Scalenus Posterior Muscle Injury

Anatomy of the Scalenus Posterior Muscle
Types of Scalenus Posterior Muscle Injury
Causes of Scalenus Posterior Muscle Injury
Symptoms of Scalenus Posterior Muscle Injury
Diagnostic Tests for Scalenus Posterior Muscle Injury
Non-Pharmacological Treatments
Drugs and Medications
Surgical Options
Preventive Measures
When to See a Doctor
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

The scalenus posterior muscle is one of the three scalene muscles found in the neck. An injury to this muscle can cause pain and problems in the neck, shoulder, and upper back, as well as interfere with breathing and nerve function. This guide explains in simple language everything you need to know—from the basic anatomy and functions to the many causes, symptoms, tests, treatments, and prevention strategies.

Anatomy of the Scalenus Posterior Muscle

Understanding the muscle’s anatomy is key to knowing how its injury can affect the body. Here is a detailed breakdown:

Structure and Location

Location:
The scalenus posterior muscle is found in the lateral part of the neck. It lies behind (posterior to) the other scalene muscles and is less visible because it is tucked deeper in the neck. It is located on the side of the cervical spine (the neck) and attaches to bony structures that help support the neck.
Visual Clues for Search Engines:
Look for “lateral neck muscle,” “deep cervical muscles,” and “scalenus posterior location” for more information.

Origin and Insertion

Origin:
The muscle originates from the transverse processes (the small bony projections) of one or more upper cervical vertebrae. This bony base provides a firm foundation for the muscle.
Insertion:
The scalenus posterior typically attaches to the upper surface of the first rib. This insertion point is crucial because it plays a role in stabilizing the neck and assisting breathing.

Blood Supply

Arterial Supply:
The muscle receives blood from small branches of nearby arteries such as the vertebral and ascending cervical arteries. Good blood flow is necessary for tissue repair and proper function.

Nerve Supply

Nerve Supply:
The scalene muscles, including the scalenus posterior, are innervated by branches of the cervical spinal nerves (often C5 to C7). These nerves send signals from the brain that control muscle movement and sensation.

Key Functions

Neck Support:
Helps to maintain the posture of the neck and supports the cervical spine.
Lateral Flexion:
Aids in bending the neck sideways.
Rotation:
Assists in rotating the head and neck.
Accessory Breathing Role:
Can help lift the first rib during deep breathing, especially when the diaphragm is under stress.
Stabilization:
Supports the upper rib cage during movements, giving the shoulder girdle a stable base.
Postural Control:
Helps maintain proper alignment of the head and neck for better balance and function.

Types of Scalenus Posterior Muscle Injury

Injuries to the scalenus posterior muscle can vary in type and severity. Here are some common classifications:

Acute Strain/Tear:
Sudden stretching or tearing usually from a traumatic event.
Chronic Overuse Injury:
Caused by repetitive movements or prolonged poor posture.
Contusion (Bruising):
Result of a direct blow, leading to bleeding and swelling within the muscle.
Tendinopathy:
Involves inflammation or degeneration of the tendon that connects the muscle to bone.
Adhesion Formation:
Scar tissue develops after injury, causing the muscle fibers to stick together.
Partial Rupture:
A small, incomplete tear of the muscle fibers.
Complete Rupture:
A full tear that may require surgical repair.
Myofascial Pain Syndrome:
Chronic muscle pain that can occur when trigger points develop in the muscle.
Nerve Entrapment Injury:
The muscle injury leads to compression of nearby nerves, often causing additional symptoms like tingling or numbness.
Postural Stress Injury:
Resulting from sustained poor postures, such as sitting at a computer for long periods.

Causes of Scalenus Posterior Muscle Injury

Injury to the scalenus posterior muscle can occur from various causes. Here are 20 possible causes:

Trauma from Car Accidents:
Sudden, forceful impact on the neck can strain the muscle.
Sports Injuries:
Contact sports or rapid movement sports can lead to direct injury.
Whiplash:
A rapid forward and backward movement of the neck.
Repetitive Motion:
Repeating the same movement over and over at work or during sports.
Heavy Lifting:
Improper lifting techniques putting stress on the neck muscles.
Poor Posture:
Sitting or standing in a slumped position for too long.
Ergonomic Strain:
Improper office ergonomics, like a low computer monitor.
Direct Blow or Impact:
Falls or blows to the side of the neck.
Overuse in Exercise:
Excessive strain during weight training or physical activities.
Underlying Cervical Spine Disorders:
Conditions such as arthritis may predispose the muscle to injury.
Repetitive Computer Work:
Long hours at the computer can overwork the small supporting muscles.
Extended Helmet Wear:
Military or motorcycle helmets that shift pressure onto the neck.
Sleeping in an Awkward Position:
Poor neck support during sleep can cause strain.
Emotional Stress:
Stress can cause muscle tension in the neck and shoulders.
Repetitive Head Movements:
Jobs that require constant turning or craning of the head.
Incorrect Sports Technique:
Poor form during activities like swimming or boxing.
Previous Neck Injuries:
Old injuries can weaken the muscle and make it more prone to re-injury.
Inflammatory Conditions:
Autoimmune or inflammatory disorders that affect muscles.
Over-enthusiastic Stretching:
Overstretching can lead to micro-tears in the muscle fibers.
Age-related Degeneration:
Natural wear and tear can decrease muscle resilience, making injuries more common.

Symptoms of Scalenus Posterior Muscle Injury

Here are 20 signs or symptoms that may indicate an injury to the scalenus posterior muscle:

Sharp Neck Pain:
Sudden pain in the lateral or posterior neck.
Muscle Tenderness:
The injured area feels sensitive to touch.
Stiff Neck:
Difficulty moving the head due to muscle tightness.
Pain on Lateral Movement:
Discomfort when turning the head sideways.
Shoulder Pain:
Pain may radiate from the neck to the shoulder.
Upper Back Discomfort:
Aching in the upper back can accompany the neck pain.
Headaches:
Tension headaches originating from muscle tightness.
Numbness or Tingling:
Sensations in the arms or hands if nearby nerves are affected.
Muscle Spasms:
Involuntary contractions in the neck muscles.
Reduced Range of Motion:
Difficulty moving the neck as freely as normal.
Pain with Breathing:
Discomfort during deep breathing if the accessory breathing role is affected.
Fatigue in Neck Muscles:
Feeling of weakness after prolonged activity.
Pain during Physical Activity:
Discomfort that increases with movement or exercise.
Local Swelling:
Inflammation at the site of injury.
Bruising:
Discoloration of the skin due to a direct impact.
Pain on Palpation:
Pain felt when pressure is applied to the area during a physical exam.
Muscle Knots or Trigger Points:
Hard, painful lumps within the muscle.
Radiating Arm Pain:
Sometimes pain can extend into the upper limb.
Difficulty Holding the Head Up:
Weakness in keeping an upright head position.
Altered Posture:
Compensatory changes in posture due to discomfort.

Diagnostic Tests for Scalenus Posterior Muscle Injury

A range of tests may be used by clinicians to diagnose an injury to the scalenus posterior muscle. These include:

Physical Examination:
A hands-on evaluation to check for tenderness, swelling, and range of motion.
Medical History Review:
Discussing the events leading up to the injury and any past injuries.
Palpation of the Neck:
Feeling for tightness, spasms, or trigger points in the muscle.
Range of Motion Testing:
Assessing how far and in which directions the patient can move their neck.
Posture Analysis:
Evaluating the alignment of the cervical spine and shoulder girdle.
X-Ray Imaging:
Checking for bony abnormalities or alignment issues that might contribute to muscle strain.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI):
Providing detailed images of soft tissue including muscles, tendons, and ligaments.
Computed Tomography (CT) Scan:
To evaluate the neck structures in greater detail if injury is suspected.
Ultrasound Imaging:
A real-time assessment of muscle injuries and to guide injections if needed.
Electromyography (EMG):
Testing the electrical activity of the muscle to detect nerve involvement.
Nerve Conduction Studies:
Measuring the speed and strength of nerve signals in the neck.
Provocative Tests:
Specific maneuvers (such as head turning or side bending) to reproduce pain.
Stress Tests:
Evaluating how the muscle responds under controlled stress.
Muscle Strength Testing:
Measuring strength to determine if there is weakness associated with injury.
Functional Movement Analysis:
Observing everyday tasks to identify movement abnormalities.
Trigger Point Identification:
Finding small, painful knots within the muscle that cause discomfort.
Range of Motion Comparison:
Comparing both sides of the neck for asymmetry in movement.
Blood Tests:
To rule out systemic or inflammatory conditions that might mimic muscle injury symptoms.
Bone Scanning:
Rarely used, but can help detect stress fractures near muscle attachment sites.
Diagnostic Injections:
An injection of a local anesthetic to pinpoint the exact source of pain.

Non-Pharmacological Treatments

Before or in conjunction with medications and surgery, many non-drug approaches can help manage a scalenus posterior muscle injury. Here are 30 treatments:

Rest:
Limit activities to allow healing.
Ice Therapy:
Apply ice packs to reduce swelling and pain.
Heat Therapy:
Use heat packs to relax tight muscles after the initial swelling subsides.
Physical Therapy:
Structured exercises to restore mobility and strength.
Stretching Exercises:
Gentle stretches to improve flexibility.
Strengthening Exercises:
Targeted exercises to rebuild muscle strength.
Massage Therapy:
Helps reduce muscle tension and improves blood flow.
Chiropractic Adjustments:
Can help improve spinal alignment and reduce nerve compression.
Acupuncture:
Inserting thin needles into precise points to ease pain and promote healing.
Posture Training:
Learning proper sitting and standing habits to reduce muscle strain.
Ergonomic Adjustments:
Modifying workspaces, such as proper desk setup, to prevent further injury.
Trigger Point Therapy:
Techniques to relieve the painful knots in the muscle.
Manual Therapy:
Hands-on techniques to improve muscle function and reduce pain.
Yoga:
Incorporates gentle stretching, strengthening, and mindfulness.
Pilates:
Focuses on core strength, which supports neck stability.
Meditation and Relaxation Techniques:
Help reduce overall muscle tension by managing stress.
TENS (Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation):
A device that sends small electrical impulses to reduce pain.
Ultrasound Therapy:
Uses sound waves to improve blood flow and relieve muscle tension.
Massage Ball/Self-Myofascial Release:
Using a ball or foam roller to massage and release tight muscle areas.
Corrective Exercises:
Specific exercises designed to correct imbalances in the neck and shoulder.
Heat/Cold Contrast Therapy:
Alternating between hot and cold packs to stimulate circulation.
Mind-Body Therapies:
Practices such as Tai Chi to promote relaxation and balance.
Swimming:
A low-impact exercise that supports the neck and overall body.
Biofeedback:
Learning to control muscle tension through feedback mechanisms.
Post-Surgical Rehabilitation (if needed):
Tailored exercises for recovery following any surgical intervention.
Kinesiology Taping:
Applying specialized tape to support the muscle and reduce pain.
Lifestyle Adjustments:
Changes such as improved sleep quality and stress management.
Ergonomic Pillows and Supports:
For better neck alignment during sleep.
Aquatic Therapy:
Exercises performed in water to reduce joint stress while strengthening muscles.
Balance and Coordination Exercises:
Improve overall stability, reducing the risk of injury.

Drugs and Medications

When non-pharmacological treatments need support or pain control is required, doctors may suggest the following 20 drugs:

Ibuprofen:
A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) to reduce pain and swelling.
Naproxen:
Another NSAID often used for musculoskeletal pain.
Aspirin:
Can help with pain relief and reducing inflammation.
Acetaminophen (Tylenol):
A pain reliever for managing mild discomfort.
Cyclobenzaprine:
A muscle relaxant used to ease muscle spasms.
Diazepam:
A short-term muscle relaxant that may be prescribed for severe spasms.
Tizanidine:
Helps reduce muscle spasticity and pain.
Diclofenac:
An NSAID available in oral or topical forms.
Meloxicam:
Another NSAID with fewer gastrointestinal side effects.
Celecoxib:
A COX-2 inhibitor that can reduce inflammation.
Corticosteroids (Oral):
Short courses can reduce severe inflammation if prescribed appropriately.
Topical NSAIDs:
Creams or gels that can relieve localized pain.
Gabapentin:
May be used if nerve pain accompanies the muscle injury.
Pregabalin:
Similar to gabapentin for nerve-related pain management.
Tramadol:
A milder opioid for moderate pain, used short term.
Amitriptyline:
Sometimes used for chronic pain management, including muscle pain.
Melatonin (Adjuvant):
To help improve sleep quality when pain affects sleep.
COX-2 Specific Inhibitors:
Additional pain management options with fewer side effects.
Topical Lidocaine:
Applied to the skin to numb localized areas of pain.
Opioid Analgesics (Short-term Use):
Such as oxycodone for acute, severe pain (used with caution).

Surgical Options

Surgery for scalenus posterior muscle injury is rarely needed but may be considered in severe cases. Below are ten potential surgical interventions:

Muscle Repair Surgery:
Repairing torn muscle fibers using sutures.
Myofascial Release Surgery:
Surgically releasing tight bands or adhesions in the muscle.
Neurolysis:
Releasing entrapped nerves that may have become compressed near the injury.
Decompression Surgery:
If nerve compression is significant, surgical decompression can relieve pressure.
Scalenectomy:
Partial or complete removal of the scalene muscle if it is causing significant problems.
First Rib Resection:
Rarely performed if the muscle injury contributes to thoracic outlet syndrome.
Arthroscopic Debridement:
Minimally invasive removal of damaged tissue in the region.
Tendon Repair:
If the injury involves the tendon, surgical repair may be necessary.
Fusion Procedures:
In conjunction with other cervical spine surgeries if instability is present.
Reconstructive Surgery:
In cases of chronic injury where structural repair is needed.

Preventive Measures

Preventing injury to the scalenus posterior muscle is possible with the right habits and techniques. Here are ten prevention strategies:

Maintain Good Posture:
Keep your head aligned with your spine and avoid slumping.
Ergonomic Workstations:
Use a properly set-up desk, chair, and computer monitor.
Regular Breaks:
Take breaks to stretch and move if you work at a desk all day.
Proper Lifting Techniques:
Use your legs and proper form to avoid straining your neck.
Strengthening Exercises:
Build neck and shoulder strength to support the muscle.
Stretching Routines:
Regular stretches for the neck muscles to maintain flexibility.
Stress Management:
Use relaxation techniques to reduce muscle tension.
Appropriate Sleep Positions:
Sleep on a supportive pillow that keeps your neck in alignment.
Warm-up Before Activity:
Use dynamic stretches and warm-ups before physical activities.
Avoid Overuse:
Listen to your body and avoid repetitive movements that strain your neck.

When to See a Doctor

It is essential to seek professional help if you experience any of the following:

Severe or Persistent Pain:
Pain that does not improve after several days of home treatment.
Limited Range of Motion:
If you find it very difficult to turn or flex your neck.
Numbness or Tingling:
Especially if these symptoms extend into your arm or hand, which may indicate nerve involvement.
Muscle Weakness:
Significant weakness in the neck or shoulder muscles.
Swelling or Visible Deformity:
Any noticeable change in the neck’s appearance or swelling.
Breathing Difficulties:
If you experience shortness of breath, it might be related to muscle involvement around the rib cage.
Worsening Symptoms:
If home treatments do not lead to improvement or the pain worsens over time.
Traumatic Injury:
After a fall, car accident, or direct impact on the neck, where there is suspected injury.
Chronic Headaches:
Persistent headaches that may be linked to neck muscle tension.
Functional Limitations:
When day-to-day activities become difficult due to neck pain or stiffness.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Below are common questions along with simple answers regarding scalenus posterior muscle injury:

What is the scalenus posterior muscle?
It is a deep neck muscle that helps support the cervical spine, assist with neck movement, and play a minor role in breathing.
How does the scalenus posterior muscle get injured?
Injuries usually occur through trauma (such as whiplash), repetitive strain, or poor posture.
What are the main symptoms of this muscle injury?
You might feel pain, tightness, limited movement in your neck, headaches, and sometimes numbness or tingling in your arms.
How is this injury diagnosed?
Doctors use a combination of physical examinations, imaging tests like X-rays or MRI, and sometimes nerve tests to diagnose the injury.
Can I treat a scalene muscle injury at home?
Many mild injuries are managed with rest, ice/heat therapy, stretching, and physical therapy. Severe cases require professional care.
What type of physical therapy is recommended?
Therapists might use stretching, strengthening exercises, manual therapy, and posture correction strategies.
Are there medications that can help relieve symptoms?
Yes, doctors may prescribe NSAIDs, muscle relaxants, or in some cases other pain relievers to reduce discomfort.
When is surgery considered for a scalene muscle injury?
Surgery is rarely needed unless there is a complete tear, nerve entrapment, or if conservative treatments have failed over time.
What non-drug treatments are available?
Options include physical therapy, massage, acupuncture, ergonomic adjustments, and stress management among others.
How long does it take to recover from a scalene muscle injury?
Recovery can range from a few weeks to several months, depending on the severity and treatment response.
Can poor posture really affect the scalenus posterior muscle?
Yes, prolonged poor posture can strain this and other neck muscles, leading to chronic pain or injury.
What activities should I avoid during recovery?
Avoid heavy lifting, repetitive neck movements, and prolonged periods of poor posture until the injury improves.
Is massage therapy safe for neck injuries?
Yes, when performed by a qualified therapist, massage can help ease pain and improve blood flow to the injured muscle.
What role does stress play in neck muscle injuries?
High stress levels can increase muscle tension and worsen pain in the neck and shoulder region.
How can I prevent future injuries?
Preventive measures include maintaining good posture, strengthening neck muscles, using ergonomic setups, and taking regular breaks.

Conclusion

The scalenus posterior muscle, while one of the deeper and less visible neck muscles, plays a vital role in neck support, movement, and even helps with breathing. Injuries to this muscle, whether from trauma, repetitive strain, or poor posture, can lead to discomfort, pain, and even affect nerve function.

Disclaimer: Each person’s journey is unique, treatment plan, life style, food habit, hormonal condition, immune system, chronic disease condition, geological location, weather and previous medical history is also unique. So always seek the best advice from a qualified medical professional or health care provider before trying any treatments to ensure to find out the best plan for you. This guide is for general information and educational purposes only. Regular check-ups and awareness can help to manage and prevent complications associated with these diseases conditions. If you or someone are suffering from this disease condition bookmark this website or share with someone who might find it useful! Boost your knowledge and stay ahead in your health journey. We always try to ensure that the content is regularly updated to reflect the latest medical research and treatment options. Thank you for giving your valuable time to read the article.

The article is written by Team Rxharun and reviewed by the Rx Editorial Board Members

Last Update: April 13, 2025.

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