Balantidiasis is an infection of the large intestine caused by a single-celled parasite called Balantidium coli (also known in newer science papers as Balantioides coli or Neobalantidium coli). It is the only ciliated protozoan known to infect humans. Most infections are mild or cause no symptoms. When illness occurs, it usually looks like an intestinal infection with diarrhea and belly cramps. People get infected by swallowing the parasite’s hardy “cyst” form in contaminated water or food, or by hand-to-mouth contact after contact with pig feces. Pigs are the main animal reservoir, although other animals can carry it. CDC+2CDC+2
Balantidiasis is an intestinal infection caused by a single-celled parasite called Balantidium coli. People get it when they swallow food or water contaminated with stool that contains the parasite’s cysts. Pigs are the main animal host, and the disease spreads more where sanitation is poor and drinking water is unsafe. Many people have no symptoms. Others can develop diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, nausea, and sometimes bloody stools. In rare, severe cases, the infection can damage the colon and cause ulcers or even bowel perforation, which is a medical emergency. Doctors diagnose it by finding the parasite in stool under a microscope. Most infections can be cured with medicines like tetracycline or metronidazole, along with fluids and good hygiene measures. Preventing it focuses on safe water, handwashing, and proper handling of pig waste. CDC+2CDC+2
Another names
Balantidium coli infection
Balantioides coli infection (updated name used by some experts)
Neobalantidium coli infection (another proposed name)
“Balantidial dysentery” (older term when bloody diarrhea is present)
These names all refer to the same parasite and disease. The scientific name has been under review in recent years, so you may see more than one label in articles and lab reports. CDC+1
Types
Asymptomatic colonization – The parasite lives in the colon with no symptoms; many infections are silent. Hopkins Guides
Acute balantidial colitis – Sudden onset watery or bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain, urgency, and mucus in stool; can resemble amoebic dysentery. CDC
Chronic/intermittent colitis – Recurrent episodes of diarrhea alternating with normal stools or constipation, sometimes with weight loss. EBSCO
Fulminant colitis (rare) – Severe, rapidly progressive colitis with fever, dehydration, and risk of intestinal perforation and peritonitis. PubMed
Extra-intestinal disease (very rare) – Spread outside the gut, reported in the peritoneum after perforation and occasionally in other organs; this is exceptional. PubMed
Causes
In balantidiasis, “causes” are best understood as ways people get exposed to B. coli cysts or become more vulnerable to illness after exposure.
Drinking contaminated water: Cysts survive in water and are swallowed, especially where sanitation is poor. CDC
Eating food contaminated with feces: Unwashed produce or food handled with unclean hands can carry cysts. CDC
Close contact with pigs or pig manure: Pigs are the main reservoir; handling pigs or manure increases exposure. PMC+1
Living near backyard or free-range pig farming: Environmental contamination of soil and water raises risk. PMC
Poor hand hygiene: Not washing hands after using the toilet or handling animals helps fecal-oral spread. CDC
Inadequate sanitation systems: Open defecation, leaky latrines, or poor sewage lead to contaminated surroundings. BioMed Central
Unsafe irrigation of crops: Using contaminated water to rinse or irrigate vegetables can deposit cysts on food. BioMed Central
Flooding/heavy rains: Runoff can carry fecal material into wells and surface water. (Inference from fecal-oral transmission and water contamination patterns.) CDC
Institutional or crowded living: Close quarters with shared sanitation can amplify fecal-oral spread. (General fecal-oral risk principle.) CDC
Travel or residence in tropical/subtropical settings with poor sanitation: Higher environmental burden and animal contact. PubMed
Occupational exposure: Farmers, animal handlers, abattoir and sanitation workers contact animal/human waste more often. PMC
Malnutrition: Weakens gut and immune defenses, making symptomatic disease more likely after exposure. News-Medical
Immunosuppression (e.g., advanced HIV, chemotherapy, high-dose steroids): Lowers host control over parasites. (General principle; applied to protozoal infections.) PubMed
Low stomach acid (e.g., chronic antacid/PPI use, achlorhydria): May reduce cyst killing in the stomach. (General mechanism for enteric protozoa survival.) EBSCO
Pre-existing colitis: Damaged mucosa is more susceptible to invasion and ulcers by trophozoites. BioMed Central
Contaminated household surfaces: Cysts on hands/utensils/surfaces can be transferred to the mouth. CDC
Inadequate washing of raw produce: Leaves and roots can carry adherent cysts from contaminated water/soil. EBSCO
Shared water sources with animals: Human wells or streams accessible to pigs increase contamination. BioMed Central
Lack of routine stool screening in high-risk settings: Silent carriers can continue community transmission. (Public-health inference.) PubMed
Limited health education: Not recognizing risks around pigs, manure, and water safety prolongs exposure chains. PMC
Symptoms
Watery diarrhea: The colon is inflamed and cannot reabsorb water properly. CDC
Bloody or mucus-streaked stools: Ulcers in the colon can bleed and shed mucus. Hopkins Guides
Abdominal cramps or pain: The inflamed colon spasms and becomes tender. CDC
Tenesmus (feeling you still need to pass stool): Rectal inflammation gives a constant urge. Hopkins Guides
Urgency and frequent small stools: Irritated colon triggers repeated bowel movements. Hopkins Guides
Nausea: Gut inflammation can cause queasiness. EBSCO
Vomiting: Sometimes occurs with more severe illness and dehydration. EBSCO
Fever: Sign of active inflammation or secondary bacterial translocation. PubMed
Weakness and fatigue: Fluid/electrolyte loss and reduced intake lead to low energy. EBSCO
Loss of appetite: Common in colitis and systemic illness. EBSCO
Weight loss: Ongoing diarrhea reduces nutrition and hydration. EBSCO
Dehydration signs (thirst, dry mouth, low urine): From fluid loss in stools. EBSCO
Abdominal tenderness on exam: Inflamed colon is sore to touch. Hopkins Guides
Constipation alternating with diarrhea: Seen in some chronic patterns. EBSCO
Severe belly pain with rigid abdomen (emergency): May signal perforation and peritonitis—rare but life-threatening. PubMed
Diagnostic tests
A) Physical exam (bedside checks)
Vital signs (temperature, pulse, blood pressure): Looks for fever, fast heart rate, low pressure from dehydration or severe colitis. Not diagnostic alone, but guides urgency. EBSCO
Hydration assessment (skin turgor, dry mouth, sunken eyes): Estimates fluid loss from diarrhea to plan rehydration. EBSCO
Abdominal exam (inspection, gentle pressing): Finds diffuse or lower-abdominal tenderness; severe guarding may suggest complications. Hopkins Guides
Rectal exam: May reveal mucus or blood and allows stool collection for immediate microscopy. (Standard GI evaluation principle.) AAP Publications
B) “Manual” bedside/parasitology tests (direct look for the parasite)
Fresh stool wet-mount microscopy: A drop of fresh stool is examined; the large, fast-moving, ciliated trophozoites are characteristic when present. This is the classic, quick test. PMC+1
Direct smear from rectal swab: If stool is scant, a swab can sometimes capture trophozoites for immediate viewing. (Standard parasitology technique; complements stool O&P.) AAP Publications
Concentration methods (e.g., formalin-ethyl acetate): Increase the chance of seeing cysts, which are the infective, non-motile form. ScienceDirect
Permanent stains (e.g., trichrome): Fix and stain stool to highlight parasite structures when wet mounts are inconclusive. CDC
C) Laboratory & pathological tests
Ova-and-parasite (O&P) exam over multiple samples: Collecting 2–3 specimens on different days boosts detection because shedding is intermittent. AAP Publications
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for B. coli: Detects parasite DNA; useful when microscopy is negative but suspicion remains (availability varies). ScienceDirect
Complete blood count (CBC): Looks for anemia (blood loss), leukocytosis (inflammation), or eosinophilia (variable); supportive data for severity. EBSCO
Electrolytes/renal function: Checks dehydration effects (low sodium, low potassium, kidney stress) to guide fluids. EBSCO
Stool leukocytes/lactoferrin: Markers of inflammatory diarrhea; not specific but support colitis. (General GI testing principle.) EBSCO
Stool bacterial culture and antigen/PCR panels: Rule out other common causes (e.g., Shigella, Salmonella), since symptoms can look alike. EBSCO
Colonoscopy or flexible sigmoidoscopy: Visualizes ulcers in the colon and allows biopsy; used in severe or unclear cases. Wikipedia
Histopathology of colonic biopsy: Shows large ciliated trophozoites invading ulcer bases; can confirm diagnosis when stool tests fail. CDC
D) Electrodiagnostic tests
Electrodiagnostic studies (EEG/EMG/nerve tests) are not used for balantidiasis. The disease is intestinal, and there are no electrodiagnostic markers. If a very ill patient has severe dehydration or electrolyte problems, heart rhythm monitoring (ECG) may be done for safety, but it does not diagnose balantidiasis. (Clinical clarification based on scope of disease and standard care.) Hopkins Guides
E) Imaging tests
Abdominal X-ray (upright/decubitus): Looks for free air under the diaphragm, which suggests a rare bowel perforation. Also checks for toxic megacolon pattern. PubMed
Abdominal ultrasound: Can show bowel wall thickening and assess fluid status; helpful where CT is unavailable. (General colitis assessment tool.) EBSCO
CT scan of abdomen/pelvis with contrast: Best to detect complications—deep ulcers, perforation, peritonitis, or abscess. Guides urgent surgery if needed. PubMed
Non-pharmacological treatments
Oral rehydration therapy (ORT). Replace water and salts with clean ORS; sip small, frequent amounts to stop dehydration. Continue until urine and thirst normalize. UpToDate
Diet as tolerated (“BRAT-style,” then advance). Start with gentle foods (rice, bananas, toast), add protein/vegetables as symptoms improve; avoid irritants early. UpToDate
Zinc repletion (nutritional). In diarrheal illnesses, zinc helps intestinal repair and immune function, especially in undernourished people. (General diarrheal care principle.) PMC
Safe water (boil, chlorinate, or filter). Prevents reinfection and household spread. CDC
Handwashing with soap after toilet use and before food handling; use alcohol sanitizers if soap/water unavailable. CDC
Sanitation improvements. Use/maintain latrines; keep feces away from water/food and housing areas. PMC
Separate pigs from living/kitchen areas. Manage animal waste safely; fence pens; designate footwear for pens. PMC
Food hygiene. Wash/peel produce; cook meats thoroughly; keep flies away; store food covered. CDC
Early medical assessment for severe signs. Blood in stool, high fever, severe pain, dehydration need prompt care to prevent complications. UpToDate
Avoid antidiarrheal opioids in dysentery. They may worsen toxic megacolon risk; use only if a clinician says it’s safe. UpToDate
Probiotics (adjunct). Some Lactobacillus formulations may reduce duration of infectious diarrhea; not a cure for B. coli but can support recovery. (General evidence for infectious diarrhea; off-label adjunct.) PMC
Nutritional support. Adequate calories and protein help gut healing and immunity; small frequent meals if appetite is low. PMC
Fever control with cool compresses/fluids. Comfort measure while awaiting medical therapy. UpToDate
Household contact education. Teach how infection spreads and how to clean toilets/surfaces safely. CDC
Environmental clean-up after diarrhea episodes. Disinfect bathrooms, launder soiled items hot; glove use. CDC
Rehydration IV fluids (clinic/hospital). For severe dehydration or when oral intake is not possible. UpToDate
Electrolyte monitoring and correction. Replace potassium/bicarbonate if low due to diarrhea. UpToDate
Address comorbid malnutrition or alcohol use disorder. These worsen outcomes; link to nutrition and support services. PMC
Community water/sanitation (WASH) programs. Long-term prevention in endemic areas. CDC
Post-illness follow-up. Ensure symptoms resolved; check for persistent shedding if outbreaks or high-risk settings. UpToDate
Drug treatments
Key point: The CDC lists tetracycline, metronidazole, and (historically) iodoquinol as medicines used for balantidiasis. In the U.S., FDA labeling focuses on each drug’s approved indications and safety, not this specific parasite; use here may be off-label. As of Dec 9, 2024, FDA considers iodoquinol products unapproved for interstate distribution without an approved NDA. Clinicians choose agents based on availability, severity, pregnancy status, and safety profile. CDC+2CDC+2
Below are commonly used or reasonable alternatives with evidence or precedent for protozoal colitis, dosing context from FDA labels (safety/class), and off-label notes where applicable.
Tetracycline (first-line; off-label for B. coli). Class: tetracycline antibiotic. Typical adult context dosing on labels: 500 mg orally 4×/day; many references use 10 days for B. coli. Purpose: eradicate trophozoites/cysts in the colon. Mechanism: protein synthesis inhibition (30S ribosome). Side effects: GI upset, photosensitivity, tooth discoloration (avoid in pregnancy/children). Note: Follow CDC guidance for this infection; FDA label provides dosing/safety, not this indication. Hopkins Guides+1
Metronidazole (alternative; off-label for B. coli). Class: nitroimidazole antiprotozoal. Adult context dosing on labels commonly 500–750 mg orally 3×/day for anaerobic infections; many guides use 5–10 days in B. coli. Mechanism: reduced nitro group damages parasite DNA. Side effects: metallic taste, nausea, disulfiram-like reaction with alcohol, neuropathy (rare). Avoid alcohol during and 3 days after. FDA Access Data+1
Iodoquinol (luminal agent; historically used). Class: halogenated hydroxyquinoline. Purpose: acts in intestinal lumen against protozoa. Mechanism: not fully defined; luminal protozoacidal action. Side effects: GI upset; prolonged/high doses historically linked to optic neuropathy. Regulatory status: FDA lists iodoquinol products as unapproved (Dec 2024); availability varies. Use only with expert guidance. CDC+1
Doxycycline (substitute when tetracycline unavailable; off-label). Class: tetracycline-class antibiotic. Label dosing for various infections often 100 mg 2×/day. Rationale: same class, oral bioavailability, used anecdotally for B. coli when tetracycline cannot be used. Adverse effects: photosensitivity, GI upset; avoid in pregnancy/young children. FDA Access Data
Tinidazole (alternative nitroimidazole; off-label). Class: nitroimidazole. Purpose/mechanism similar to metronidazole with longer half-life; once- or twice-daily dosing in other protozoal infections. Side effects: GI upset, metallic taste; avoid alcohol. (Label source for safety/class.) FDA Access Data
Paromomycin (luminal aminoglycoside; off-label for B. coli). Class: aminoglycoside (poorly absorbed). Purpose: act within gut lumen as non-systemic agent, sometimes used after metronidazole in protozoal colitides to clear cysts. Side effects: GI cramps; systemic toxicity is rare due to minimal absorption. (FDA/DailyMed/Pfizer labels cited for class and approved uses.) Labeling+1
Nitazoxanide (broad antiprotozoal; off-label for B. coli). Class: thiazolide. Approved for Giardia/Cryptosporidium diarrhea; sometimes considered when first-line agents cannot be used. Typical labeled adult dose 500 mg 2×/day with food for 3 days (for approved indications). Side effects: abdominal pain, headache, urine discoloration. FDA Access Data+1
Intravenous metronidazole (severe disease when oral not feasible; off-label for B. coli). Same mechanism as oral; used clinically for severe colitis with inability to take PO. Label provides pharmacokinetics and IV dosing context. FDA Access Data
Ondansetron (supportive antiemetic). Not antiparasitic, but reduces vomiting to allow ORT/PO medications. Side effects: headache, constipation; caution with QT prolongation. (FDA label for safety/class.) FDA Label Search
Acetaminophen (antipyretic/analgesic). For fever/discomfort; avoids NSAID-related bleeding risk in dysentery. Beware total daily dose limits and liver disease. (FDA labeling portal as general reference.) FDA Label Search
Ringer’s lactate / isotonic IV fluids (hospital-administered). Drug products used for rehydration in severe dehydration; restore volume and electrolytes. (General label info via FDA portal.) FDA Label Search
Probiotic medicinal products (adjunct; non-curative). Certain regulated probiotic drugs/supplements may shorten infectious diarrhea; select clinically vetted products. (Evidence base general; regulatory status varies.) PMC
Bismuth subsalicylate (symptom control; caution). Can reduce stool frequency; avoid in bleeding, children with viral illness, or salicylate sensitivity. (FDA label context.) FDA Label Search
Antispasmodics (e.g., dicyclomine; cautious, supportive only). May ease cramps; avoid if toxic megacolon suspected. (Label safety info.) FDA Label Search
Electrolyte packets (oral). Sodium/potassium/glucose solutions standardized for ORT to correct dehydration. (FDA portal for product labels.) FDA Label Search
Ferrous sulfate (post-illness anemia correction, if needed). Treats iron-deficiency after blood loss; start after acute colitis settles. (Label safety.) FDA Label Search
Vitamin A (deficiency correction in malnourished). Supports mucosal immunity; part of recovery in some diarrheal programs. (Public health evidence base.) PMC
Folate/B-complex (nutritional repletion). Corrects dietary deficits common in chronic diarrhea and poor intake. (General safety via FDA portal.) FDA Label Search
Zinc sulfate (therapeutic supplementation). Helps reduce duration/severity of diarrhea in undernourished populations. (Public health evidence base.) PMC
Pain/fever: ibuprofen (select patients). Can help fever/aches; avoid with GI bleeding risk or renal issues; acetaminophen often preferred in dysentery. (FDA safety labels.) FDA Label Search
Practical clinical set: Many clinicians use tetracycline (first-line), or metronidazole when tetracycline is unsuitable; consider a luminal agent in select cases. Check pregnancy status, age, and local availability. Follow CDC guidance and local protocols. CDC
Dietary molecular supplements
Zinc (e.g., zinc sulfate 20 mg elemental daily for adults, typical public-health dosing varies). Supports gut repair enzymes, reduces intestinal fluid loss, and strengthens barrier function during and after diarrheal illness. Useful in malnutrition. Not a cure for B. coli; adjunct only. PMC
Vitamin A (consult dosing; avoid overdose). Important for gut lining health and immune function; deficiency worsens diarrheal risks. Supports mucosal healing in recovery phase. PMC
Vitamin D (standard supplementation if deficient). Modulates innate immunity and tight-junction integrity; general support rather than pathogen-specific action. PMC
Probiotic preparations (e.g., Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG). Compete with pathogens, make short-chain fatty acids, and help restore microbiome balance; adjunct to shorten diarrhea duration. PMC
Prebiotic fibers (e.g., inulin) introduced after acute phase. Feed beneficial bacteria, support SCFA production, and improve stool form over recovery. PMC
Oral rehydration salts (glucose–electrolyte packets). Glucose-sodium cotransport speeds water absorption in the small intestine; cornerstone of safe rehydration. Follow packet directions exactly. UpToDate
Amino acid glutamine (nutritional). Preferred fuel for enterocytes; may support mucosal repair after inflammation. Not a substitute for antiparasitic drugs. PMC
Multimineral mix (Mg, K). Replaces losses from diarrhea; reduces weakness and cramping during recovery. Use standard daily doses unless blood tests show deficits. UpToDate
Folate and B-vitamins. Support cell turnover and energy metabolism during convalescence; useful if diet was poor. FDA Label Search
Iron (if iron-deficiency anemia is confirmed). Replenishes iron after blood-loss diarrhea; start once acute infection calms to avoid GI irritation. Monitor for constipation or dark stools. FDA Label Search
Immunity-booster / regenerative / stem-cell drugs
There are no stem-cell drugs for balantidiasis. The items below are general immune or recovery supports sometimes used in diarrheal or malnourished patients; they do not treat B. coli. Use only under clinician guidance.
Vaccinations (as scheduled) – Not specific to B. coli but prevent other infections that weaken patients; follow national schedules. (Public health guidance.) CDC
Vitamin A – See above; supports mucosal immunity (avoid overdose). PMC
Zinc – See above; enhances innate immunity and epithelial repair. PMC
Probiotics – Modest immune modulation in gut (adjunct only). PMC
Nutritional rehabilitation programs – Therapeutic foods for moderate/severe malnutrition to rebuild mucosa and immunity. PMC
No approved stem-cell therapy – Not indicated for infectious colitis like balantidiasis. Management remains antimicrobial plus supportive care. UpToDate
Surgeries
Emergency repair of bowel perforation. Why: Perforation can occur in fulminant colitis; surgery closes the hole and washes the abdomen to prevent sepsis. UpToDate
Subtotal colectomy for toxic megacolon or uncontrollable bleeding. Why: Removes dangerously inflamed colon when medical therapy fails. UpToDate
Abscess drainage (if formed). Why: Drains pus collections that do not respond to antibiotics alone. UpToDate
Diverting ostomy (selected). Why: Temporarily diverts stool to let the colon heal after severe damage. UpToDate
Diagnostic/therapeutic colonoscopy (cautious). Why: In atypical or persistent cases to confirm diagnosis and treat bleeding; avoid in severe acute colitis due to perforation risk. UpToDate
Preventions
Drink safe water: boil, chlorinate, or use reliable filters.
Wash hands with soap after using the toilet and before food prep.
Use and maintain latrines; keep feces away from water and homes.
Keep pigs and their waste away from living and kitchen areas.
Wash and peel produce; cook foods well; protect from flies.
Avoid raw foods washed in unsafe water.
Do not defecate outdoors near water sources.
Clean and disinfect bathrooms during and after diarrhea.
Educate households and neighbors during outbreaks.
Support community WASH programs to improve water and sanitation. CDC+1
When to see a doctor (red flags)
Seek medical care immediately for: blood in stool, fever >38.5 °C, severe or worsening belly pain, signs of dehydration (very thirsty, little or no urine, dizziness), repeated vomiting, confusion, or if you are pregnant, very old, have chronic illness, or are immunocompromised. These signs can mean severe colitis or complications that require urgent treatment. UpToDate
What to eat and what to avoid
Start gentle: rice, bananas, toast, applesauce, yogurt if tolerated. 2) Add protein: lentils, eggs, lean fish/chicken as diarrhea settles. 3) Hydrate with ORS and clean water; soups/broths help. 4) Avoid alcohol until fully recovered (and never mix with metronidazole). 5) Limit very fatty, spicy, or fried foods early on. 6)
Avoid unpasteurized dairy and raw meats/seafood. 7) Wash fruits/veggies carefully; peel when possible. 8) Small frequent meals are easier than large ones. 9) Zinc-rich foods (beans, nuts) during recovery. 10) Probiotic foods (yogurt with live cultures) may help restore gut balance. FDA Access Data+2PMC+2
FAQs
1) What is balantidiasis?
An intestinal infection by the protozoan Balantidium coli, usually from swallowing contaminated water or food. CDC
2) How do people catch it?
Through the fecal-oral route—most often from water or food contaminated with human or pig feces containing cysts. PMC
3) Do pigs always spread it?
Pigs are common hosts; human infection risk rises where pig waste contaminates the environment or water sources. PMC
4) What symptoms should I watch for?
Diarrhea, cramps, urgency, mucus or blood in stool, fever, nausea, and fatigue; severe pain is a danger sign. UpToDate
5) How is it diagnosed?
By finding B. coli trophozoites or cysts in stool under a microscope; sometimes colon biopsy is needed. CDC
6) Is it dangerous?
Most cases are mild to moderate. Rarely, severe colitis can cause perforation or toxic megacolon, which are emergencies. UpToDate
7) What medicines treat it?
CDC lists tetracycline and metronidazole; iodoquinol has been used historically. Drug choice depends on age, pregnancy, and availability. CDC
8) Is iodoquinol available in the U.S.?
FDA states unapproved iodoquinol products cannot be distributed interstate without an approved NDA (Dec 2024). Availability may be limited. U.S. Food and Drug Administration
9) Are these drug uses FDA-approved for balantidiasis?
No specific U.S. approvals for this organism; use is typically off-label, guided by CDC/clinical literature and drug safety labels. CDC
10) Can children or pregnant people take these drugs?
Choices differ; tetracycline is generally avoided in pregnancy/young children. Clinicians select safer alternatives. Follow medical advice. FDA Access Data
11) How long until I feel better?
Mild cases improve in a few days after starting therapy; finish the full course and keep hydrating. Hopkins Guides
12) Do probiotics help?
They may shorten the duration of infectious diarrhea as an adjunct; they do not replace antiparasitic therapy. PMC
13) Can it come back?
Yes, if exposed again to contaminated water/food or if household contacts become infected; prevention is key. CDC
14) How do I protect my family?
Handwashing, safe water, sanitation, food hygiene, and proper pig waste management prevent spread. CDC
15) Where can clinicians find dosing pointers?
CDC clinical care page for B. coli and standard FDA drug labels for safety/class/dosing context; many experts use tetracycline 500 mg QID ×10 d or metronidazole 500–750 mg TID ×5–10 d (off-label). CDC+1
Disclaimer: Each person’s journey is unique, treatment plan, life style, food habit, hormonal condition, immune system, chronic disease condition, geological location, weather and previous medical history is also unique. So always seek the best advice from a qualified medical professional or health care provider before trying any treatments to ensure to find out the best plan for you. This guide is for general information and educational purposes only. Regular check-ups and awareness can help to manage and prevent complications associated with these diseases conditions. If you or someone are suffering from this disease condition bookmark this website or share with someone who might find it useful! Boost your knowledge and stay ahead in your health journey. We always try to ensure that the content is regularly updated to reflect the latest medical research and treatment options. Thank you for giving your valuable time to read the article.
The article is written by Team RxHarun and reviewed by the Rx Editorial Board Members
Last Updated: October 16, 2025.
