Splenius Capitis Strain

Dr. Marianne Abouyared, Md - Otolaryngology (ENT) Dr. Marianne Abouyared, Md - Otolaryngology (ENT)
21 Views

A splenius capitis strain is an injury to the splenius capitis muscle, a key muscle in the neck responsible for head and neck movement.

A splenius capitis strain occurs when the splenius capitis muscle is overstretched or torn due to excessive force, overuse, or trauma. This injury can cause pain, stiffness, and limited neck movement. Strains range from mild (minor stretching) to severe (complete muscle tears). Understanding the anatomy, causes, and treatments is essential for managing and preventing this condition.

Anatomy of the Splenius Capitis Muscle

The splenius capitis is a broad, strap-like muscle in the back of the neck. Below is a detailed breakdown of its anatomy in simple terms:

Structure and Location

  • Shape: Long, flat, and ribbon-like.

  • Location: Found in the upper back and neck, running from the upper spine to the base of the skull.

  • Layer: Lies deep under the trapezius muscle but superficial to deeper neck muscles.

Origin

  • Starting Point: The muscle begins at the spinous processes (bony projections) of the lower cervical (C3-C7) and upper thoracic (T1-T4) vertebrae.

Insertion

  • Ending Point: Attaches to the mastoid process (bony bump behind the ear) and the occipital bone (base of the skull).

Blood Supply

  • Arterial Supply: Receives blood from the posterior intercostal arteries and the occipital artery, ensuring oxygen and nutrients reach the muscle.

Nerve Supply

  • Innervation: Controlled by the dorsal rami of the cervical spinal nerves (C2-C4), which send signals for movement and sensation.

Functions of the Splenius Capitis

  1. Head Extension: Pulls the head backward (e.g., looking up).

  2. Head Rotation: Turns the head to the same side (e.g., looking over your shoulder).

  3. Lateral Flexion: Tilts the head to the side (e.g., ear toward shoulder).

  4. Neck Stabilization: Supports the neck during movement or posture.

  5. Posture Maintenance: Helps keep the head upright.

  6. Assists Breathing: Indirectly supports upper spine alignment for efficient breathing.

Types of Splenius Capitis Strains

Splenius capitis strains are classified based on severity:

  1. Grade 1 (Mild): Minor stretching of muscle fibers, causing slight pain and minimal loss of function.

  2. Grade 2 (Moderate): Partial tearing of muscle fibers, leading to moderate pain, swelling, and reduced neck movement.

  3. Grade 3 (Severe): Complete muscle tear, causing intense pain, significant swelling, and loss of function.

Causes of Splenius Capitis Strain

A splenius capitis strain can result from various factors, including:

  1. Sudden Neck Movement: Whiplash from car accidents or sports.

  2. Poor Posture: Slouching or forward head posture over time.

  3. Repetitive Motions: Repeated neck turning (e.g., swimming, tennis).

  4. Heavy Lifting: Improper lifting techniques straining the neck.

  5. Trauma: Direct blow to the neck or head.

  6. Sleeping Position: Awkward neck positioning during sleep.

  7. Desk Work: Prolonged computer use without breaks.

  8. Stress: Muscle tension from stress or anxiety.

  9. Sports Injuries: Contact sports like football or wrestling.

  10. Muscle Fatigue: Overuse without adequate rest.

  11. Cold Exposure: Muscle stiffness from cold weather.

  12. Improper Stretching: Aggressive or incorrect stretching.

  13. Carrying Heavy Bags: Uneven weight on shoulders.

  14. Text Neck: Looking down at phones for long periods.

  15. Sudden Falls: Tripping or slipping causing neck strain.

  16. Weak Muscles: Poor neck muscle strength.

  17. Aging: Muscle degeneration with age.

  18. Infections: Rarely, infections causing muscle inflammation.

  19. Arthritis: Joint inflammation affecting nearby muscles.

  20. Spinal Misalignment: Vertebral issues straining muscles.

Symptoms of Splenius Capitis Strain

Symptoms vary depending on the strain’s severity. Common signs include:

  1. Neck pain, especially at the back.

  2. Stiffness in the neck.

  3. Pain when turning or tilting the head.

  4. Muscle spasms in the neck.

  5. Tenderness when touching the muscle.

  6. Swelling or bruising (in severe cases).

  7. Limited range of motion in the neck.

  8. Headaches, especially at the base of the skull.

  9. Shoulder pain or tightness.

  10. Tingling or numbness in the neck or arms.

  11. Muscle weakness in the neck.

  12. Difficulty looking up or down.

  13. Pain radiating to the upper back.

  14. Fatigue in the neck muscles.

  15. Clicking or popping sounds during movement.

  16. Sensitivity to cold or heat.

  17. Dizziness or lightheadedness (rare).

  18. Sleep disturbances due to pain.

  19. Jaw pain or tightness.

  20. Irritability from chronic discomfort.

Diagnostic Tests for Splenius Capitis Strain

Diagnosing a splenius capitis strain involves physical exams and, in some cases, imaging. Common tests include:

  1. Physical Exam: Doctor checks neck movement and tenderness.

  2. Patient History: Discussing symptoms and injury events.

  3. Range of Motion Test: Assessing neck mobility.

  4. Palpation: Feeling the muscle for swelling or spasms.

  5. Strength Testing: Checking neck muscle strength.

  6. X-Ray: Ruling out bone fractures or dislocations.

  7. MRI: Detailed imaging of muscle tears.

  8. CT Scan: Evaluating bones and soft tissues.

  9. Ultrasound: Visualizing muscle inflammation or tears.

  10. Electromyography (EMG): Testing nerve and muscle function.

  11. Nerve Conduction Study: Checking nerve damage.

  12. Blood Tests: Ruling out infections or inflammation.

  13. Posture Analysis: Assessing alignment issues.

  14. Spurling’s Test: Checking for nerve compression.

  15. Cervical Compression Test: Evaluating neck pain triggers.

  16. Trigger Point Exam: Identifying painful muscle knots.

  17. Reflex Testing: Checking nerve-related issues.

  18. Thermography: Detecting inflammation via heat patterns.

  19. Functional Movement Screen: Assessing movement patterns.

  20. Chiropractic Evaluation: Checking spinal alignment.

Non-Pharmacological Treatments for Splenius Capitis Strain

Non-drug treatments focus on pain relief, healing, and restoring function. Here are 30 options:

  1. Rest: Avoid strenuous neck movements.

  2. Ice Therapy: Apply ice packs for 15-20 minutes to reduce swelling.

  3. Heat Therapy: Use warm compresses to relax muscles.

  4. Physical Therapy: Guided exercises to strengthen the neck.

  5. Stretching Exercises: Gentle neck stretches to improve flexibility.

  6. Massage Therapy: Relieves muscle tension and spasms.

  7. Chiropractic Care: Spinal adjustments to improve alignment.

  8. Acupuncture: Needles to reduce pain and tension.

  9. Posture Training: Correcting slouching or forward head posture.

  10. Ergonomic Adjustments: Optimizing workstations or chairs.

  11. Neck Brace: Temporary support for severe strains.

  12. Ultrasound Therapy: Sound waves to promote healing.

  13. Electrical Stimulation (TENS): Low-voltage currents for pain relief.

  14. Myofascial Release: Releasing tight muscle fascia.

  15. Yoga: Gentle poses to improve neck flexibility.

  16. Pilates: Core and neck strengthening exercises.

  17. Hydrotherapy: Warm water to relax muscles.

  18. Kinesio Taping: Tape to support muscles and reduce pain.

  19. Biofeedback: Training to control muscle tension.

  20. Meditation: Reducing stress-related muscle tightness.

  21. Trigger Point Therapy: Targeting painful muscle knots.

  22. Foam Rolling: Self-massage to release tension.

  23. Cervical Traction: Gently stretching the neck.

  24. Dry Needling: Targeting muscle trigger points.

  25. Aromatherapy: Essential oils for relaxation.

  26. Postural Braces: Devices to maintain alignment.

  27. Breathing Exercises: Reducing neck tension.

  28. Cold Laser Therapy: Low-level lasers for pain relief.

  29. Occupational Therapy: Adapting daily tasks to avoid strain.

  30. Mindfulness: Stress reduction to ease muscle tension.

Medications for Splenius Capitis Strain

Medications may be prescribed for pain and inflammation. Always consult a doctor before use. Common options include:

  1. Ibuprofen: Reduces pain and inflammation (NSAID).

  2. Naproxen: Long-acting NSAID for pain relief.

  3. Acetaminophen: Pain reliever without anti-inflammatory effects.

  4. Aspirin: Reduces pain and swelling.

  5. Diclofenac: NSAID in oral or topical form.

  6. Celecoxib: Prescription NSAID for severe pain.

  7. Muscle Relaxants (Cyclobenzaprine): Relieves muscle spasms.

  8. Baclofen: Muscle relaxant for severe spasms.

  9. Tizanidine: Reduces muscle tightness.

  10. Methocarbamol: Eases muscle pain and spasms.

  11. Tramadol: Prescription painkiller for moderate pain.

  12. Codeine: Strong pain reliever (controlled substance).

  13. Hydrocodone: Opioid for severe pain (short-term use).

  14. Prednisone: Corticosteroid for severe inflammation.

  15. Methylprednisolone: Steroid to reduce swelling.

  16. Lidocaine Patch: Topical pain relief.

  17. Capsaicin Cream: Topical for burning pain relief.

  18. Gabapentin: For nerve-related pain.

  19. Pregabalin: Treats nerve pain or spasms.

  20. Antidepressants (Amitriptyline): Low doses for chronic pain.

Surgical Treatments for Splenius Capitis Strain

Surgery is rare for splenius capitis strains but may be needed for severe cases or complications. Options include:

  1. Muscle Repair Surgery: Suturing torn muscle fibers.

  2. Fascial Release: Cutting tight fascia to relieve pressure.

  3. Nerve Decompression: Relieving pinched nerves.

  4. Cervical Fusion: Stabilizing neck vertebrae.

  5. Laminectomy: Removing part of a vertebra to reduce pressure.

  6. Discectomy: Removing a herniated disc pressing on nerves.

  7. Tendon Transfer: Repositioning tendons for support.

  8. Arthroscopy: Minimally invasive muscle repair.

  9. Myotomy: Cutting muscle to relieve tension.

  10. Spinal Stabilization: Hardware to support the spine.

Prevention Tips for Splenius Capitis Strain

Preventing a splenius capitis strain involves lifestyle changes and precautions:

  1. Maintain Good Posture: Sit and stand upright.

  2. Stretch Regularly: Perform daily neck stretches.

  3. Strengthen Neck Muscles: Use resistance exercises.

  4. Use Ergonomic Furniture: Adjustable chairs and desks.

  5. Take Breaks: Avoid prolonged sitting or screen time.

  6. Sleep Properly: Use a supportive pillow.

  7. Lift Correctly: Bend knees, not the neck.

  8. Stay Hydrated: Prevents muscle cramps.

  9. Manage Stress: Practice relaxation techniques.

  10. Warm Up: Stretch before sports or heavy activity.

When to See a Doctor

Seek medical attention if you experience:

  • Severe neck pain lasting more than a few days.

  • Inability to move the neck or head.

  • Numbness, tingling, or weakness in the arms.

  • Pain radiating to the shoulders or back.

  • Symptoms after a car accident or fall.

  • Fever, swelling, or redness in the neck.

  • Headaches or dizziness with neck pain.

  • No improvement with home treatments after a week.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) About Splenius Capitis Strain

  1. What is the splenius capitis muscle?
    It’s a neck muscle that helps move and stabilize the head and neck.

  2. What causes a splenius capitis strain?
    Sudden movements, poor posture, overuse, or trauma can cause it.

  3. How long does it take to heal?
    Mild strains heal in 1-2 weeks; severe strains may take 6-8 weeks.

  4. Can I exercise with a splenius capitis strain?
    Avoid strenuous exercise until cleared by a doctor. Gentle stretches may help.

  5. Is heat or ice better for a strain?
    Use ice for the first 48 hours, then heat to relax the muscle.

  6. Can stress cause a splenius capitis strain?
    Yes, stress can tighten neck muscles, leading to strain.

  7. What’s the difference between a strain and a sprain?
    A strain affects muscles or tendons; a sprain affects ligaments.

  8. Can children get splenius capitis strains?
    Yes, especially from sports or poor posture.

  9. Are massages safe for a strain?
    Gentle massages are safe but avoid deep pressure on severe strains.

  10. Can I prevent splenius capitis strains?
    Yes, with good posture, regular stretching, and ergonomic setups.

  11. Do I need surgery for a strain?
    Surgery is rare and only for severe tears or complications.

  12. Can a strain cause headaches?
    Yes, tension in the neck can trigger headaches.

  13. Is a neck brace necessary?
    Only for severe strains, as prescribed by a doctor.

  14. Can I drive with a splenius capitis strain?
    Avoid driving if neck movement is limited or painful.

  15. When should I see a doctor?
    See a doctor for severe pain, numbness, or symptoms lasting over a week.

Conclusion

A splenius capitis strain can be painful and limiting, but with proper understanding and care, most people recover fully. By recognizing the causes, symptoms, and treatment options, you can manage or prevent this injury effectively. Always consult a healthcare professional for personalized advice, especially for severe or persistent symptoms. This guide provides a comprehensive, evidence-based resource to help you navigate splenius capitis strain with confidence.

Disclaimer: Each person’s journey is unique, treatment plan, life style, food habit, hormonal condition, immune system, chronic disease condition, geological location, weather and previous medical  history is also unique. So always seek the best advice from a qualified medical professional or health care provider before trying any treatments to ensure to find out the best plan for you. This guide is for general information and educational purposes only. Regular check-ups and awareness can help to manage and prevent complications associated with these diseases conditions. If you or someone are suffering from this disease condition bookmark this website or share with someone who might find it useful! Boost your knowledge and stay ahead in your health journey. We always try to ensure that the content is regularly updated to reflect the latest medical research and treatment options. Thank you for giving your valuable time to read the article.

The article is written by Team Rxharun and reviewed by the Rx Editorial Board Members

Last Update: April 17, 2025.

References

  1. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27887750/
  2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537139/
  3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537236/
  4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537140/
  5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30335291/
  6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30725921/
  7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30725824/
  8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559006/
  9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30725825/
  10. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle
  11. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_skeletal_muscles_of_the_human_body
  12. https://medlineplus.gov/ency/imagepages/19841.htm
  13. https://www.britannica.com/science/human-muscle-system
  14. https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/muscular/types.html
  15. https://www.britannica.com/science/human-muscle-system
  16. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/skeletal-muscle
  17. https://academic.oup.com/nar/article/32/5/1792/2380623
  18. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10974598
  19. https://medlineplus.gov/skinconditions.html
  20. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Kidney_diseases
  21. https://kidney.org.au/your-kidneys/what-is-kidney-disease/types-of-kidney-disease
  22. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease
  23. https://www.kidney.org/kidney-topics/chronic-kidney-disease-ckd
  24. https://www.kidneyfund.org/all-about-kidneys/types-kidney-diseases
  25. https://www.aad.org/about/burden-of-skin-disease
  26. https://www.usa.gov/federal-agencies/national-institute-of-arthritis-musculoskeletal-and-skin-diseases
  27. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/skin/default.html
  28. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/brain-tumor/symptoms-causes/syc-20350084
  29. https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Understanding-Sleep
  30. https://www.cdc.gov/traumaticbraininjury/index.html
  31. https://www.skincancer.org/
  32. https://illnesshacker.com/
  33. https://endinglines.com/
  34. https://www.jaad.org/
  35. https://www.psoriasis.org/about-psoriasis/
  36. https://books.google.com/books?
  37. https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/skin-diseases
  38. https://cms.centerwatch.com/directories/1067-fda-approved-drugs/topic/292-skin-infections-disorders
  39. https://www.fda.gov/files/drugs/published/Acute-Bacterial-Skin-and-Skin-Structure-Infections—Developing-Drugs-for-Treatment.pdf
  40. https://dermnetnz.org/topics
  41. https://www.aaaai.org/conditions-treatments/allergies/skin-allergy
  42. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/occupational-skin-disease
  43. https://aafa.org/allergies/allergy-symptoms/skin-allergies/
  44. https://www.nibib.nih.gov/
  45. https://www.nei.nih.gov/
  46. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_skin_conditions
  47. https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=List_of_skin_diseases&redirect=no
  48. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_condition
  49. https://oxfordtreatment.com/
  50. https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
  51. https://consumer.ftc.gov/articles/w
  52. https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health
  53. https://catalog.ninds.nih.gov/
  54. https://www.aarda.org/diseaselist/
  55. https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets
  56. https://www.nibib.nih.gov/
  57. https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/topics
  58. https://www.nichd.nih.gov/
  59. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics
  60. https://www.nichd.nih.gov/
  61. https://www.niehs.nih.gov
  62. https://www.nimhd.nih.gov/
  63. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics
  64. https://obssr.od.nih.gov/
  65. https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics
  66. https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases
  67. https://beta.rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases
  68. https://orwh.od.nih.gov/

No widgets added. You can disable footer widget area in theme options - footer options

RxHarun
Logo