks blood pressure, signs of diabetes, and other systemic conditions. Because diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and metabolic disorders increase cataract risk and affect surgical risk, understanding the whole-body health of the patient is important before planning eye surgery. nei.nih.gov+1

3. External eye inspection
   The doctor looks at the eyelids, eye surface, and pupil with a bright light. They may see a gray or white reflection from the pupil in advanced cataracts or other signs such as redness or scarring. This quick visual check can suggest cataract but must be followed by more detailed tests to confirm the diagnosis. Mayo Clinic+1

4. Pupillary light reflex test
   Shining a light into each eye, the doctor watches how the pupils constrict. A normal reflex suggests that the optic nerve pathway still works, although cataract may be blocking some light. An abnormal reflex may indicate additional problems such as optic nerve disease, which can affect the expected benefit from cataract surgery. EyeWiki+1

5. Red reflex test
   Using an ophthalmoscope at arm’s length, the doctor looks for a reddish glow from the retina through the pupil. In a clear lens, the red reflex is bright and even. In cataract, the reflex may look dull, patchy, or white. This simple test is especially useful in children to detect congenital cataracts early. nei.nih.gov+1

Manual eye tests

6. Visual acuity test (eye chart)
   The standard eye chart test measures how well a person can see letters or symbols at a set distance with and without glasses. Cataracts typically reduce best-corrected visual acuity, meaning that even with the right glasses, the smallest readable line gets larger over time. This test helps grade severity and decide when surgery is needed. American Academy of Ophthalmology+2Mayo Clinic+2

7. Slit-lamp microscope examination
   A slit-lamp is a special microscope with a bright, narrow beam of light. The doctor uses it to look closely at the front of the eye, including the cornea, anterior chamber, iris, and lens. Different types of cataract show typical patterns, such as nuclear yellowing, cortical spokes, or posterior subcapsular plaques. This exam confirms the diagnosis and type. American Academy of Ophthalmology+2EyeWiki+2

8. Dilated lens and retina examination
   Eye drops are used to widen (dilate) the pupil so the doctor can see more of the lens and retina. After dilation, the doctor can assess how dense the cataract is and look behind it for other diseases such as macular degeneration or diabetic retinopathy. This helps predict how much vision will improve after cataract surgery. American Academy of Ophthalmology+1

9. Intraocular pressure measurement (tonometry)
   Tonometry measures the pressure inside the eye using a small device that gently touches or puffs air on the cornea. While cataracts do not directly raise eye pressure, it is important to detect glaucoma or other pressure problems before surgery, as these conditions may need combined treatment or special monitoring. EyeWiki+1

10. Contrast sensitivity and glare testing
    Special charts and lights are used to test how well a person can see low-contrast images and how much glare reduces their performance. People with cataracts often have poor contrast and are very sensitive to glare even when visual acuity looks acceptable. These tests can support the decision for surgery when daily activities are clearly affected. Cleveland Clinic+2Mayo Clinic Health System+2

Lab and pathological tests

11. Blood glucose and HbA1c tests
    Blood tests that measure fasting glucose and long-term sugar control (HbA1c) help detect diabetes or assess how well it is controlled. Since diabetes is a strong risk factor for early and severe cataracts and also increases surgical risks, knowing these values guides timing of surgery and may prompt better diabetes management before the procedure. Mayo Clinic+1

12. Lipid profile and metabolic tests
    A lipid profile looks at cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and other metabolic tests screen for conditions such as metabolic syndrome. These systemic problems can accompany cataracts and cardiovascular disease. Managing them improves overall health and may help reduce progression of lens damage and other eye complications. Wikipedia+1

13. Complete blood count (CBC)
    A CBC checks red and white blood cells and platelets. While not a direct cataract test, it can reveal anemia, infection, or inflammatory conditions that may contribute to eye disease or affect surgical healing. It is sometimes ordered before surgery as part of a general health check in older or medically complex patients. AAO Journal+1

14. Tests for metabolic disorders in children
    In infants with cataracts, doctors may order specific blood and urine tests to look for metabolic diseases such as galactosemia or other inborn errors of metabolism. Identifying these conditions is vital, because treating the underlying disorder and removing the cataract can save vision and prevent other serious health problems. nei.nih.gov+1

15. Infection screening in pregnant women and newborns
    When a baby is born with cataracts, tests may be done to check for infections like rubella, cytomegalovirus, or toxoplasmosis. Blood tests in the mother and baby can show previous infection. Knowing the cause helps predict other health issues and guide follow-up care for hearing, heart, or brain problems linked to congenital infection. nei.nih.gov+1

Electrodiagnostic tests

16. Electroretinography (ERG)
    ERG measures the electrical responses of the retina to flashes of light. In eyes with dense cataracts, it can be hard to see the retina directly, so ERG helps show whether the retina still works well. If retinal function is poor, cataract surgery may not improve vision as much as expected, which helps manage patient expectations. EyeWiki+1

17. Visual evoked potentials (VEP)
    VEP records electrical signals from the visual cortex in the brain after the eyes are stimulated with patterns or flashes. Like ERG, it is useful when the view of the retina is blocked by a dense cataract. Normal VEP responses suggest that the optic nerve and visual pathways are healthy, meaning that clearing the cataract is more likely to restore useful vision. EyeWiki+1

Imaging tests

18. Ocular ultrasound (B-scan)
    When a cataract is so dense that the doctor cannot see the retina, ultrasound imaging is used. A small probe on the eyelid or anesthetized eye sends sound waves that create a picture of the back of the eye. B-scan can detect retinal detachment, tumors, or other serious problems that might limit vision even after cataract removal. EyeWiki+1

19. Optical coherence tomography (OCT)
    OCT uses light waves to create high-resolution cross-section images of the retina and sometimes the front of the eye. Before cataract surgery, OCT helps detect subtle macular diseases, such as macular degeneration or macular edema, that might not be obvious on regular exam. This information helps predict surgical outcomes and plan extra treatments if needed. EyeWiki+1

20. Biometry and anterior segment imaging for surgery planning
    Before cataract surgery, measurements of eye length and corneal curvature (biometry) and images of the front segment of the eye help choose the correct power of the artificial lens implant. Technologies such as optical biometry and anterior segment OCT give very precise data, improving the chance of good focus without thick glasses after surgery. These imaging steps are now standard in modern cataract care. Mayo Clinic+2AAO Journal+2

Non-pharmacological treatments

The main long-term cure for visually significant cataract is surgery, where the cloudy lens is removed and replaced by a clear artificial intraocular lens. No eye drop has yet been proven to dissolve cataracts in humans. However, non-pharmacological care can help people function better while waiting for surgery, reduce complications, and possibly slow progression by reducing oxidative stress and other risk factors.EyeWiki+2NCBI+2

1. Low-vision rehabilitation – A low-vision specialist can prescribe magnifiers, high-contrast reading materials, large-print books, electronic readers, and training in new visual strategies. This improves quality of life and independence in people whose cataracts cannot yet be operated on or who have other eye diseases.eos-egypt.org+3American Academy of Ophthalmology+3American Osteopathic Association+3

2. Updated glasses or contact lenses – A change in prescription can partly offset the refractive shift caused by nuclear cataract and astigmatism from cortical changes. Stronger glasses will not remove the cloud, but they can sharpen remaining vision and reduce eye strain for reading and distance tasks.EyeWiki+1

3. Anti-glare measures and tinted lenses – Polarized sunglasses, UV-blocking lenses, anti-glare coatings, and brimmed hats reduce disabling glare and halos from bright sunlight and night headlights. This is especially useful for posterior subcapsular cataracts, which are very sensitive to light scatter.Wikipedia+2EyeWiki+2

4. Improved indoor lighting – Using bright, even, non-glare lighting for reading and cooking reduces visual stress. Flexible lamps placed close to the page, warm-coloured bulbs, and good contrast between text and background can make tasks easier even with moderate cataracts.American Osteopathic Association+2AccessMedicine+2

5. Contrast enhancement strategies – Simple tricks such as using bold black pens, high-contrast cutting boards (dark on one side, light on the other), and coloured tape on stairs help the brain make better use of limited visual information, reducing falls and accidents.American Osteopathic Association+2Wikipedia+2

6. Fall-prevention training – Occupational therapy can teach safe navigation at home, use of handrails, removal of loose rugs, and better organisation of furniture. Because cataract-related vision loss increases fall and fracture risk, this type of training is very important in older adults.Wikipedia+2NCBI+2

7. Driving assessment and modifications – Some patients may need to stop night driving, avoid high-speed roads, or limit driving in unfamiliar places. Assessments by eye care teams or driving specialists help balance safety with independence and prepare patients emotionally for surgery.Wikipedia+2NCBI+2

8. Smoking cessation support – Smoking increases oxidative damage in the lens and is a modifiable risk factor for cataracts. Stopping smoking with counselling, nicotine replacement, or medications can reduce further damage and improve overall eye and body health.Wikipedia+2MSD Manuals+2

9. UV and blue-light protection – Regular use of sunglasses that block UV-A and UV-B, plus broad-brimmed hats, may slow cataract progression by reducing cumulative UV damage to the lens proteins. For screen use, some people choose blue-light–filter lenses, although evidence for cataract prevention is still limited.Wikipedia+2MSD Manuals+2

10. Good diabetes and metabolic control – Tight blood sugar and blood pressure control reduce the metabolic stress on the lens. This can slow diabetic cataract formation and also improves healing and outcomes after surgery.Mayo Clinic+2NCBI+2

11. Weight management and physical activity – Obesity and sedentary lifestyle are linked with higher cataract risk. Regular moderate exercise, weight control, and a heart-healthy diet support vascular and lens health and also prepare the body for anaesthesia and surgery.Mayo Clinic+2MSD Manuals+2

12. Careful steroid use – Long-term systemic or high-dose topical steroid use is a known risk factor for posterior subcapsular cataract. Doctors can review doses, switch to steroid-sparing drugs when possible, and monitor lens status regularly to catch early change.Mayo Clinic+2NCBI+2

13. Managing other eye diseases – Treating glaucoma, uveitis, or corneal disease before cataract surgery can improve safety and visual outcome. Sometimes low-vision aids are needed in the interim while inflammation is controlled and surgery timing is optimised.NCBI+2ESCRS+2

14. Vision therapy and visual training – In some children and adults, structured visual exercises and patching (for amblyopia) are combined with cataract treatment to retrain the brain to use improved vision more effectively, especially after long-standing blur.American Academy of Ophthalmology+2BioMed Central+2

15. Assistive digital technology – Screen readers, text-to-speech apps, zoom functions, and high-contrast modes on phones and computers make communication and reading easier before and after surgery, and are key elements of modern low-vision rehabilitation plans.American Osteopathic Association+1

16. Psychological and social support – Vision loss from cataract can cause anxiety, loss of confidence, and depression. Counselling, support groups, and family education help patients adapt while waiting for surgery and during recovery.Wikipedia+2BioMed Central+2

17. Education about cataract and surgery – Clear explanation of the disease, realistic expectations about surgery, and explanation of risks and benefits improve adherence to eye drops, follow-up visits, and lifestyle changes, and reduce fear of the procedure.ESCRS+2NCBI+2

18. Home environment adaptation – Marking steps, using non-slip mats, labelling medication bottles with large print, and keeping frequently used items in fixed positions can compensate for blurred vision and prevent injuries at home.American Osteopathic Association+2eos-egypt.org+2

19. Regular eye examinations – Routine checks allow the ophthalmologist to monitor how fast the cataract is growing, detect other problems like macular degeneration or diabetic retinopathy, and choose the best time for surgery based on both vision and lifestyle.Wikipedia+2NCBI+2

20. Healthy sleep and stress management – Chronic stress and poor sleep are linked with systemic inflammation and oxidative stress, which can affect eye health. Relaxation techniques, good sleep hygiene, and treatment of sleep apnea support overall well-being during cataract management.MDPI+2NCBI+2

Drug treatments used around cataract care

Very important: These medicines support cataract surgery and symptoms but do not cure the cataract itself. Never start or stop prescription eye drops without an eye doctor’s advice. Doses below are typical clinical patterns from prescribing information; your own regimen may be different.FDA Access Data+1

1. Nepafenac ophthalmic suspension (Nevanac, Ilevro) – This topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) is approved to reduce pain and inflammation associated with cataract surgery. Typical regimens use one drop three times daily or once daily starting one day before surgery and continuing for about two weeks after surgery. It works by blocking prostaglandin production in the eye and may help lower risk of cystoid macular edema.ilevrohcp.com+4FDA Access Data+4PMC+4

2. Bromfenac ophthalmic solution (Prolensa, BromSite) – Bromfenac is another NSAID eye drop indicated for postoperative inflammation and ocular pain after cataract surgery. Many protocols use one drop once daily starting the day before surgery and continuing for about two weeks. It penetrates well into ocular tissues and suppresses prostaglandin-mediated inflammation.Drugs.com+5FDA Access Data+5Dove Medical Press+5

3. Ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic solution (Acular, Acuvail) – Ketorolac eye drops are widely used NSAIDs to reduce pain, redness, and swelling after cataract surgery. Common schedules are one drop every 6–8 hours starting before surgery and continuing for several weeks as directed. They inhibit cyclo-oxygenase enzymes and prostaglandin synthesis, helping control postoperative inflammation.WebMD+7FDA Access Data+7MedlinePlus+7

4. Prednisolone acetate ophthalmic suspension (Pred Forte, Omnipred and generics) – This topical corticosteroid is a standard drug for steroid-responsive ocular inflammation, including after cataract surgery. Typical regimens use one drop two to four times daily, sometimes more frequently just after surgery, then slowly taper. It reduces leukocyte migration and inflammatory mediator release but can raise intraocular pressure and delay wound healing.mobile.visionmonday.com+5FDA Access Data+5FDA Access Data+5

5. Dexamethasone ophthalmic preparations – Dexamethasone eye drops or inserts provide potent steroid activity to control postoperative inflammation, often in combination with antibiotics. They block multiple inflammatory pathways but carry similar risks of increased intraocular pressure, delayed healing, and infection masking, so close monitoring is required.FDA Access Data+2FDA Access Data+2

6. Loteprednol etabonate ophthalmic (e.g., Lotemax) – Loteprednol is a “soft” steroid designed to be rapidly broken down, with less effect on eye pressure in many patients. It is used to treat post-operative inflammation when a steroid is needed but risk of steroid-induced glaucoma is a concern. Doses and taper schedules follow the surgeon’s plan.NCBI+2FDA Access Data+2

7. Difluprednate ophthalmic emulsion (Durezol) – A very potent topical steroid, difluprednate is indicated for postoperative ocular inflammation and pain. It is usually started several times daily and then tapered as the eye calms. Because of its strength, the eye doctor watches intraocular pressure closely and adjusts duration accordingly.NCBI+2FDA Access Data+2

8. Moxifloxacin ophthalmic solution (Vigamox and generics) – This fourth-generation fluoroquinolone antibiotic is often used as topical drops and sometimes intracameral injection around cataract surgery to reduce the risk of postoperative endophthalmitis. Regimens may include frequent drops before surgery and a shorter course afterwards, or single intracameral dosing at the end of the operation.BVS Saúde+5PMC+5American Academy of Ophthalmology+5

9. Other topical fluoroquinolone drops (gatifloxacin, levofloxacin, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin) – These antibiotics are also widely used to lower bacterial load on the eye surface before and after cataract surgery. They work by inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase, and they are generally used for a short course as prophylaxis rather than long-term therapy.www.elsevier.com+2PJMHSONLINE+2

10. Combination steroid–antibiotic drops (e.g., tobramycin/dexamethasone, gentamicin/prednisolone, sulfacetamide/prednisolone) – Products such as PRED-G and BLEPHAMIDE combine antibiotic coverage with steroid anti-inflammatory action for situations where inflammation and infection risk overlap, such as after surgery. They are usually used short term because of steroid-related side effects.FDA Access Data+2FDA Access Data+2

11. Phenylephrine ophthalmic (with or without tropicamide) – Phenylephrine is a sympathomimetic drop that dilates the pupil for surgery and reduces risk of iris damage. It contracts the iris dilator muscle, improving access to the cataract and allowing safer lens removal and lens implant placement.NCBI+2ESCRS+2

12. Tropicamide ophthalmic solution – Tropicamide is a short-acting antimuscarinic drop used to dilate the pupil for cataract examination and surgery planning. It temporarily paralyses the sphincter pupillae muscle and accommodation, giving a wide pupil so the lens and retina can be examined clearly.NCBI+2EyeWiki+2

13. Cyclopentolate or atropine ophthalmic – Longer-acting cycloplegic drops are sometimes used pre- or post-operatively to keep the pupil large, reduce pain from ciliary muscle spasm, and stabilise the lens–iris diaphragm, especially in complex or paediatric cataracts.NCBI+2NCBI+2

14. Timolol ophthalmic solution – Timolol is a topical beta-blocker that reduces aqueous humour production and lowers intraocular pressure. It may be used briefly around surgery in patients at risk of pressure spikes, such as those with glaucoma or steroid response.NCBI+1

15. Brimonidine and fixed timolol combinations – Alpha-2 agonist brimonidine and its combinations with timolol also help control intraocular pressure before and after cataract procedures, especially in at-risk eyes. They work by reducing aqueous production and increasing uveoscleral outflow.NCBI+1

16. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (topical dorzolamide, brinzolamide; oral acetazolamide) – These drugs decrease aqueous humour formation and can be used short term to treat or prevent postoperative intraocular pressure elevations, especially in patients with pre-existing glaucoma or shallow anterior chambers.NCBI+1

17. Hyperosmotic agents (e.g., intravenous mannitol) – Mannitol creates an osmotic gradient that draws fluid out of the eye, acutely lowering pressure. It is used in selected high-risk eyes before or during cataract surgery or in emergency pressure spikes. Use is carefully monitored because of systemic fluid and electrolyte effects.NCBI+1

18. Lubricating artificial tears – Preservative-free lubricants help relieve dry eye and surface irritation, which are common both before and after cataract surgery. A healthy tear film improves comfort, vision quality, and the accuracy of pre-operative measurements like keratometry.NCBI+2ESCRS+2

19. Topical antihistamine / mast-cell stabiliser drops – In allergic patients, treating ocular allergy reduces rubbing and surface inflammation before surgery, lowering risk of infection and making postoperative recovery smoother. Examples include olopatadine and ketotifen.MedlinePlus+2Mayo Clinic+2

20. Topical antibiotic–steroid ointments for night use – In some cases, ointment formulations are used at bedtime after cataract surgery to provide longer contact time and comfort. They combine the actions already described for separate steroid and antibiotic drops but in a greasy base.FDA Access Data+2FDA Access Data+2

Dietary molecular supplements for lens and eye health

Supplements may support general eye health but do not replace surgery for visually significant cataracts. Always discuss new supplements with your doctor, especially if you are pregnant, on blood thinners, or have chronic disease.Verywell Health+1

1. Lutein – Lutein is a yellow carotenoid that collects in the lens and retina. It filters blue light and neutralises reactive oxygen species. Higher dietary intake of lutein has been associated with a lower risk of nuclear and overall cataract and less need for cataract extraction in some large studies. Typical supplement doses studied range from about 6–20 mg per day with food.EatingWell+4PMC+4ScienceDirect+4

2. Zeaxanthin – Zeaxanthin is structurally similar to lutein and works alongside it in the lens and macula, absorbing short-wavelength light and reducing oxidative stress. Combined lutein–zeaxanthin intake has been linked with lower cataract risk in observational research. Supplements often provide 2–10 mg daily, but many people can reach useful levels through leafy greens and egg yolks.EatingWell+4PMC+4ScienceDirect+4

3. Vitamin C – The lens normally has very high vitamin C concentrations, which help protect lens proteins from oxidation. Diets rich in fruits and vegetables high in vitamin C have been associated with slower cataract progression, although trials of vitamin C pills alone show mixed benefit. Common supplemental doses are 250–500 mg a day, within total daily safe limits.Verywell Health+3American Osteopathic Association+3JAMA Network+3

4. Vitamin E – Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant that stabilises cell membranes. Higher dietary intake of vitamin E from nuts, seeds, and oils has been linked with lower cataract risk in some cohort studies. Supplements often contain 15–200 IU daily, but high doses can interact with blood thinners, so medical advice is important.Verywell Health+3JAMA Network+3American Osteopathic Association+3

5. Vitamin A / beta-carotene (with caution in smokers) – Vitamin A is essential for normal vision and night sight. Adequate intake from foods such as carrots and orange vegetables supports overall eye health and tear film stability, and some evidence suggests a small protective effect on cataract. However, high-dose beta-carotene supplements are not advised for smokers due to lung cancer risk.Health+2Verywell Health+2

6. Zinc – Zinc is important for many antioxidant enzymes in the eye. It plays a role in maintaining retinal and possibly lens health. In AREDS-type formulations, zinc is combined with other nutrients for age-related macular degeneration, and some observational data suggest general eye protection, though direct cataract benefit is less clear. Typical supplement doses are 10–25 mg daily.Verywell Health+2American Osteopathic Association+2

7. Omega-3 fatty acids (EPA/DHA) – Omega-3s from oily fish and some plant sources support retinal and vascular health and may help dry eye symptoms, which often coexist with cataract. Their direct effect on cataract risk is less certain, but they are part of an overall anti-inflammatory diet that supports eye surgery recovery.The Times of India+2Verywell Health+2

8. Alpha-lipoic acid – Alpha-lipoic acid is an antioxidant involved in mitochondrial energy metabolism. Animal studies and some early human data suggest it may help protect lens proteins from glycation and oxidative damage, especially in diabetes, though routine use for cataract prevention is not yet established. Doses in supplements often range around 300–600 mg daily.NCBI+2MSD Manuals+2

9. Bilberry / anthocyanin extracts – Anthocyanins from berries have antioxidant and vascular benefits and may improve contrast sensitivity and night vision in some small studies. Evidence for cataract prevention is still limited, but they can be part of a nutrient-dense diet. Supplement doses vary; many products provide 80–160 mg of standardised extract per day.The Times of India+2Verywell Health+2

10. Multinutrient eye formulas (AREDS-style) – Some patients with other retinal disease take formulas containing vitamin C, vitamin E, zinc, copper, lutein, and zeaxanthin. These combinations are proven for certain macular conditions and may slightly reduce cataract progression, but they do not remove existing opacities and should be used under medical supervision.PMC+3American Osteopathic Association+3JAMA Network+3

Regenerative, immunity-supporting and stem-cell-related approaches

Current standard cataract care is surgical. Several regenerative or “lens-saving” drug ideas are being studied, but none are yet established or approved to reverse human cataracts in routine practice.EyeWiki+1

1. Lanosterol and sterol-based drops (experimental) – Laboratory and animal studies showed that lanosterol and related sterols can reduce lens protein aggregation and improve lens clarity in some models, suggesting a potential non-surgical approach to cataract. However, later human work has not confirmed clear benefit, and these drugs remain experimental and are not approved for routine treatment.PMC+3Nature+3lsi.umich.edu+3

2. N-acetylcarnosine eye drops (alternative / investigational) – N-acetylcarnosine has been marketed in some countries as an antioxidant eye drop for cataracts, aiming to protect lens proteins from oxidative damage. Evidence in humans is limited and mixed, and major guidelines still recommend surgery rather than relying on these products.NCBI+2EyeWiki+2

3. Aldose-reductase inhibitors (research stage) – In diabetic models, blocking aldose reductase reduces accumulation of sorbitol and lens swelling, slowing cataract formation. Several experimental drugs have shown promise in animals but have not become routine clinical therapy for human cataracts.NCBI+1

4. Glutathione-supporting drugs (e.g., N-acetylcysteine) – The lens depends on glutathione to maintain protein structure. Antioxidant treatments that raise glutathione levels may theoretically slow cataract development, but robust clinical trials are lacking. Such agents are used mainly for systemic indications rather than cataract itself.NCBI+2MSD Manuals+2

5. Lens epithelial stem-cell and gene-therapy approaches – Experimental work has explored using the eye’s own lens epithelial cells or gene editing to regenerate a clearer lens after removing cataractous material, particularly in infants. So far, these techniques remain in early research and are not available outside trials.NCBI+1

6. Immune-modulating therapies for associated eye inflammation – In complex cataracts linked with uveitis or autoimmune disease, systemic immune-modulating drugs (like biologics or conventional immunosuppressants) may indirectly protect the eye by controlling inflammation, allowing safer surgery and better outcomes. Choice of agent is personalised and managed by rheumatology and ophthalmology teams together.NCBI+2MSD Manuals+2

Surgical treatments for cataract

1. Phacoemulsification with intraocular lens (standard modern surgery) – This is the most common technique worldwide. The surgeon makes a tiny corneal incision, uses ultrasound energy to break the cloudy lens into small pieces, sucks them out, and then inserts a folded artificial lens. Recovery is usually quick, and stitches are often not needed.NCBI+2EyeWiki+2

2. Femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery (FLACS) – Here, a computer-guided femtosecond laser creates precise corneal incisions, opens the lens capsule, and softens the cataract before phacoemulsification. This can improve reproducibility of steps and help with complex lens designs, though overall visual outcomes are similar to standard surgery in many studies.Ara Damansara Medical Centre+5PMC+5EyeWiki+5

3. Manual small-incision cataract surgery (SICS) – In many settings, surgeons use a slightly larger but still self-sealing scleral tunnel incision and manually remove the lens in one piece, then insert a rigid intraocular lens. This technique is less dependent on expensive machines and can give excellent vision when done well.NCBI+2ESCRS+2

4. Extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE) – In ECCE, a larger incision is used to remove the central lens in one piece while leaving the back of the capsule to support an intraocular lens. It is now reserved for very dense or complicated cataracts or when phacoemulsification equipment is not suitable. Recovery is slower and astigmatism may be higher.NCBI+2EyeWiki+2

5. Intracapsular cataract extraction (ICCE) with secondary lens options – This older technique removes the entire lens and capsule in one block, usually through a large incision. Today it is rarely used except in special cases, such as severe trauma or lens dislocation, and often requires secondary lens placement in the iris or front of the eye.NCBI+1

Prevention strategies

1. Stop smoking or never start, because smoking increases oxidative damage in the lens and raises cataract risk.Wikipedia+2MSD Manuals+2

2. Protect eyes from UV light by wearing UV-blocking sunglasses and a brimmed hat whenever you are outdoors in bright sun.Wikipedia+2MSD Manuals+2

3. Control diabetes and blood pressure with regular check-ups, medicines, and healthy lifestyle changes.Mayo Clinic+2NCBI+2

4. Limit alcohol to moderate levels, as heavy drinking is linked to higher cataract rates.Wikipedia+2MSD Manuals+2

5. Avoid unnecessary long-term steroid use by working with your doctor to use the lowest effective dose and steroid-sparing options when possible.Mayo Clinic+2NCBI+2

6. Eat a nutrient-dense diet rich in fruits, vegetables, leafy greens, and whole grains to provide antioxidants such as vitamin C, vitamin E, lutein, and zeaxanthin.Verywell Health+4PMC+4American Osteopathic Association+4

7. Maintain healthy weight and stay physically active to reduce metabolic stress and vascular disease that can harm the eye.Mayo Clinic+2MSD Manuals+2

8. Protect eyes from injury by using safety goggles during high-risk jobs or sports to prevent traumatic cataracts.NCBI+1

9. Manage other chronic diseases such as kidney disease and autoimmune conditions that may contribute to cataract risk.Wikipedia+2MSD Manuals+2

10. Have regular comprehensive eye exams, especially after age 40 or if you have risk factors, so problems are found and treated early.Wikipedia+2NCBI+2

When to see a doctor

You should see an eye doctor (optometrist or ophthalmologist) promptly if you notice blurred or cloudy vision, trouble seeing faces, difficulty reading even with glasses, glare or halos around lights, double vision in one eye, or frequent changes in your glasses prescription. Sudden pain, redness, or rapid vision loss is an emergency and needs same-day attention. Regular check-ups are also important even when symptoms are mild, to plan the best time for cataract surgery.Wikipedia+2Mayo Clinic+2

What to eat and what to avoid

1. Eat plenty of leafy greens such as spinach, kale, and collard greens, which are rich in lutein and zeaxanthin that support lens health.EatingWell+3PMC+3JAMA Network+3

2. Include colourful fruits and vegetables like oranges, berries, peppers, and carrots for vitamin C, beta-carotene, and other antioxidants that may slow cataract progression.Verywell Health+3American Osteopathic Association+3JAMA Network+3

3. Choose nuts and seeds (almonds, sunflower seeds, walnuts) and healthy oils for vitamin E and good fats that support eye cell membranes.Verywell Health+3American Osteopathic Association+3JAMA Network+3

4. Eat fish rich in omega-3s such as salmon, sardines, and mackerel a few times a week, to support retinal and vascular health and help dry eye symptoms.The Times of India+2Verywell Health+2

5. Use whole grains and high-fibre foods to support stable blood sugar, which is especially important in people with diabetes.Mayo Clinic+2MDPI+2

6. Limit sugary drinks and heavy refined carbohydrates, because repeated blood sugar spikes can damage lens proteins and increase cataract risk.Mayo Clinic+2MSD Manuals+2

7. Avoid excessive alcohol intake, which is associated with higher cataract risk and many other health problems.Wikipedia+2Mayo Clinic+2

8. Reduce very salty and ultra-processed foods, which contribute to hypertension and cardiovascular disease that can indirectly impair eye health.MSD Manuals+2MDPI+2

9. Be cautious with high-dose vitamin supplements without medical advice, especially beta-carotene in smokers and very high vitamin E, which can carry risks.American Osteopathic Association+2JAMA Network+2

10. Stay well hydrated, as sufficient fluid supports normal circulation to the eye and general metabolic health.NCBI+1

Frequently asked questions

1. Can cataracts be cured with drops or medicine instead of surgery?
   No eye drop or pill has been proven to reliably clear human cataracts in clinical practice. Experimental agents like lanosterol show promise in lab and animal work, but surgery remains the only effective way to remove a visually disabling cataract.lsi.umich.edu+3EyeWiki+3NCBI+3

2. Is cataract surgery safe?
   Modern cataract surgery is one of the most common and successful operations worldwide. Complications are possible, but serious problems like infection or retinal detachment are uncommon when surgery is done by experienced teams and postoperative instructions are followed.NCBI+3ESCRS+3NCBI+3

3. Will I be awake during cataract surgery?
   Most patients are awake but relaxed with local anaesthetic drops or a small injection around the eye, plus mild sedation. You usually see light and vague movement but no sharp pain. General anaesthesia is reserved for special situations, such as some children and anxious adults.NCBI+2ESCRS+2

4. Does cataract surgery hurt?
   You may feel pressure or mild discomfort, but significant pain is not expected. Post-operative soreness and scratchiness usually improve within a few days and are helped by prescribed drops and simple pain relievers if needed.NCBI+2ESCRS+2

5. How long does it take to recover vision?
   Many people notice clearer vision within days, though it can take several weeks for the eye to fully heal and for glasses to be updated. Complex cases, co-existing eye disease, or complications can slow recovery.NCBI+3ESCRS+3NCBI+3

6. Will cataracts come back after surgery?
   The removed natural lens does not grow back, so the same cataract does not return. However, the back capsule holding the intraocular lens can become cloudy (posterior capsule opacification). This can be treated quickly and painlessly with a small outpatient YAG laser procedure.NCBI+2EyeWiki+2

7. Can I have cataract surgery in both eyes on the same day?
   Some centres offer same-day bilateral cataract surgery, which can speed rehabilitation. Others operate on one eye at a time to reduce risk of simultaneous complications. Guidelines suggest either approach may be acceptable when strict infection-control procedures are followed.ESCRS+2ScienceDirect+2

8. Are there natural ways to reverse cataracts?
   Healthy lifestyle, diet, smoking cessation, and UV protection may slow progression, but there is no natural or alternative therapy proven to reverse established cataract in humans. When cataracts significantly limit daily activities, surgery is recommended.Fortune Journals+4Wikipedia+4American Osteopathic Association+4

9. Can children get cataracts?
   Yes. Cataracts in babies and children can be congenital or develop later from genetics, metabolic disease, trauma, or infection. They need urgent assessment because the visual system is still developing and untreated cataracts can cause permanent amblyopia.EyeWiki+2American Academy of Ophthalmology+2

10. Does diabetes always cause cataracts?
    Not everyone with diabetes develops cataracts, but diabetes clearly increases the risk and may lead to earlier and more rapid lens clouding. Good blood sugar, blood pressure, and lipid control and regular eye exams can delay problems and improve surgical outcomes.Mayo Clinic+2NCBI+2

11. Can I wear contact lenses if I have cataracts?
    Some people continue using contact lenses to correct refractive errors while their cataracts are still mild, as long as the eye surface is healthy. However, as cataracts worsen, vision may remain blurred even with contacts, and surgery becomes the better option.NCBI+2American Osteopathic Association+2

12. Is cataract surgery urgent?
    Most age-related cataracts progress slowly and surgery is elective, based on how much they affect daily life. It can become more urgent in cases of lens-induced glaucoma, advanced white cataract at risk for complications, or when other retinal disease cannot be managed without clear media.NCBI+1

13. What types of intraocular lenses (IOLs) are available?
    Standard monofocal lenses focus at one distance and are widely used. Premium IOLs such as toric (for astigmatism), multifocal, and extended-depth-of-focus lenses can reduce dependence on glasses, but may increase glare or halos in some patients. Choice depends on corneal shape, lifestyle, and cost.NCBI+2NCBI+2

14. Will cataract surgery fix all eye problems?
    Surgery removes the cloudy lens but does not cure diseases such as macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, or glaucoma. These conditions may still limit vision after an otherwise perfect cataract operation, so realistic expectations and co-management are important.NCBI+2MSD Manuals+2

15. How can I prepare myself for cataract surgery?
    Follow your doctor’s instructions about pre-operative eye drops, fasting, and managing regular medications. Arrange transport home, plan for a few days of lighter activities, and prepare your home with good lighting and clear pathways. Keeping chronic illnesses stable before surgery improves safety and recovery.MSD Manuals+3ESCRS+3NCBI+3

Disclaimer: Each person’s journey is unique, treatment plan, life style, food habit, hormonal condition, immune system, chronic disease condition, geological location, weather and previous medical  history is also unique. So always seek the best advice from a qualified medical professional or health care provider before trying any treatments to ensure to find out the best plan for you. This guide is for general information and educational purposes only. Regular check-ups and awareness can help to manage and prevent complications associated with these diseases conditions. If you or someone are suffering from this disease condition bookmark this website or share with someone who might find it useful! Boost your knowledge and stay ahead in your health journey. We always try to ensure that the content is regularly updated to reflect the latest medical research and treatment options. Thank you for giving your valuable time to read the article.

The article is written by Team RxHarun and reviewed by the Rx Editorial Board Members

Last Updated: November 15, 2025.

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