Sternocleidomastoid Muscle Cysts

Anatomy of the Sternocleidomastoid Muscle
Types of Cysts in or Around the Sternocleidomastoid Area
Potential Causes of Sternocleidomastoid Muscle Cysts
Potential Symptoms Associated With Sternocleidomastoid Muscle Cysts
Diagnostic Tests for Sternocleidomastoid Muscle Cysts
Non-Pharmacological Treatments
Drugs That May Be Used in Management
Surgical Approaches
Prevention Strategies
When to See a Doctor
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

The sternocleidomastoid muscle is one of the major muscles in your neck. When cysts form in or near this muscle, they can affect its normal function and may lead to discomfort, pain, or other complications. This guide provides a deep dive into every facet of sternocleidomastoid muscle cysts—from basic anatomy to treatments and frequently asked questions—to help you or your loved ones understand, identify, and address the condition.

Anatomy of the Sternocleidomastoid Muscle

Understanding the anatomy of the sternocleidomastoid muscle is essential before diving into cyst-related issues. Here is what you need to know:

Structure and Location

Location:
The sternocleidomastoid is a long, paired muscle located on each side of the neck. It runs obliquely from the front of the neck to the mastoid process behind the ear.
Position in the Neck:
It is positioned superficially (close to the skin) and plays an important role in head movement and neck stability.

Origin and Insertion

Origin:
The muscle has a dual origin:
- The sternal head originates at the upper part of the manubrium of the sternum.
- The clavicular head originates at the medial portion of the clavicle.
Insertion:
Both heads unite and insert into the mastoid process of the temporal bone (behind the ear) and the superior nuchal line of the occipital bone.

Blood Supply

Primary Blood Vessels:
The muscle receives its blood supply from several small arteries including:
- Branches of the occipital artery
- Branches of the superior thyroid artery
- Additional local vessels from the adjacent neck region

Nerve Supply

Innervation:
The sternocleidomastoid muscle is mainly innervated by the accessory nerve (cranial nerve XI).
- It also receives proprioceptive fibers from the cervical spinal nerves, which help in coordinating movement and maintaining balance.

Functions of the Sternocleidomastoid

Rotation of the Head:
Turning the head to the opposite side.
Lateral Flexion:
Bending the neck to the same side.
Flexion of the Neck:
Assisting with forward bending of the head.
Extension of the Neck:
Helping to tilt the head back.
Assisting in Respiration:
Aiding in elevating the sternum during deep or labored breathing.
Postural Support:
Maintaining head balance and posture during movement.

Sternocleidomastoid muscle cysts refer to fluid-filled sacs that develop in or adjacent to the sternocleidomastoid muscle. These cysts may arise from developmental anomalies, inflammation, infections, or trauma. In some cases, they are classified as branchial cleft cysts or lymphangiomas when they occur in the neck region near the muscle. Understanding their origin and behavior is crucial because while many are benign (non-cancerous), they can sometimes lead to complications if left untreated.

Types of Cysts in or Around the Sternocleidomastoid Area

Cysts in this region can vary in type based on their origin, appearance, and underlying cause. Here are some of the types:

Branchial Cleft Cyst:
Congenital cysts formed due to developmental remnants that did not regress normally. They are often located near the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid.
Thyroglossal Duct Cyst:
Although more commonly found in the midline of the neck, these cysts can sometimes be close to or involve nearby muscle tissue.
Dermoid Cyst:
Formed from trapped skin and epithelial tissue during embryonic development, these cysts may include hair, oil, and other tissues.
Epidermoid Cyst:
Similar to dermoid cysts but made up exclusively of skin cells, these cysts can develop anywhere, including near the sternocleidomastoid muscle.
Lymphangioma or Cystic Hygroma:
These are benign malformations of the lymphatic system that result in cyst formation and are more common in the pediatric population.
Abscesses:
Though not true cysts, localized abscesses (collections of pus due to infection) in this area can sometimes be mistaken for cysts on initial evaluation.

Potential Causes of Sternocleidomastoid Muscle Cysts

Understanding the factors that contribute to cyst formation is essential. While some cysts are congenital, others develop later in life. Below are 20 possible causes:

Congenital Developmental Abnormalities:
Failure of tissues to regress properly during fetal development.
Branchial Cleft Anomalies:
Remnants of the branchial apparatus that persist postnatally.
Thyroglossal Duct Remnants:
Embryological remnants related to the thyroid’s descent.
Trauma:
Injury to the neck may lead to hematoma formation that later organizes into a cyst.
Infections:
Bacterial or viral infections can lead to abscesses that mimic cysts.
Inflammation:
Chronic inflammatory processes can result in cyst-like fluid collections.
Autoimmune Conditions:
Certain autoimmune conditions may cause localized tissue swelling and cyst formation.
Lymphatic Malformations:
Abnormal development of lymphatic vessels leading to cystic hygromas.
Genetic Factors:
A family history of cystic conditions may predispose individuals.
Developmental Dysplasia:
Abnormal tissue development during fetal life.
Repeated Muscle Strain or Overuse:
Chronic strain can lead to micro-traumas and localized cyst formation.
Metabolic Disorders:
Abnormal metabolic conditions can sometimes predispose tissue to cystic changes.
Neoplastic Processes (Benign Tumors):
Certain benign tumors may have cystic components.
Congenital Lymphangiomas:
Malformations of the lymph system present at birth.
Post-Surgical Complications:
Scar tissue formation and seroma development after neck surgeries.
Radiation Exposure:
Prior radiation therapy may affect tissue health and lead to cyst formation.
Obstructed Glandular Structures:
Blockage of sebaceous or sweat glands near the muscle.
Parasitic Infections:
Though rare, parasitic infestations can result in cyst formation.
Vascular Malformations:
Certain vascular anomalies may present as cyst-like structures.
Iatrogenic Causes:
Medical interventions or injections that inadvertently damage tissue.

Potential Symptoms Associated With Sternocleidomastoid Muscle Cysts

Symptoms may range from minor to more severe depending on cyst size, location, and whether the cyst is infected or causing compression of nearby structures. Here are 20 symptoms you might encounter:

Neck Swelling:
A visible or palpable lump on one side of the neck.
Pain or Discomfort:
Localized pain around the cyst.
Tenderness:
The area around the cyst may be sensitive to touch.
Limited Neck Movement:
Difficulty or discomfort when turning the head.
Redness or Warmth:
The overlying skin may appear red or feel warm if inflammation is present.
Fever:
Low-grade fever can occur, especially if infection is involved.
Headache:
Referred pain or tension headaches can develop.
Swallowing Difficulty:
Large cysts may impinge on the esophagus, causing trouble swallowing.
Voice Changes:
Hoarseness if adjacent structures such as the larynx are affected.
Pressure Sensation:
A feeling of fullness or pressure in the neck.
Size Fluctuation:
The cyst may enlarge or shrink, especially with infection.
Dysphagia:
Difficulty initiating swallowing, sometimes due to cyst size.
Muscle Weakness:
Local muscle function may be compromised.
Head Tilt or Asymmetry:
The head may tilt to one side because of discomfort.
Referred Ear Pain:
Pain can sometimes radiate to the ear.
Dysphonia:
Changes in speech quality.
Loose or Mobile Lump:
The cyst may feel movable under the skin.
Inflammatory Signs:
Swelling associated with infection can be accompanied by systemic signs.
Nerve Compression Symptoms:
If the cyst presses on local nerves, there could be numbness or tingling.
Difficulty Breathing:
In rare cases, if the cyst is very large, it may affect the airway.

Diagnostic Tests for Sternocleidomastoid Muscle Cysts

When a cyst is suspected in the sternocleidomastoid area, doctors may recommend one or several tests to identify its nature, size, and impact on surrounding tissues:

Physical Examination:
A hands-on evaluation of the neck to assess size, tenderness, and mobility.
Ultrasound Imaging:
A safe, non-invasive way to visualize the cyst’s structure.
Computed Tomography (CT) Scan:
Detailed cross-sectional images to understand the cyst’s context with surrounding tissues.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI):
Provides high-resolution images of soft tissue structures.
Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA):
A minimally invasive biopsy to obtain fluid and cells for analysis.
Core Needle Biopsy:
A slightly more invasive biopsy technique that captures tissue samples.
X-ray:
May be used to rule out bone involvement.
Doppler Ultrasound:
To assess blood flow in the area and check for vascular involvement.
Blood Tests:
To check for signs of infection or inflammatory markers.
Thyroid Function Tests:
To rule out thyroid-related cysts if they are in close proximity.
Lymph Node Evaluation:
Ultrasound or palpation to assess for associated lymphadenopathy.
CT-Guided Biopsy:
Combines imaging with tissue sampling for precise diagnosis.
Sestamibi Scan:
Occasionally used if a thyroid-related cyst is suspected.
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan:
In cases where malignancy is suspected.
Endoscopic Examination:
To evaluate the interior of the pharynx and larynx if symptoms involve swallowing.
Contrast-Enhanced CT:
To provide improved delineation of the cyst’s vascular supply.
Cervical Lymphatic Mapping:
If lymphatic involvement or cystic hygroma is suspected.
Histopathological Examination:
Microscopic analysis after surgical removal to confirm diagnosis.
Immunohistochemical Staining:
For a detailed cellular analysis, particularly in ambiguous cases.
Electromyography (EMG):
To assess if there is any nerve or muscle impairment associated with the cyst.

Non-Pharmacological Treatments

Non-pharmacological treatments can help manage symptoms or support recovery without the sole reliance on medication. Here are 30 approaches:

Observation and Monitoring:
Regular check-ups to observe cyst changes over time.
Warm Compresses:
Applying warmth can relieve discomfort and improve local circulation.
Cold Compresses:
May reduce swelling in acute inflammation.
Proper Neck Support:
Using ergonomic pillows or supports.
Physical Therapy:
Exercises to maintain neck mobility and strength.
Massage Therapy:
Gentle massage can help reduce muscle tension.
Stress Management Techniques:
Techniques such as deep breathing and meditation to manage pain.
Dietary Modifications:
A balanced diet to support immune health.
Hydration:
Drinking enough water to maintain overall tissue health.
Weight Management:
Maintaining a healthy weight to reduce neck strain.
Posture Correction:
Using ergonomic furniture to reduce neck strain.
Acupuncture:
Can help relieve chronic neck pain.
Chiropractic Care:
Expert adjustments may improve neck function.
Yoga and Stretching Exercises:
Improving flexibility and reducing muscle tension.
Swimming:
Low-impact exercise that strengthens neck muscles.
Cervical Collar Use:
Temporary use to reduce movement and allow healing.
Self-Massage Techniques:
Using hands or simple devices for localized relief.
Heat Therapy Pads:
Consistent heat application for muscle relaxation.
Ultrasound Therapy:
Physical therapy method to promote circulation.
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS):
Uses electrical impulses to reduce pain.
Mindfulness Meditation:
Helps lower stress and associated muscle tension.
Biofeedback:
A technique to help control bodily functions.
Ergonomic Workstation Adjustments:
Reducing repetitive strain during work.
Sleep Hygiene Practices:
Creating a sleep-friendly environment for better rest.
Manual Lymphatic Drainage:
Specialized massage to help reduce swelling.
Guided Relaxation Techniques:
Methods like progressive muscle relaxation.
Herbal Teas:
Certain teas with anti-inflammatory properties.
Topical Application of Natural Oils:
Oils such as arnica or eucalyptus for mild relief.
Light Stretching throughout the Day:
Reducing stiffness with periodic gentle movements.
Activity Modification:
Adjusting daily routines to reduce strain on the neck.

Drugs That May Be Used in Management

While non-drug treatments are essential, some medications may be prescribed to reduce inflammation, manage pain, or treat infections if they occur. The following are common pharmacological agents used in managing cyst-related symptoms in the neck area:

Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs):
Ibuprofen or naproxen to reduce inflammation and pain.
Acetaminophen:
For mild to moderate pain relief.
Antibiotics:
In cases of infected cysts, such as amoxicillin or cephalosporins.
Corticosteroids (Oral):
Prednisone may be used to reduce severe inflammation.
Corticosteroid Injections:
Direct injection into the area to manage inflammation.
Muscle Relaxants:
Such as cyclobenzaprine, to relieve muscle spasm.
Antihistamines:
To reduce any allergic-related swelling.
Opioids (Short-term):
For acute severe pain, under strict medical supervision.
Topical NSAIDs:
Application over the skin to relieve local pain.
Local Anesthetics:
To numb the area for minor procedures.
Anti-Inflammatory Nutraceuticals:
Supplements such as turmeric (curcumin), though not a drug per se.
Gabapentin:
If nerve pain is involved.
Beta-Blockers:
In rare cases, to help manage autonomic symptoms accompanying pain.
Antiviral Medications:
When a viral infection is a contributing factor.
Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs):
Sometimes used concurrently if corticosteroids are prescribed to protect the stomach.
Anti-Anxiety Medications:
For patients with anxiety that exacerbates pain (short term).
Vasodilators:
To improve local blood circulation in some cases.
Fibrinolytic Agents:
Occasionally used in complex cases where tissue breakdown is required.
Calcium Channel Blockers:
May help in reducing vascular spasm when associated with cyst formation.
Adjuvant Pain Modulators:
Such as certain antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline) when chronic pain is present.

Surgical Approaches

When cysts do not resolve with conservative management, surgery might be recommended. Here are ten common surgical or interventional approaches:

Excisional Biopsy:
Surgical removal of the cyst for both diagnosis and treatment.
Complete Cyst Excision:
Removal of the cyst along with a margin of normal tissue.
Drainage Procedures:
In cases of abscess formation, surgical drainage may be required.
Endoscopic-Assisted Cyst Removal:
Minimally invasive techniques using endoscopic tools.
Laser Ablation:
In some cases, lasers are used to reduce cyst size.
Image-Guided Surgery:
Using imaging to assist in precise localization and removal.
Sclerotherapy:
Injection of sclerosing agents to shrink the cyst.
Marsupialization:
Creating an open pouch from the cyst, particularly for recurrent types.
Radical Neck Dissection:
In rare cases where extensive tissue is involved.
Revision Surgery:
Performed when previous surgeries have left residual or recurrent cystic tissue.

Prevention Strategies

Prevention strategies focus on minimizing risk factors and early identification:

Regular Self-Examination:
Monitor your neck for unusual lumps.
Prompt Treatment of Infections:
Treat throat or skin infections early to prevent complications.
Maintain Good Posture:
Reduce muscle strain by using ergonomic supports.
Healthy Lifestyle Choices:
Diet, exercise, and stress reduction help support overall tissue health.
Avoid Neck Trauma:
Use proper safety gear during activities that risk injury.
Timely Medical Evaluation:
Early diagnosis prevents complications.
Follow-up After Neck Surgery:
Monitor healing to catch any unusual tissue growth.
Vaccinations:
Stay current on immunizations to avoid infections.
Avoid Unnecessary Radiation Exposure:
Use medical imaging judiciously.
Educate Yourself:
Learn about the signs and symptoms to seek early care.

When to See a Doctor

It is important to seek medical advice when signs and symptoms could indicate an issue with a cyst in or around your sternocleidomastoid muscle. Consider seeing a doctor if you experience:

A new, persistent lump or swelling in your neck
Pain or tenderness that does not resolve
Redness, warmth, or signs of infection (such as fever)
Changes in neck mobility or difficulty moving your head
Swallowing difficulties or voice changes
Rapid growth of a lump
Numbness or tingling in your neck or arm
Any other unusual or persistent symptoms that worry you

Early diagnosis is key to preventing complications, and your doctor can determine the best diagnostic and treatment pathway.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Below are some of the most common questions and their straightforward answers:

What is a sternocleidomastoid muscle cyst?
It is a fluid-filled sac that develops in or around the sternocleidomastoid muscle, often due to developmental, inflammatory, or infectious causes.
How common are these cysts?
They are relatively rare compared to other neck masses, but they can be seen in both children and adults.
Do these cysts cause pain?
Some cysts may be painless, while others cause discomfort or pain especially when inflamed or infected.
Can cysts affect my neck movement?
Yes, if they grow large enough or are located in a sensitive area, they might limit movement.
What causes these cysts to form?
They may arise from congenital developmental issues, infections, trauma, inflammation, or lymphatic malformations.
How are these cysts diagnosed?
Through a combination of physical examinations, imaging tests like ultrasound or CT scans, and sometimes biopsy procedures.
What non-drug treatments are available?
Options include physical therapy, massage, warm compresses, and lifestyle modifications to support healing.
When is surgery necessary?
Surgery is recommended if the cyst is large, recurrent, or causing significant symptoms that do not respond to conservative treatments.
Are these cysts dangerous?
Most sternocleidomastoid muscle cysts are benign. However, any neck mass should be evaluated by a doctor to rule out other conditions.
Can these cysts be prevented?
Preventative measures include early treatment of infections, regular neck self-examinations, and maintaining healthy tissue practices.
What are the risks if a cyst becomes infected?
Infection can lead to increased pain, swelling, and may require antibiotics or drainage procedures.
Are there any side effects of the drugs used for treatment?
Like all medications, drugs such as NSAIDs, steroids, and antibiotics can have side effects. Your doctor will help manage and monitor these.
What follow-up care is recommended after treatment?
Regular monitoring by your healthcare provider, including follow-up imaging or physical examinations, is advised.
Can cysts recur after treatment?
Yes, in some cases cysts can recur, especially if the underlying cause is not addressed.
How long is the recovery period after surgery?
Recovery time varies by patient and procedure, but most individuals see significant improvement within a few weeks with proper follow-up care.

Final Thoughts

Sternocleidomastoid muscle cysts, though uncommon, are important to understand because they can affect your quality of life if not managed properly. From the basic anatomy of the muscle to potential causes, symptoms, and a wide range of treatment options, every facet has been discussed. Awareness of when to seek medical help is crucial to ensure a prompt and accurate diagnosis, leading to the best possible outcomes. This guide is intended to serve as an easy-to-understand resource that empowers you with accurate, evidence-based information

Disclaimer: Each person’s journey is unique, treatment plan, life style, food habit, hormonal condition, immune system, chronic disease condition, geological location, weather and previous medical history is also unique. So always seek the best advice from a qualified medical professional or health care provider before trying any treatments to ensure to find out the best plan for you. This guide is for general information and educational purposes only. Regular check-ups and awareness can help to manage and prevent complications associated with these diseases conditions. If you or someone are suffering from this disease condition bookmark this website or share with someone who might find it useful! Boost your knowledge and stay ahead in your health journey. We always try to ensure that the content is regularly updated to reflect the latest medical research and treatment options. Thank you for giving your valuable time to read the article.

The article is written by Team Rxharun and reviewed by the Rx Editorial Board Members

Last Update: April 13, 2025.

References

SaveSavedRemoved 0