Muscles of the Lower Limb – Types, Functions, Movement

Adductor group – The adductor brevis, adductor longus, adductor magnus, pectineus, and gracilis.
Lateral rotator group – The externus and internus obturators, the piriformis, the superior and inferior Gemelli, and the quadratus femoris.
Gluteal group – The gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and tensor fasciae latae.
Iliopsoas group – The iliacus and psoas major.

Muscles of the Lower Limb - Types, Functions, Movement

Gluteal Group

Key muscles of the hip – The gluteus maximus can be seen at the top, cut away to expose the underlying muscles. Muscles in the gluteal group are superficially located and act mainly to abduct and extend the thigh at the hip.

Gluteus Maximus – The gluteus maximus is the largest of the gluteal muscles and gives structure to the buttocks.

Attachments: Originates from the posterior of the pelvis and coccyx (tailbone) and attaches to the femur.
Actions: Extends of the thigh and assists with rotation. It is only used when the generation of force is required (e.g. when climbing).

Gluteus Medius – The fan-shaped gluteus medius muscle lies between the gluteus maximus and minimus and performs a similar function to the gluteus minimus.

Attachments: Originates from the posterior of the pelvis and attaches to the femur.
Actions: Abducts and medially rotates the thigh and fixes the pelvis during walking.

Gluteus Minimus – The gluteus minimus is the deepest and smallest of the superficial gluteal muscles and performs a similar function to the gluteus medius.

Attachments: Originates from the pelvis and attaches to the femur.
Actions: Abducts and medially rotates the thigh and fixes the pelvis during walking.

Lateral Rotator Group

The muscles of the lateral rotator group are deeply located and as the name suggests, act to laterally rotate the thigh at the hip. All of the lateral rotator group muscles originate from the pelvis and attach to the femur.

Piriformis – The piriformis is the most superior of the lateral rotator group muscles.

Actions: Lateral rotation and abduction of the thigh at the hip.

Obturator internus – The obturator internus lines the internal wall of the pelvis.

Actions: Lateral rotation and abduction of the thigh at the hip.

Gemelli – The gemelli are two (superior and inferior) narrow and triangular muscles, separated by the obturator internus tendon.

Actions: Lateral rotation and abduction of the thigh at the hip.

Quadratus Femoris – The quadratus femoris is a flat, square-shaped muscle (actually composed of four distinct muscles). It is the most inferior of the lateral rotator group muscles, located below the gemelli and obturator internus.

Actions: Lateral rotation of the thigh at the hip, plays a major role in extension of the lower leg at the knee as well.

Vastus Lateralis – The largest of the four muscles.

Origin is from the greater trochanter and lateral lip of linea Aspera.
It inserts at the lateral base and border of the patella, forming the lateral patellar retinaculum and the lateral side of the quadriceps femoris tendon.[rx]

Vastus Medialis:

It originates at the inferior portion of the intertrochanteric line and medial lip of the linea Aspera.
Inserts at the medial base and border of the patella, forming the medial patellar retinaculum and the medial side of the quadriceps femoris tendon.[rx]

Vastus Intermedius:

It originates at the anterior and lateral surfaces of the femoral shaft.
It inserts at the lateral border of the patella, forming the deep portion of the quadriceps tendon.[rx]

Rectus Femoris: Comprised of two proximal heads

The straight head consists of the anterior inferior iliac spine (ASIS) of the ilium.
The reflected head consists of the ilium superior to the acetabulum. Inserts at the quadriceps femoris tendon.[rx]

Quadriceps femoris is a group of 4 muscles:

vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius and the rectus femoris. It is the main extensor of the knee.

Adductor Group

(a) Adductor Group Muscles and (b) Key muscles associated with movement at the hip: The deep-lying adductor group muscles originate from the pubis and attach to the length of the femur. The iliac and psoas major comprise the iliopsoas group and can be seen at the pelvis and lower spine. The five muscles of the adductor group are responsible for the adduction of the thigh, although several have additional functions.

Adductor Longus –The adductor longus is a large, flat muscle covering the adductor Magnus and adductor Brevis.

Attachments: Originates from the pubis and broadly attaches to the femur.
Actions: Adduction and medial rotation of the thigh.

Adductor Magnus – The adductor Magnus is the largest and most posterior of the adductor group muscles.

Attachments: Originates from the pubis and attaches to the femur.
Actions: Adducts, flexes, and extends the thigh.

Adductor Brevis – The adductor brevis is a short muscle lying underneath the adductor longus.

Attachments: Originates from the pubis and attaches to the femur.
Actions: Adduction of the thigh.

Obturator externus – This is one of the smaller muscles of the medial thigh, and it is located most superiorly.

Attachments: Originates from the pubis and attaches to the femur.
Actions: Laterally rotates the thigh.

Gracilis – The gracilis is the most superficial and medial of the adductor group muscles. Crossing both the hip and knee joints, it can induce movement at both the hip and knee.

Attachments: Originates from the pubis and attaches to the tibia.
Actions: Adduction of the thigh at the hip, and flexing of the thigh at the knee.

Other Muscles

There are several other muscles that induce movement around the hip joint.

Psoas Major – The psoas major is located deep in the back near the midline immediately adjacent to the spine. The iliacus and psoas major comprise the iliopsoas group.

Attachments: Originates from the base of the spine, combining with the iliacus to attach to the femur.
Actions: Flexing of the thigh at the hip joint.

Iliacus – The iliacus muscle is a large, fan-shaped muscle which lines the interior of the pelvis. The iliacus and psoas major comprise the iliopsoas group.

Attachments: Originates from the pelvis and the base of the spine, combining with the psoas major to attach to the femur.
Actions: Flexing of the thigh at the hip joint.

Sartorius – The sartorius is a long thin muscle in the thigh, the longest muscle in the body.

Attachments: Originates from the pelvis and attaches to the tibia.
Actions: Flexing, abducting and rotation of the thigh at the hip joint.

Pectineus – The pectineus muscle is a large flat muscle found in the thigh.

Attachments: Originates from the pelvis and attaches to the femur.
Actions: Adduction and flexing at the thigh at the hip joint.

Biceps Femoris – A similar muscle to the biceps brachii in the upper arm, also double-headed. Two synergistic muscles are associated with the biceps femoris, the semitendinosus, and the semimembranosus.

Attachments: Originates from the pelvis and femur and attaches to the fibula.
Actions: Extends and laterally rotates at the hip. The main action is flexing of the lower leg at the knee.

Muscles of the Lower Limb - Types, Functions, Movement

Muscles that Cause Movement at the Knee Joint

Three sets of muscles (popliteus, quadriceps and hamstrings) allow for movement, balance, and stability at the knee joint.

Anterior Muscles of the Thigh

(a) Posterior muscles of the thigh and (b) posterior region of the lower leg: The biceps femoris and synergistic semitendinosus and the semimembranosus muscles are responsible for flexing of the lower leg at the knee. Posterior view of muscles of the lower leg, the popliteus can be seen at the top located behind the knee.

Sartorius – The sartorius, a thin muscle in the thigh, the is the body’s longest muscle.

Attachments: Originates from the pelvis and attaches to the tibia.
Actions: Flexing of the lower leg at the knee joint.

Quadriceps Femoris – The quadriceps femoris is actually composed of four muscles that comprise the front of the thigh: three deep-lying vastus muscles (lateral, intermedius, and medialis) and the rectus femoris which covers them. All four muscles are the key extensors of the lower leg at the knee joint and also stabilize and protect the patella.

Attachments: The vastus lateralis, intermedius, and medialis originate from the femur and attach to the patella. The rectus femoris originates from the pelvis and attaches to the patella.
Actions: Extends the lower leg at the knee joint and stabilizes the patella. The rectus femoris additionally facilitates rotation at the hip.

Posterior Muscles of the Thigh

There are three muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh: the biceps femoris and two synergistic muscles (the semitendinosus and semimembranosus). These muscles are sometimes termed the hamstring group. The posterior region of the thigh displays similarity with the anterior region of the upper arm in both structure and function.

Biceps Femoris – A similar muscle to the biceps brachii in the upper arm and also double-headed. Two synergistic muscles are associated with the biceps femoris, the semitendinosus, and the semimembranosus.

Attachments: Originates from the pelvis and femur and attaches to the fibula.
Actions: Extends and laterally rotates at the hip, the main action is flexing of the lower leg at the knee.

Biceps Femoris Long Head

Origin: Common (conjoint) tendon from the superior medial quadrant of the posterior ischial tuberosity (with semitendinosus)
Insertion: Majority onto the fibular head; also the lateral collateral ligament of the knee and lateral tibial condyle
Action: Flexion of the knee, and lateral rotation of the tibia; extension of the hip joint
Innervation: Tibial nerve (a portion of the sciatic nerve)
Arterial Supply: Perforating (muscular) branches of profunda femoris artery, inferior gluteal artery, and the superior muscular branches of the popliteal artery

Biceps Femoris Short Head

Origin: Lateral lip of linea aspera, the lateral intermuscular septum of the thigh, and lateral supracondylar ridge of femur
Insertion: Majority on the fibular head; and lateral collateral ligament of the knee, and lateral tibial condyle
Action: Flexion of the knee, and lateral rotation of the tibia
Innervation: Common peroneal nerve (a portion of the sciatic nerve)
Arterial Supply: Perforating (muscular) branches of profunda femoris artery, inferior gluteal artery, and the superior muscular branches of the popliteal artery

Semimembranosus

Origin: Superior lateral aspect of the ischial tuberosity
Insertion: The posterior surface of the medial tibial condyle
Action: Extension of the hip, flexion of the knee, and medial rotation of the tibia (specifically with knee flexion)
Innervation: Tibial nerve (a portion of the sciatic nerve)
Arterial Supply: Perforating (muscular) branches of profunda femoris artery, inferior gluteal artery, and the superior muscular branches of the popliteal artery

Semitendinosus

Origin: The common (conjoint) tendon from the superior medial quadrant of the posterior ischial tuberosity (with biceps femoris long head)
Insertion: Superior aspect of the medial tibial shaft (into the distal portion of the pes anserinus along with the gracious and sartorius muscles)
Action: Extension of the hip and flexion of the knee, medial rotation of the tibia (specifically with knee flexion)
Innervation: Tibial nerve (a portion of the sciatic nerve)
Arterial Supply: Perforating (muscular) branches of the profundal femoris artery, inferior gluteal artery, and the superior muscular branches of the popliteal artery.

Muscles of the Lower Limb - Types, Functions, Movement

Other Muscles

Popliteus – The popliteus is located behind the knee joint and acts to “unlock” the knee by rotating the femur on the tibia allowing for the lower leg to be flexed.

Attachments: Originates from the posterior of the tibia and attaches to the femur.
Actions: Laterally rotates the femur on the tibia “unlocking” the knee joint so that flexion can occur.

Muscles that Cause Movement at the Ankle

Anterior Compartment

(a) Anterior Compartment of the Leg and (b) Posterior Compartment of the leg: Anterior view of leg showing the muscles and tendons involved in ankle movement. : Posterior view of leg showing muscles and tendons involved in ankle movement. Three muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg act to dorsiflex and invert the foot at the ankle joint.

Tibialis Anterior – The tibialis anterior muscle is located alongside the lateral surface of the tibia and is the strongest dorsiflexor of the foot.

Attachments: Originates from the lateral surface of the tibia and attaches to the base of the big toe.
Actions: Dorsiflexion and inversion of the foot.

Extensor Digitorum Longus – The extensor digitorum longus is a deep-lying extrinsic muscle that runs the length of the tibia.

Attachments: Originates from the tibia and transitions into a tendon, passes into the foot, split into four, and attaches to the toes.
Actions: Extension of the toes and dorsiflexion of the foot.

Extensor Hallucis Longus – The extensor hallucis longus is a deep-lying extrinsic muscle beneath the extensor digitorum longus.

Attachments: Originates from the fibula and attaches to the big toe.
Actions: Extension of the big toe, and dorsiflexion of the foot.

Posterior Compartment

Several muscles are located in the posterior compartment of the leg, typically grouped into superficial and basal groups. The majority of these muscles work to plantarflex the foot at the ankle.

Superficial Muscles

The superficial muscles give rise to the characteristic shape of the lower leg.

Gastrocnemius – The gastrocnemius, a two-headed muscle, is the most superficial of the muscles in the posterior compartment.

Attachments: Both heads originate from the femur. The fibers converge to form the calcaneal tendon which attaches to the heel.
Actions: Plantarflexes the foot, can also flex the lower leg at the knee but is not key in this movement.

Plantaris – The plantaris is a small muscle lying between the gastrocnemius and soleus. It is absent in 10% of people.

Attachments: Originates from the femur and attaches to the heel via the calcaneal tendon.
Actions: Plantarflexes the foot, can also flex the lower leg at the knee but is not key in this movement.

Soleus – The soleus is a large flat muscle which is the deepest lying of the superficial muscles.

Attachments: Originates from the tibia and fibula and attaches to the heel via the calcaneal tendon.
Actions: Plantarflexes the foot.

Deep Muscles

Tibialis Posterior – The tibialis posterior is the deepest lying of the muscles in the posterior compartment.

Attachments: Originates from the tibia and fibula and attaches to the plantar surfaces of the toes.
Actions: Inverts and plantarflexes the foot, maintains the arch of the foot.

Lateral Compartment

Two muscles found in the lateral compartment function to control the eversion of the foot. Physiologically, there is a preference for the foot to invert, so these muscles also prevent excessive inversion.

Fibularis Longus – The fibularis longus is the longer and more superficial of the two muscles.

Attachments: Originates from the fibula and tibia. The fibers converge into a tendon that passes under the foot and attaches to the medial side of the foot.
Actions: Eversion and plantarflexion of the foot.

Fibularis Brevis – The fibularis brevis muscles are the deeper and shorter of the two muscles.

Attachments: Originates from the lateral surface of the fibula and attaches to the little toe.
Actions: Eversion of the foot.

Dorsal Compartment

Although many extrinsic muscles attach within the dorsal compartment, there are only three intrinsic muscles that act on the foot and two extrinsic muscles which act on the foot rather than the ankle.

Extensor Digitorum Longus – The extensor digitorum longus is a deep-lying extrinsic muscle that lies runs down the length of the tibia.

Attachments: Originates from the tibia and transitions into a tendon, passes into the foot, split into four, and attaches to the toes.
Actions: Extension of the toes.

Extensor Digitorum Brevis – The extensor digitorum brevis muscle is a deep-lying intrinsic muscle lying beneath the tendon of the extensor digitorum longus.

Attachments: Originates from the heel and attaches to the toes.
Actions: Extension of the toes.

Extensor Hallucis Longus – The extensor hallucis longus is a deep-lying extrinsic muscle lying beneath the extensor digitorum longus.

Attachments: Originates from the fibula and attaches to the big toe.
Actions: Extension of the big toe.

Extensor Hallucis Brevis – The extensor hallucis brevis muscle is an intrinsic muscle of the foot lying between the extensor digitorum longus and lateral to extensor hallucis longus.

Attachments: Originates from the heel and attaches to the big toe.
Actions: Extension of the big toe.

Dorsal Interossei – There are four dorsal interossei located between the metatarsals. Each arises from two metatarsals.

Attachments: Originates from the sides of metatarsals one to five (big toe to little toe). The first muscle attaches to the medial side of the phalanx of the second toe. The second to fourth interossei attach to the lateral sides of the phalanxes of toes two to four.
Actions: Abduct and flexes digits two to four.

Plantar Compartment

The muscles of the plantar compartment play a key role in stabilizing the arch of the foot and controlling the digits, providing the necessary strength and fine movements to maintain balance and posture and promote walking.

Plantar View of Foot: The muscles, tendons, and ligaments of the sole of the foot with flexor digitorum brevis shown in red.

Abductor Hallucis – The abductor hallucis muscle is located on the medial side of the sole.

Attachments: Originates from the heel and attaches to the base of the big toe.
Actions: Abducts and flexes the big toe.

Flexor Digitorum Brevis – The flexor digitorum brevis muscle is located laterally to the abductor hallucis and lies in the middle of the sole of the foot.

Attachments: Originates from the heel and attaches to all the toes excluding the little toe.
Actions: Flexes the toes at the proximal interphalangeal (between the phalanges preoxmales and phalanges mediae) joints.

Abductor Digiti Minimi – The abductor digit minimi muscle is located on the lateral side of the foot.

Attachments: Originates from the heel and attaches to the little toe.
Actions: Abducts and flexes the little toe.

Quadratus Plantae – The quadratus Plantae muscle is located superior to the flexor digitorum longus tendons.

Attachments: Originates from the heel and attaches to the tendons of flexor digitorum longus.
Actions: Assists flexor digitorum longus in flexing the lateral four toes.

Lubricants –The lubricants are four small skeletal muscles, accessory to the tendons of the flexor digitorum longus and numbered from the medial side of the foot.

Attachments: Originates from the tendons of flexor digitorum longus. Attaches to the toes.
Actions: Flexes at the metatarsophalangeal (between the metatarsals and phalanges proximal) joints, while extending the interphalangeal joints (between the phalanges proximal and phalanges mediae).

Flexor Hallucis Brevis – The flexor hallucis brevis muscle is located on the medial side of the foot.

Attachments: Originates from the plantar surfaces of the cuboid and lateral cuneiform bones in the sole of the foot and attaches to the big toe.
Actions: Flexes the big toe.

Adductor Hallucis – The adductor hallucis muscle is located laterally to the flexor hallucis Brevis.

Attachments: The adductor hallucis originates from the bases of the first four metatarsals, and also from the plantar ligaments before attaching to the big toe.
Actions: Adduct the big toe and maintains the arch of the foot.

Plantar Interossei – The three plantar interossei lie beneath rather than between the metatarsal bones. Each is connected with one metatarsal bone.

Attachments: Originates from the medial side of metatarsals three to five. Attaches to the medial sides of the phalanges of digits three to five.
Actions: Adducts and flexes digits three to five.

Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis – Similar to the interossei in structure, the flexor digit minimi brevis muscle is located on the lateral side of the foot underneath the metatarsal of the little toe.

Attachments: Originates from the base of the fifth metatarsal and attaches to the base of a phalanx of the little toe
Actions: Flexes the little toe.

Key Points

The gluteus maximus extends the hip, while the gluteus medius and minimus are involved in hip rotation and abduction (moving hip out from the midline).
The adductor group (adductor brevis, longus, and Magnus along with pectineus and gracilis) moves the femur towards the midline from an abducted position.
The iliopsoas group of muscles (iliacus and psoas major) is responsible for hip flexion.
The lateral rotator group of muscles (externus and internus obturators, the piriformis, the superior and inferior Gemelli, and the quadratus femoris) turns the anterior surface of the femur outward. This motion is aided by the gluteus maximus and the adductor Magnus.

Key Movement

Eversion of the Foot (tilting of the sole of the foot away from the midline) – Performed by the fibularis brevis and fibularis longus.
Inversion of the Foot (tilting of the sole of the foot inwards towards the midline) – Performed by the tibialis posterior and tibialis anterior.
Dorsiflexion of the Foot (pulling the foot upwards towards the leg) – Performed by the tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus and extensor digitorum longus.
Plantarflexion of the Foot (pulling the foot downwards away from the lower leg) – Performed by the gastrocnemius, plantaris, soleus, and fibularis longus.
Plantarflexion – Movement of the foot downwards away from the lower leg.
Eversion – Tilting of the foot so the sole faces away from the midline.
Inversion – Tilting of the foot so the sole faces into the midline.
Dorsiflexion – Movement of the foot upwards towards the lower leg.
Extension – Produced by the sartorius and quadriceps femoris group of muscles.
Flexion – Produced by the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus muscles. The popliteus muscle facilitates this movement by unlocking the fully extended knee joint.
Rotation – The knee joint allows for slight rotation when flexed, which is produced by the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, gracilis, and sartorius.
Hamstring group – A group of three muscles found in the posterior region of the thigh, responsible for the flexing of the lower leg at the knee.
Quadriceps femoris – A group of four muscles found in the anterior region of the thigh, responsible for extension of the lower leg at the knee.
Popliteus – A muscles located behind the knee which “unlocks” the fully extended knee joint allowing for flexion.

Key Points

The ankle consists of two joints which permit dorsiflexion, plantarflexion, inversion, and eversion of the foot.
Strong ligaments hold the ankle joint in place, although it is susceptible to damage.
Muscles controlling movement at the ankle are found in the leg and can be split into anterior, posterior, and lateral compartments.
At full extension, the tibia and femur “lock” into position, providing stability in the leg and improving load-bearing capacity. The popliteus muscle at the back of the leg unlocks the knee by rotating the femur on the tibia, allowing flexion of the joint.
The quadriceps femoris muscle group (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medius, and vastus intermedius) crosses the knee via the patella and acts to extend the leg.
The hamstring group muscles (semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and biceps femoris) flex the knee and extend the hip.

More About The Muscles of Foot

To simplify the organization of the muscles, the following will break them up into those that act upon the foot and ankle and those classified as intrinsic.[rx][rx][rx]

Foot and Ankle

Peroneus Longus

The peroneus longus is one of the three muscles that span the lateral leg – peroneus may also be interchanged with fibular, referring to the lateral bone of the lower leg running deep to the peroneal muscles
Origin: The peroneus longus muscle originates on the head of the fibula and the upper half of the fibular shaft – this muscle crosses the ankle joint and courses deep into the foot and passes into a groove of the cuboid bone.
Insertion: the posterolateral aspect of the medial cuneiform bone and the lateral portion of the base of the first metatarsal
Action: The peroneus longus acts to evert the foot, plantarflex the ankle and adds support to the transverse arch of the foot
Blood Supply: Anterior tibial artery
Innervation: Superficial peroneal nerve

Peroneus Brevis

The peroneus brevis is another of the three muscles spanning the lateral leg and may also be called fibularis brevis, referring to the fibula
Origin: The peroneus brevis originates on the inferior two-thirds of the lateral fibula and courses posteriorly to the lateral malleolus of the fibula ultimately
Insertion: The styloid process of the fifth metatarsal
Action: The primary action of the peroneus brevis is to evert the foot and plantarflex the ankle
Blood Supply: Peroneal artery
Innervation: The superficial peroneal nerve innervates the peroneus brevis muscle

Peroneus Tertius

The peroneus Tertius is the third and final muscle of the lateral peroneus or fibular muscles
Origin: The peroneus Tertius originates from the middle fibular shaft
Insertion: The dorsal surface of the fifth metatarsal
Action: Dorsiflex, evert, and abduct the foot
Blood Supply: The peroneus Tertius primarily receives its blood supply from the anterior tibial artery
Innervation: Peroneus Tertius innervation comes from the deep peroneal nerve, and innervation different than its similarly named peroneal counterparts

Anterior Tibialis

The anterior tibialis is the most prominent muscle in the anterior leg and is often visible during dorsiflexion of the foot
Origin: The lateral condyle of the tibia and the proximal half to two-thirds of the tibial shaft.
Insertion: This occurs after passing under the extensor retinaculum and is on the medial and plantar surfaces of the medial cuneiform and base of the 1st metatarsal.
Action: Dorsiflex the ankle and invert the hindfoot
Blood Supply: Anterior tibial artery
Innervation: Comes from the deep peroneal nerve

Posterior Tibialis

Origin: The superior two-thirds of the medial posterior surface of the tibia
Insertion: The tendon courses distally, splitting into two at the calcaneonavicular ligament, to insert on the tuberosity of the navicular bone (superficial slip) and the plantar surfaces of the metatarsals two to four (deep slip)
Action: The posterior tibialis is the primary inverter of the foot but also adducts, plantar flexes, and aides in supination of the foot
Blood Supply: Sural, peroneal, and posterior tibial arteries
Innervation: Tibial nerve

Extensor Digitorum Longus

Origin: Lateral tibial condyle and continues distally to split into four tendons after the level of the extensor retinaculum
Insertion: Dorsum of the middle and distal phalanges
Action: Extend the second through fifth digits and dorsiflex the ankle
Blood Supply: anterior tibial artery
Innervation: deep peroneal nerve

Flexor Digitorum Longus

Origin: Posterior surface of the tibia distal to the popliteal line
Insertion: Continues distally to split into four individual tendons which insert on the plantar surfaces of the bases of the second through fifth distal phalanges
Action: Flex the digits two through five and may aid in plantar flexion of the ankle
Blood Supply: Posterior tibial artery
Innervation: Tibial nerve

Flexor Hallucis Longus

Origin: inferior two-thirds of the posterior fibula
Insertion: The plantar surface of the base of the distal phalanx of the great toe
Action: Flex the great toe but may minimally supinate and plantarflex the ankle
Blood Supply: Peroneal and posterior tibial artery
Innervation: Tibial nerve

Gastrocnemius

The gastrocnemius is the most superficial calf muscle
Origin: femoral condyles
Insertion: thick Achilles tendon inserting on the calcaneus.
Action: Plantarflex the ankle.
Blood Supply: Sural branch of the popliteal artery
Innervation: Tibial nerve

Soleus

The soleus is the deep muscle of the posterior leg and makes up most of the bulk of the calf
Origin: Upper quarter of the posterior fibula and the middle third of the posterior tibial shaft
Insertion: The soleus eventually joins the gastrocnemius to for the Achilles tendon to insert on the calcaneus
Action: The action is to plantarflex the ankle
Blood Supply: Posterior tibial, peroneal, and sural arteries
Innervation: Tibial nerve

Intrinsic – Dorsal

Extensor Digitorum Brevis

Origin: Dorsal surface of the calcaneus
Insertion: The base of the proximal phalanx of digits two through four
Action: Extend the toes
Blood Supply: Dorsalis pedis
Innervation: Deep peroneal nerve

Dorsal Interosseous

The dorsal interossei muscles exist between digits two through five – the two adjacent muscles form a central tendon and act to abduct the metatarsal-phalangeal joints and innervation comes from the lateral plantar nerve

Extensor Hallucis Brevis

Origin: Dorsal surface of the calcaneus
Insertion: The base of the proximal phalanx of the great toe
Action: Extend the great toe
Blood Supply: Dorsalis pedis.
Innervation: Deep peroneal nerve

Plantar 1st layer

Abductor Hallucis

Origin: Calcaneal tuberosity
Insertion: Base of the great toe and the proximal phalanx.
Action: Abduct the great toe
Blood Supply: Medial plantar artery
Innervation: Medial plantar nerve

Flexor Digitorum Brevis

Origin: Calcaneal tuberosity
Insertion: The middle phalanx of digits two through five
Action: Flex the digits two through five
Blood Supply: Medial plantar artery
Innervation: Medial plantar nerve

Abductor Digiti Minimi

Origin: Calcaneal tuberosity
Insertion: Base of the fifth metatarsal
Action: Abduct the 5th digit
Blood Supply: Lateral plantar artery
Innervation: Lateral plantar nerve lateral plantar artery

2nd Layer

Quadratus Plantae

Origin: Plantar surface of the calcaneus
Insertion: Flexor digitorum longus tendon
Action: Help flex the distal phalanges
Blood Supply: Lateral plantar artery
Innervation: Lateral plantar nerve

Lubricants

There are four muscles referred to as lumbricals in the foot
Origin: Flexor digitorum longus tendon
Insertion: Extensor digitorum longus tendon
Action: Flex the metatarsophalangeal joints and extend the interphalangeal joints
Blood Supply: Medial and lateral plantar arteries
Innervation: Medial and lateral plantar nerve

3rd layer

Flexor Hallucis Brevis

Origin: The cuboid and the lateral cuneiform
Insertion: Proximal phalanx of the great toe
Action: Flex the great toe
Blood Supply: Medial plantar artery
Innervation: Medial plantar nerve

Oblique and Transverse Head of Adductor Hallucis

The adductor hallucis has two heads, an oblique head, and a transverse head
Origin: The oblique head originates at the proximal ends of the metatarsals two through four, and the transverse head originates via MTP ligaments of digits three through five
Insertion: inserts at the proximal phalanx of the great toe
Action: The primary action is to adduct the great toe
Blood Supply: First plantar metatarsal artery
Innervation: Deep branch of lateral plantar

Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis

Origin: Base of the fifth metatarsal
Insertion: Proximal phalanx of the fifth metatarsal
Action: The primary action is to flex the fifth digit
Blood Supply: Lateral Plantar artery
Innervation: Lateral plantar nerve

4th layer

Plantar Interosseous

The plantar interossei
Origin: medial aspect of the individual metatarsals of digits three through five
Insertion: The proximal phalanges
Action: Adduct the digits
Blood Supply: Plantar metatarsal artery
Innervation: Lateral plantar nerve

Table

Muscle	Location	Origin	Insertion	Artery	Nerve	Action	Antagonist	O	TA
occipitalis	head, occipitofrontalis, back of skull (left/right)	superior nuchal line of occipital bone, mastoid part of temporal bone	epicranial aponeurosis	occipital artery	facial nerve [CNVII], posterior auricular nerve	retracts scalp	?	2	1
frontalis	head, occipitofrontalis, forehead (left/right)	skin of eyebrow and glabella	epicranial aponeurosis	ophthalmic artery	facial nerve [CNVII], temporal branch	wrinkles eyebrow	procerus, corrugator supercilii, and orbicularis oculi muscles^[1]	2	1
orbicularis oculi, orbital part	head, forehead/eyelid (left/right)	frontal bone	lateral palpebral raphe	ophthalmic artery, zygomatico-orbital artery, angular artery	facial nerve [CNVII], zygomatic branch	closes eyelids (voluntary, winking/squeezing)	levator palpebrae superioris	2	3
orbicularis oculi, palpebral part	head, forehead/eyelid (left/right)	medial palpebral ligament	lateral palpebral raphe	ophthalmic artery, zygomatico-orbital artery, angular artery	facial nerve [CNVII], zygomatic branch	closes eyelids (involuntary, blinking/sleeping)	levator palpebrae superioris	2	3
orbicularis oculi, deep palpebral (lacrimal) part	head, forehead/eyelid (left/right)	posterior crest of lacrimal bone	Edges of eyelids	ophthalmic artery, zygomatico-orbital artery, angular artery	facial nerve [CNVII], zygomatic branch	facilitates tear ducts	?	2	3
corrugator supercilii	head, eye (left/right)	nasal part of frontal bone	intermediate third of skin of eyebrow	ophthalmic artery	facial nerve [CNVII], zygomatic branch	moves skin of forehead medially and inferiorly (towards root of nose)	?	2	1
depressor supercilii	head, eye (left/right)	nasal part of frontal bone, medial rim of orbit	medial third of skin of eyebrow	ophthalmic artery	facial nerve [CNVII], zygomatic branch	moves skin of eyebrows inferiorly	?	2	1
levator palpebrae superioris	head, extraocular (left/right)	sphenoid bone	tarsal plate, upper eyelid	ophthalmic artery	oculomotor nerve [CNIII]	retracts and elevates eyelid	orbicularis oculi	2	1
superior tarsal	head, extraocular (left/right)	underside of levator palpebrae superioris	superior tarsal plate of eyelid	ophthalmic artery	sympathetic nervous system	raises upper eyelid	?	2	1
rectus, superior	head, eye, orbit (left/right)	annulus of Zinn at orbital apex	7.5 mm superior to corneal limbus	ophthalmic artery	oculomotor nerve [CNIII], superior branch	adducts, elevates, and medially rotates eye	Oblique Superior and inferior	2	1
rectus, inferior	head, eye, orbit (left/right)	annulus of Zinn at orbital apex	6.5 mm inferior to corneal limbus	ophthalmic artery	oculomotor nerve [CNIII], inferior branch	adducts and depresses eye	Oblique Superior and inferior	2	1
rectus, medial	head, eye, orbit (left/right)	annulus of Zinn at orbital apex	5.5 mm medial to corneal limbus	ophthalmic artery	oculomotor nerve [CNIII], inferior branch	adducts eye	Oblique Superior and inferior	2	1
rectus, lateral	head, eye, orbit (left/right)	annulus of Zinn at orbital apex	7 mm temporal to corneal limbus	ophthalmic artery	abducens nerve [CNVI]	abducts eye	Oblique Superior and inferior	2	1
oblique, superior	head, extraocular (left/right)	annulus of Zinn at orbital apex, medial to optic canal	outer posterior quadrant of eyeball	ophthalmic artery, lateral muscular branch	trochlear nerve [CNIV]	abducts, intorts, and depress eye	right medial, superior, and inferior recti (superior and inferior oblique muscles are the synergists)	2	1
oblique, inferior	head, extraocular (left/right)	orbital surface of maxilla, lateral to lacrimal groove	laterally onto eyeball, deep to lateral rectus, by a short flat tendon	ophthalmic artery	oculomotor nerve [CNIII]	abducts, extorts, and elevates eye	right medial, superior, and inferior recti (superior and inferior oblique muscles are the synergists)	2	1
temporoparietalis	head, ear, outer ear (left/right)	auriculares muscles	epicranial aponeurosis		facial nerve [CNVII]	fixes galeal aponeurosis		2	1
auricularis anterior	head, ear, auricular, extrinsic (left/right)	temporal fascia	front of helix of ear	posterior auricular artery	facial nerve [CNVII]	pulls auricle forwards		2	1
auricularis superior	head, ear, auricular, extrinsic (left/right)	epicranial aponeurosis	dorsocranial surface of auricle	posterior auricular artery	facial nerve [CNVII]	pulls auricle upwards		2	1
auricularis posterior	head, ear, auricular, extrinsic (left/right)	mastoid process of temporal bone, tendon of sternocleidomastoid	dorsal part of auricle	posterior auricular artery	facial nerve [CNVII]	pulls auricle backwards	?	2	1
helicis major	head, ear, auricular, intrinsic (left/right)	Spina helicis	Anterior border of the helix	Auricular branches of posterior auricular and auricular branch of occipital arteries	Facial nerve	depresses the anterior margin of the ear cartilage	?	2	1
helicis minor	head, ear, auricular, intrinsic (left/right)	Base of the helical crus	Anterior aspect of the helical crus	Auricular branches of posterior auricular and auricular branch of occipital arteries	Facial nerve, Posterior auricular nerve branch	Adjusts the shape of the anterior margin of the ear cartilage	?	2	1
tragicus	head, ear, auricular, intrinsic (left/right)	Base of the tragus	Apex of the tragus	Auricular branches of posterior auricular and auricular branch of occipital arteries	Facial nerve	Increase the opening of the external acoustic meatus	?	2	1
antitragicus	head, ear, auricular, intrinsic (left/right)	Outer part of the antitragus	Cauda helicis and antihelix	Auricular branch of superficial temporal and auricular branches of posterior auricular artery	Facial nerve	Modifies the auricular shape	?	2	1
auricle, transverse	head, ear, auricular, intrinsic (left/right)	Cranial surface of the eminentia conchae	Cranial surface of the eminentia scaphae	Auricular branches of posterior auricular and auricular branch of occipital arteries	Facial nerve	Flattens the cranial profile outer ear	?	2	1
auricle, oblique	head, ear, auricular, intrinsic (left/right)	?	?	?	Facial nerve, posterior auricular nerve	?	?	2	1
Muscle of terminal notch^[2]	head, ear, auricular, intrinsic (left/right)	?	?	?	?	?	?	0	1
stapedius	head, ear, inner ear (left/right)	tip of pyramid of middle ear	neck of stapes	stapedial branch of posterior auricular artery	nerve to the stapedius from facial nerve [CNVII]	reduces movement of stapes, controls amplitude of sound waves to inner ear		2	1
tensor tympani	head, ear, inner ear (left/right)	Eustachian tube	handle of malleus	superior tympanic artery	medial pterygoid nerve from mandibular nerve [CNV₃]	tenses tympanic membrane, controls amplitude of sound waves to inner ear		2	1
procerus	head, nose (left/right)	fascia over lower part of nasal bone	skin of lower part of forehead between eyebrows	facial artery	facial nerve [CNVII], buccal branch	draws down medial angle of eyebrow (giving expressions of frowning)		2	1
depressor septi nasi	head, nose (left/right)	incisive fossa of maxilla	nasal septum and back part of alar part of nasalis	superior labial artery	facial nerve [CNVII], buccal branch	depresses nasal septum		2	1
levator nasolabialis (levator labii superioris alaeque nasi)	head, nose (left/right)	frontal process of maxilla	nostril and upper lip	superior labial artery	facial nerve [CNVII], buccal branch	dilates nostril, elevates upper lip, elevates wing of nose		2	1
nasalis, transverse part	head, nose, nasalis, transverse part (left/right)	alveolar yoke of canine tooth	lateral nasal cartilage	superior labial artery	facial nerve [CNVII], buccal branch	compresses nostrils		2	2
nasalis, alar part	head, nose, nasalis, alar part (left/right)	alveolar yoke of lateral incisor tooth, greater and lesser alar cartilages	skin near margin of nostril	superior labial artery	facial nerve [CNVII], buccal branch	dilates nostrils		2	2
levator anguli oris	head, mouth (left/right)	maxilla	modiolus of mouth	facial artery	facial nerve [CNVII]	elevates angle of mouth (smile)	depressor anguli oris	2	1
depressor anguli oris	head, mouth (left/right)	tubercle of mandible	modiolus of mouth	facial artery	facial nerve [CNVII], mandibular branch	depresses angle of mouth (frown)	levator anguli oris	2	1
transversus menti	head, mouth (left/right)	continuation of depressor anguli oris muscles	other side of depressor anguli oris muscles	facial artery	facial nerve [CNVII], mandibular branch or buccal branch	depresses angle of mouth (frown)	levator anguli oris	0.6^[3]	1
levator labii superioris	head, mouth (left/right)	medial part of infra-orbital margin of maxilla	skin and muscle of upper lip (labii superioris)	superior labial artery	facial nerve [CNVII], buccal branch	elevates upper lip		2	1
depressor labii inferioris	head, mouth (left/right)	oblique line of mandible, between symphysis and mental foramen	integument of lower lip, orbicularis oris fibers, its fellow of opposite side	inferior labial artery	facial nerve [CNVII], marginal mandibular branch	depresses lower lip		2	1
mentalis	head, mouth (left/right)	alveolar yoke of lower, lateral incisor tooth, found on anterior mandible	skin of chin	inferior labial artery	facial nerve [CNVII], marginal mandibular branch	elevates and wrinkles skin of chin, protrudes lower lip		2	1
bucinator (buccinator)	head, mouth (left/right)	alveolar processes of maxilla and mandible, pterygomandibular raphe	fibres of orbicularis oris	buccal artery	facial nerve [CNVII], buccal branch	compress cheeks against teeth (blowing), mastication		2	1
orbicularis oris, marginal part	head, mouth (left/right)	maxilla and mandible	skin around lips	superior labial artery, inferior labial artery	facial nerve [CNVII], buccal branch	puckers lips		2	2
orbicularis oris, labial part	head, mouth (left/right)	maxilla and mandible	skin around lips	superior labial artery, inferior labial artery	facial nerve [CNVII], buccal branch	puckers lips		2	2
risorius	head, mouth (left/right)	parotid fascia	modiolus of mouth	facial artery	facial nerve [CNVII], buccal branch	draw back angle of mouth		2	1
zygomaticus major	head, mouth (left/right)	zygomatic bone in region of zygomaticomaxillary suture	modiolus of mouth	facial artery	facial nerve [CNVII], buccal branch	draws angle of mouth upward and laterally		2	1
zygomaticus minor	head, mouth (left/right)	zygomatic bone in region of zygomaticomaxillary suture	skin of upper lip	facial artery	facial nerve [CNVII], buccal branch	elevates upper lip		2	1
masseter, superficial part	head, coronal plane (left/right)	anterior two-thirds of inferior margin of zygomatic arch and maxilla	angle of mandible, masseteric tuberosity of mandible	masseteric artery	masseteric nerve from mandibular nerve [CNV₃]	elevates and retracts mandible (closes mouth)	platysma	2	2
masseter, deep part	head, coronal plane (left/right)	anterior two-thirds of inferior margin of zygomatic arch and maxilla	angle of mandible, masseteric tuberosity of mandible	masseteric artery	masseteric nerve from mandibular nerve [CNV₃]	elevates and retracts mandible (closes mouth)	platysma	2	2
temporalis	head, coronal plane (left/right)	temporal lines on parietal bone of skull	coronoid process of mandible	deep temporal arteries	deep temporal nerves from mandibular nerve [CNV₃]	elevates and retracts mandible (closes mouth)	platysma	2	1
pterygoid, lateral	head, coronal plane (left/right)	greater wing of sphenoid and lateral pterygoid process	condyloid process of mandible	maxillary artery, pterygoid branches	external pterygoid nerve from mandibular nerve [CNV₃]	depresses mandible (opens mouth)	masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid	2	1
pterygoideus proprius^[4]	head, coronal plane (left/right)	?	?	?	?	?	?	0	1
pterygoid, medial	head, coronal plane (left/right)	medial side of lateral pterygoid plate behind upper teeth (deep head); pyramidal process of palatine bone and maxillary tuberosity (superficial head)	medial angle of mandible	maxillary artery, pterygoid branches	mandibular nerve [CNV₃], medial pterygoid nerve	elevates mandible, closes jaw, helps lateral pterygoid in moving jaw from side to side		2	1
genioglossus, inferior fibers	head, tongue (left/right)	superior part of mental spine of mandible (symphysis menti)	dorsum of tongue, body of hyoid	lingual artery	hypoglossal nerve [CNXII]	protrudes tongue		2	3
genioglossus, middle fibers	head, tongue (left/right)	superior part of mental spine of mandible (symphysis menti)	dorsum of tongue, body of hyoid	lingual artery	hypoglossal nerve [CNXII]	depresses tongue		2	3
genioglossus, superior fibers	head, tongue (left/right)	superior part of mental spine of mandible (symphysis menti)	dorsum of tongue, body of hyoid	lingual artery	hypoglossal nerve [CNXII]	draws tip of tongue back and down		2	3
hyoglossus (ceratoglossus)	head, tongue (left/right)	hyoid	side of tongue		hypoglossal nerve [CNXII]	depresses tongue		2	1
chondroglossus	head, tongue (left/right)	lesser cornu and body of hyoid bone	intrinsic muscular fibers of tongue		hypoglossal nerve [CNXII]	depresses tongue (some consider this muscle to be part of hyoglossus)		2	1
styloglossus	head, tongue (left/right)	styloid process of temporal bone	tongue	lingual artery, sublingual branch	hypoglossal nerve [CNXII]	elevates and retracts tongue	inferior and middle fibers of genioglossus	2	1
palatoglossus	head, tongue and soft palate (left/right)	palatine aponeurosis	tongue		vagus nerve [CNX], pharyngeal plexus and accessory nerve [CNXI]	raises back part of tongue, aiding in breathing		2	1
superior longitudinal lingual	head, tongue (left/right)	close to epiglottis, from median fibrous septum	edges of tongue	lingual artery, tonsilar branch of facial artery, ascending pharyngeal artery	hypoglossal nerve [CNXII]	shortens tongue, turns tip upward, turns lateral margins upward		2	1
transversus linguae	head, tongue (left/right)	median fibrous septum	sides of tongue	lingual artery, tonsilar branch of facial artery, ascending pharyngeal artery	hypoglossal nerve [CNXII]	narrows tongue with no elongation		2	1
inferior longitudinal lingual	head, tongue (left/right)	root of tongue	apex of tongue	lingual artery, tonsilar branch of facial artery, ascending pharyngeal artery	hypoglossal nerve [CNXII]	shortens tongue, retracts, pulls tip downward		2	1
verticalis linguae	head, tongue (left/right)	dorsum of tongue	inferior surface borders of tongue	lingual artery, tonsilar branch of facial artery, ascending pharyngeal artery	hypoglossal nerve [CNXII]			2	1
tensor veli palatini	head, soft palate (left/right)	medial pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone	palatine aponeurosis		mandibular nerve [CNV₃], medial pterygoid nerve	tenses soft palate, aids in swallowing	?	2	1
levator veli palatini	head, soft palate (left/right)	temporal bone, Eustachian tube	palatine aponeurosis	facial artery	vagus nerve [CNX], pharyngeal plexus	elevates soft palate	?	2	1
palatopharyngeus	head, soft palate (left/right)	palatine aponeurosis and hard palate	upper border of thyroid cartilage (blends with constrictor fibers)	facial artery	vagus nerve [CNX], pharyngeal branch	aids in breathing by pulling pharynx and larynx		2	1
uvulae	head, soft palate (left/right)	hard palate	soft tissue of uvula		vagus nerve [CNX], pharyngeal branch	moves and changes shape of uvula		2	1
stylopharyngeus	head, pharynx (left/right)	styloid process of temporal bone	thyroid cartilage (pharynx)	ascending pharyngeal artery, pharyngeal branches	glossopharyngeal nerve [CNIX]	elevates larynx, elevates pharynx, swallowing		2	1
salpingopharyngeus	head, pharynx (left/right)	cartilage of Eustachian tube	posterior fasciculus of pharyngopalatinus		vagus nerve [CNX], accessory nerve [CNXI]	raises nasopharynx		2	1
pharyngeal constrictor, inferior, thyropharyngeal part	head, pharynx (left/right)	cricoid cartilage, thyroid cartilage	pharyngeal raphe	ascending pharyngeal artery, pharyngeal branches	vagus nerve [CNX], superior laryngeal nerve, external laryngeal branch and recurrent laryngeal nerve	swallowing		2	2
pharyngeal constrictor, inferior, cricopharyngeal part	head, pharynx (left/right)	cricoid cartilage, thyroid cartilage	pharyngeal raphe	ascending pharyngeal artery, pharyngeal branches	vagus nerve [CNX], superior laryngeal nerve, external laryngeal branch and recurrent laryngeal nerve	swallowing		2	2
pharyngeal constrictor, middle, chondropharyngeal part	head, pharynx (left/right)	hyoid bone	pharyngeal raphe	ascending pharyngeal artery, pharyngeal branches	vagus nerve [CNX], pharyngeal plexus	swallowing		2	2
pharyngeal constrictor, middle, ceratopharyngeal part	head, pharynx (left/right)	hyoid bone	pharyngeal raphe	ascending pharyngeal artery, pharyngeal branches	vagus nerve [CNX], pharyngeal plexus	swallowing		2	2
pharyngeal constrictor, superior, pterygopharyngeal part	head, pharynx (left/right)	medial pterygoid plate, pterygomandibular raphé, alveolar process	pharyngeal raphe, pharyngeal tubercle	ascending pharyngeal artery, tonsilar branch of facial artery	vagus nerve [CNX], pharyngeal plexus	swallowing		2	4
pharyngeal constrictor, superior, buccopharyngeal part	head, pharynx (left/right)	medial pterygoid plate, pterygomandibular raphé, alveolar process	pharyngeal raphe, pharyngeal tubercle	ascending pharyngeal artery, tonsilar branch of facial artery	vagus nerve [CNX], pharyngeal plexus	swallowing		2	4
pharyngeal constrictor, superior, mylopharyngeal part	head, pharynx (left/right)	medial pterygoid plate, pterygomandibular raphé, alveolar process	pharyngeal raphe, pharyngeal tubercle	ascending pharyngeal artery, tonsilar branch of facial artery	vagus nerve [CNX], pharyngeal plexus	swallowing		2	4
pharyngeal constrictor, superior, glossopharyngeal part	head, pharynx (left/right)	medial pterygoid plate, pterygomandibular raphé, alveolar process	pharyngeal raphe, pharyngeal tubercle	ascending pharyngeal artery, tonsilar branch of facial artery	vagus nerve [CNX], pharyngeal plexus	swallowing		2	4
cricothyroid, straight part	head, larynx (left/right)	anterior and lateral cricoid cartilage	inferior cornu and lamina of thyroid cartilage	cricothyroid branch of superior thyroid artery	vagus nerve [CNX], superior laryngeal nerve, external laryngeal branch	tenses and elongates vocal folds (has minor adductory effect)		2	1
cricothyroid, oblique part	head, larynx (left/right)	anterior and lateral cricoid cartilage	inferior cornu and lamina of thyroid cartilage	cricothyroid branch of superior thyroid artery	vagus nerve [CNX], superior laryngeal nerve, external laryngeal branch	tenses and elongates vocal folds (has minor adductory effect)		2	1
arytenoid, transverse	head, larynx (left/right)	arytenoid cartilage on one side	arytenoid cartilage on opposite side	superior laryngeal branch of superior thyroid artery	vagus nerve [CNX], recurrent laryngeal nerve	approximates arytenoid cartilages (closes rima glottidis)		2	1
arytenoid, oblique	head, larynx (left/right)	arytenoid cartilage on one side	arytenoid cartilage on opposite side	superior laryngeal branch of superior thyroid artery	vagus nerve [CNX], recurrent laryngeal nerve	approximates arytenoid cartilages (closes rima glottidis)		2	1
arytenoid, oblique, aryepiglottic part	head, larynx (left/right)	apex of arytenoid	lateral border of epiglottis	laryngeal branch of superior thyroid artery	vagus nerve [CNX], inferior laryngeal nerve	closes the laryngeal inlet	?	2	0
vocalis	head, larynx (left/right)	inner (anterior) surface of thyroid cartilage	anterior surface of arytenoid cartilage		vagus nerve [CNX], recurrent laryngeal nerve	thickens and decreases length of vocal folds, adducts during speech		2	1
thyroarytenoid, thyroepiglottic part	head, larynx (left/right)	inner (anterior) surface of thyroid cartilage	anterior surface of arytenoid cartilage		vagus nerve [CNX], recurrent laryngeal nerve	thickens and decreases length of vocal folds, adducts during speech		2	1
thyroarytenoid, external part	head, larynx (left/right)	inner (anterior) surface of thyroid cartilage	anterior surface of arytenoid cartilage		vagus nerve [CNX], recurrent laryngeal nerve	thickens and decreases length of vocal folds, adducts during speech		2	1
cricoarytenoid, posterior	head, larynx (left/right)	posterior part of cricoid cartilage	muscular process of arytenoid cartilage		vagus nerve [CNX], recurrent laryngeal nerve	abducts and laterally rotates cartilage, pulling vocal ligaments away from midline and forward and so opening rima glottidis	lateral cricoarytenoid	2	1
cricoarytenoid, lateral	head, larynx (left/right)	lateral part of arch of cricoid cartilage	muscular process of arytenoid cartilage		vagus nerve [CNX], recurrent laryngeal nerve	adducts and medially rotates cartilage, pulling vocal ligaments towards midline and backwards and so closing rima glottidis	posterior cricoarytenoid	2	1
ceratocricoideus^[5]^[6]	head, larynx (left/right)	?	?	?	?	?	?	0	1
platysma	Neck, Clavicular, Right, left	base of mandible	inferior clavicle and fascia of chest	branches of submental artery, branches of suprascapular artery	cervical branch of facial nerve [CNVII]	tenses skin of neck	masseter, temporalis	2	1
sternocleidomastoid	Neck, Clavicular, Right, left	manubrium sterni (sternal head), medial portion of clavicle (clavicular head)	mastoid process of temporal bone, superior nuchal line	occipital artery, superior thyroid artery	motor: accessory nerve sensory: cervical plexus	tilts head to its own side, rotates head so face is turned towards opposite side, flexes neck, raises sternum, assists in forced inspiration	??	2	1
digastric, anterior belly	Neck, Suprahyoid, Right/left	digastric fossa (mandible)	intermediate tendon (lesser horn of hyoid bone)	submental branch of facial artery	mandibular nerve [CNV₃] via mylohyoid nerve	opens jaw when masseter and temporalis are relaxed	??	2	2
digastric, posterior belly	Neck, Suprahyoid, Right/left	mastoid process of temporal bone	intermediate tendon (lesser horn of hyoid bone)	occipital artery	facial nerve [CNVII]	opens jaw when masseter and temporalis are relaxed	??	2	2
stylohyoid	Neck, Suprahyoid, Right/left	styloid process of temporal bone	greater horn of hyoid bone	occipital artery	facial nerve [CNVII]	elevates hyoid during swallowing	??	2	1
mylohyoid	Neck, Suprahyoid, Right/left	mylohyoid line of mandible	pharyngeal raphe	mylohyoid branch of inferior alveolar artery	mylohyoid nerve, from inferior alveolar branch of mandibular nerve [CNV₃]	raises oral cavity floor, elevates hyoid, depresses mandible	??	2	1
geniohyoid	Neck, Suprahyoid, Right/left	mandibular symphysis	anterior surface of body of hyoid bone		C1 via hypoglossal nerve	elevates hyoid and tongue upward during swallowing	??	2	1
sternohyoid	Neck, Infrahyoid, Right/left	sternum, manubrium	hyoid bone	superior thyroid artery	ansa cervicalis	depresses hyoid	??	2	1
sternothyroid	Neck, Infrahyoid, Right/left	sternum, manubrium	thyroid cartilage	superior thyroid artery	ansa cervicalis	depresses larynx, may slightly depress hyoid	??	2	1
thyrohyoid	Neck, Infrahyoid, Right/left	thyroid cartilage	hyoid bone	superior thyroid artery	C1	depress hyoid	??	2	1
omohyoid, superior belly	Neck, Infrahyoid, Right/left	upper border of scapula	hyoid bone	inferior thyroid artery	ansa cervicalis	depresses larynx, depresses and moves to side hyoid	??	2	2
omohyoid, inferior belly	Neck, Infrahyoid, Right/left	upper border of scapula	hyoid bone	inferior thyroid artery	ansa cervicalis	depresses larynx, depresses and moves to side hyoid	??	2	2
levator glandulae thyroideae	Neck, Infrahyoid, Right/left	thyrohyoid muscle	thyroid isthmus	?	ansa cervicalis	?	?	0	1
longus colli	Neck, Anterior	transverse processes of vertebrae C3, C4, C5, and C6	anterior arch of atlas	ascending pharyngeal artery, vertebral artery	C2, C3, C4, C5, C6	flexes neck and head	??	2	1
longus capitis	Neck, Anterior	anterior tubercles of transverse processes of vertebrae C3, C4, C5, and C6	basilar part of occipital bone	??	C1, C2, C3/C4	flexes neck at atlanto-occipital joint	??	2	1
rectus capitis, anterior	Neck, Anterior	atlas	occipital bone	??	C1	flexes neck at atlanto-occipital joint	??	2	1
rectus capitis, lateralis	Neck, Anterior/Lateral, Right/left	upper surface of transverse process of atlas (C1)	under surface of jugular process of occipital bone	??	C1	laterally flexes neck, stabilises sidebens at atlanto-occipital joint	??	2	1
scalenus anterior	Neck, Lateral, Right/left	cervical vertebrae C3-C6	first rib	inferior thyroid artery, ascending cervical artery	ventral ramus of C5, C6	when neck is fixed, elevates first rib to aid in breathing; when rib is fixed, bends neck forward and sideways and rotates it to opposite side	??	2	1
scalenus medius	Neck, Lateral, Right/left	cervical vertebrae C2-C6	first rib	inferior thyroid artery, ascending cervical artery	ventral rami of third to eighth cervical spinal nerves	elevates first rib, rotates neck to opposite side	??	2	1
scalenus posterior	Neck, Lateral, Right/left	cervical vertebrae C4 – C6, transverse processes	second rib	ascending cervical artery and superficial cervical artery	C6, C7, C8	elevates second rib, tilts neck to same side	??	2	1
scalenus minimus	Neck, Lateral, Right/left	cervical vertebrae C7	first rib	superficial cervical artery	C7, C8	elevates first rib	??	0	1
levator scapulae	Neck/Upper Limb, Verterbral Column, Lateral, Right/left	posterior tubercles of transverse processes of C1 – C4 vertebrae	superior part of medial border of scapula	dorsal scapular artery	cervical nerve (C3, C4) and dorsal scapular nerve (C5)	elevates scapula, tilts glenoid cavity inferiorly by rotating scapula	serratus anterior	2	1
obliquus capitis, superior	Neck, Posterior/Lateral, Right/left	lateral mass of atlas	lateral half of inferior nuchal line	??	suboccipital nerve	flexes head to same side	??	2	1
obliquus capitis, inferior	Neck, Posterior/Lateral, Right/left	spinous process of axis	lateral mass of atlas	??	suboccipital nerve	rotates neck	??	2	1
rectus capitis, posterior minor	Neck, Posterior	tubercle on posterior arch of atlas (C1)	medial part of inferior nuchal line of occipital bone and surface between it and foramen magnum	??	a branch of dorsal primary division of suboccipital nerve	sensory organ for neck position, also extends head at neck	??	2	1
rectus capitis, posterior major	Neck, Posterior	spinous process of axis (C2)	inferior nucheal line of occipital bone	occipital artery	dorsal ramus of C1 (suboccipital nerve)	rotates and extends head to same side	??	2	1
rectus abdominis	Torso, Abdomen, right/left	pubic symphysis, pubic crest	xiphoid process, costal cartilages of ribs 5-7	inferior epigastric artery, superior epigastric artery; contributions from posterior intercostal arteries, subcostal arteries, and deep circumflex arteries	intercostal nerves, subcostal nerve	flexes trunk, compresses abdominal organs, aids in expiration	erector spinae	2	1
external abdominal oblique	Torso, Abdomen, right/left	external surfaces of ribs 5-12	linea alba, pubic tubercle, anterior half of iliac crest	lower posterior intercostal arteries, subcostal artery, deep circumflex iliac artery	motor: intercostal nerves (T7-T11), subcostal nerve sensory: iliohypogastric nerve	flexes trunk to same side, rotates trunk to opposite side, expiration, compresses abdominal organs		2	1
internal abdominal oblique	Torso, Abdomen, right/left	anterior two-thirds of iliac crest, iliopectineal arch, thoracolumbar fascia	inferior borders of ribs 10–12, pubic crest	lower posterior intercostal arteries, subcostal artery, superior epigastric artery, inferior epigastric artery, superficial circumflex iliac artery, deep circumflex iliac artery, posterior lumbar arteries	intercostal nerves (T7-T11), subcostal nerve, iliohypogastric nerve, ilioinguinal nerve	flexes trunk to same side, rotates trunk to opposite side, expiration, compresses abdominal organs		2	1
cremaster	Torso, Abdomen, inguinal canal and scrotum	Internal oblique	Tunica vaginalis	Cremasteric artery	Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve	raise and lower the scrotum (involuntary)	?	0-1(M)	1
transversus abdominis	Torso, Abdomen, right/left	internal surface of costal cartilage of ribs 7–12, thoracolumbar fascia, anterior two-thirds of iliac crest, iliopectineal arch	linea alba, aponeurosis of internal oblique muscle, pubic crest	lower posterior intercostal arteries, subcostal artery, superior epigastric artery, inferior epigastric artery, superficial circumflex iliac artery, deep circumflex iliac artery, posterior lumbar arteries	intercostal nerves T7-T11, subcostal nerve, iliohypogastric nerve, ilioinguinal nerve	rotates trunk to same side, compresses abdominal organs, expiration		2	1
pyramidalis	Torso, Abdomen, right/left	pubic symphysis, pubic crest	linea alba	inferior epigastric artery	subcostal nerve	tenses linea alba		2	1
quadratus lumborum	Torso, Abdomen, right/left	iliac crest, iliolumbar ligament	inferior border of rib 12, transverse processes of L1-L4	lumbar, median sacral, iliolumbar, subcostal arteries	subcostal nerve, anterior rami of spinal nerves L1-L4	flexes trunk to same side, fixes rib 12 during inspiration, extends trunk		2	1
iliocostalis colli	Torso, Back, right/left	sacrum, iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia, spinous processes	ribs	lateral sacral artery	posterior branch of spinal nerve	extends/flexes vertebral column	rectus abdominis	2	1
iliocostalis lumborum	Torso, Back, right/left	sacrum, iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia, spinous processes	The lower six or seven ribs	lateral sacral artery	posterior branch of spinal nerve	extends/flexes vertebral column	rectus abdominis	2	1
iliocostalis thoracis	Torso, Back, right/left	sacrum, iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia, spinous processes(the lower six ribs)	upper six ribs and the transverse process of CVII	lateral sacral artery	posterior branch of spinal nerve	extends/flexes vertebral column	rectus abdominis	2	1
longissimus capitis	Torso/Neck, Back, right/left	articular processes of C4-C7; transverse processes of T1-T5	posterior margin of mastoid process	lateral sacral artery	posterior branch of spinal nerve	extends/flexes vertebral column, flexes head and neck to same side	rectus abdominis	2	1
longissimus colli	Torso, Back, right/left	transverse process	transverse process	lateral sacral artery	posterior branch of spinal nerve	extends/flexes vertebral column	rectus abdominis	2	1
longissimus thoracis	Torso, Back, right/left	transverse process	transverse process	lateral sacral artery	posterior branch of spinal nerve	extends/flexes vertebral column	rectus abdominis	2	1
longissimus thoracis, lumbar part	Torso, Back, right/left	transverse process	transverse process	lateral sacral artery	posterior branch of spinal nerve	extends/flexes vertebral column	rectus abdominis	2	0
spinalis capitis	Torso, Back, right/left	spinous process	spinous process	lateral sacral artery	posterior branch of spinal nerve	extends/flexes vertebral column	rectus abdominis	2	1
spinalis colli	Torso, Back, right/left	spinous process	spinous process	lateral sacral artery	posterior branch of spinal nerve	extends/flexes vertebral column	rectus abdominis	2	1
spinalis thoracis	Torso, Back, right/left	spinous process	spinous process	lateral sacral artery	posterior branch of spinal nerve	extends/flexes vertebral column	rectus abdominis	2	1
latissimus dorsi	Torso/Upper Limb, Back, Vertebral column, right/left	spinous processes of thoracic T6-T12, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest and inferior 3 or 4 ribs	floor of intertubercular groove of humerus	subscapular artery, dorsal scapular artery	thoracodorsal nerve(C6 to C8)	pulls forelimb dorsally and caudally(Extends, medially rotates and adducts humerus)	deltoid, trapezius	2	1
semispinalis thoracis	Torso, Back, right/left	transverse processes of sixth to tenth thoracic vertebrae	spinous processes of upper four thoracic vertebrae and lower two cervical vertebrae		posterior branch of spinal nerve	extends/rotates vertebral column		2	1
semispinalis colli (cervicis)	Torso, Back, right/left	transverse processes of upper five or six thoracic vertebrae	spinous processes, cervical, from axis to fifth		posterior branch of spinal nerve	extends/rotates vertebral column		2	1
semispinalis capitis	Torso/Neck, Back, right/left	articular processes of C4-C6; transverse processes of C7 and T1-T7	spinous process, occipital bone, area between superior nuchal line and inferior nuchal line		greater occipital nerve	extends head		2	1
multifidus lumborum	Torso, Back, right/left	sacrum, erector spinae aponeurosis, PSIS, and iliac crest	spinous process		posterior branch of spinal nerve	stabilizes vertebrae in local movements of vertebral column		2	1
multifidus thoracis	Torso, Back, right/left	sacrum, erector spinae aponeurosis, PSIS, and iliac crest	spinous process		posterior branch of spinal nerve	stabilizes vertebrae in local movements of vertebral column		2	1
multifidus colli	Torso, Back, right/left	sacrum, erector spinae aponeurosis, PSIS, and iliac crest	spinous process		posterior branch of spinal nerve	stabilizes vertebrae in local movements of vertebral column		2	1
rotatores, long 1-11	Torso, Back, thoracis, right/left	transverse process	spinous process	spinous process	posterior branch			22	1
rotatores, short 1-11	Torso, Back, thoracis, right/left	transverse process	spinous process	spinous process	posterior branch			22	1
rotatores lumborum	Torso, Back, right/left	transverse process	spinous process	spinous process	posterior branch			0	1
rotatores colli	Torso, Back, right/left	transverse process	spinous process	spinous process	posterior branch			0	1
interspinales lumborum 1-4	Torso, Back, right/left	spinous process	spinous process		posterior rami of spinal nerves	extends, flexes, and rotates vertebral column		8	1
interspinales thoracis 1-3	Torso, Back, right/left	spinous process	spinous process		posterior rami of spinal nerves	extends, flexes, and rotates vertebral column		6	1
interspinales colli 1-6	Torso, Back, right/left	spinous process	spinous process		posterior rami of spinal nerves	extends, flexes, and rotates vertebral column		12	1
intertransversarii, anterior colli 1-7	Torso, Back, right/left	transverse process	transverse process above		posterior rami of spinal nerves	laterally flexes trunk		14	1
intertransversarii, lateral posterior colli 1-7	Torso, Back, right/left	transverse process	transverse process above		posterior rami of spinal nerves	laterally flexes trunk		14	1
intertransversarii, medial posterior colli 1-7	Torso, Back, right/left	transverse process	transverse process above		posterior rami of spinal nerves	laterally flexes trunk		14	1
intertransversarii, lateral lumborum, dorsal parts 1-5	Torso, Back, right/left	transverse process	transverse process above		posterior rami of spinal nerves	laterally flexes trunk		10	2
intertransversarii, lateral lumborum, ventral parts 1-5	Torso, Back, right/left	transverse process	transverse process above		posterior rami of spinal nerves	laterally flexes trunk		10	2
intertransversarii, medial lumborum 1-5	Torso, Back, right/left	transverse process	transverse process above		posterior rami of spinal nerves	laterally flexes trunk		10	1
intertransversarii, thoracis 1-9	Torso, Back, right/left	transverse process	transverse process above		posterior rami of spinal nerves	laterally flexes trunk		18	1
splenius capitis	Torso/Neck, Back, right/left	nuchal ligament, spinous process of C7-T6	mastoid process of temporal bone, occipital bone	??	C3, C4	extends, rotates, and laterally flexes head		2	1
splenius colli	Torso, Back, right/left	spinous processes of T3-T6	transverse processes of C1, C2, C3		C5, C6			2	1
external intercostal 1-11	Torso, Chest (left/right)	inferior border of rib (above)	superior border of rib (below)	intercostal arteries	intercostal nerves	inhalation	internal	22	1
internal intercostal 1-11	Torso, Chest (left/right)	inferior border of rib (above)	superior border of rib (below)	intercostal arteries	intercostal nerves	holds ribs steady	external	22	1
innermost intercostal 1-11	Torso, Chest	inferior border of rib (above)	superior border of rib (below)	intercostal arteries	intercostal nerves	elevates ribs, expiration		22	1
subcostales 1-n	Torso, Chest	inner surface of one rib	inner surface of second or third rib above, near its angle	intercostal arteries	intercostal nerves			11^[7]	1
transversus thoracis	Torso, Chest	costal cartilages of last 3–4 ribs, body of sternum, xiphoid process	ribs/costal cartilages 2–6	intercostal arteries	intercostal nerves	depresses ribs		2	1
levatores costarum, longi 1-4	Torso, Chest	transverse processes of C7 to T12 vertebrae	superior surfaces of ribs immediately inferior to preceding vertebrae		dorsal rami – C8, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, T11	assists in elevation of thoracic rib cage		8	1
levatores costarum, breves 1-12	Torso, Chest	transverse processes of C7 to T12 vertebrae	superior surfaces of ribs immediately inferior to preceding vertebrae		dorsal rami – C8, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, T11	assists in elevation of thoracic rib cage		24	1
serratus posterior inferior	Torso, Chest	vertebrae T11 – L3	inferior borders of 9th through 12th ribs	intercostal arteries	intercostal nerves	depresses lower ribs(IX to XII), aiding in expiration		2	1
serratus posterior superior	Torso, Chest	nuchal ligament (or ligamentum nuchae) and spinous processes of vertebrae C7 through T3	upper borders of 2nd through 5th ribs	intercostal arteries	2nd through 5th intercostal nerves	elevates ribs(II to V), aiding in inspiration		2	1
hemidiaphragm, lumbar/costal/sternal part	Torso, Chest, Left/right	septum transversum, pleuroperitoneal folds, inner abdominal wall		pericardiacophrenic artery, musculophrenic artery, inferior phrenic arteries	phrenic and lower intercostal nerves	breathing		2	1
coccygeus	Torso, Pelvis	sacrospinous ligament	coccyx		sacral nerves: S4, S5 or S3-S4	closes back part of pelvic outlet		2	1
iliococcygeus	Torso, Pelvis, Levator ani	ischial spine, posterior part of tendinous arch of pelvic fascia	coccyx and anococcygeal raphe	inferior gluteal artery	levator ani nerve (S4) inferior rectal nerve from pudendal nerve (S3, S4) coccygeal plexus	supports organs in pelvic cavity		2	1
pubococcygeus	Torso, Pelvis, Levator ani	back surface of pubis, anterior part of obturator fascia	coccyx and sacrum	inferior gluteal artery	levator ani nerve (S4) inferior rectal nerve from pudendal nerve (S3, S4) coccygeal plexus	controls urine flow, contracts during orgasm		2	1
puboanalis (puborectalis)	Torso, Pelvis, Levator ani	lower part of pubic symphysis	–	inferior gluteal artery	S3, S4. levator ani nerve	inhibits defecation		2	1
puboperinealis	Torso, Pelvis, Levator ani	?	?	?	?	?	?	2	1
puboprostaticus (males) / pubovaginalis (females)	Torso, Pelvis, Levator ani	?	?	?	?	?	?	2	1
external anal sphincter, subcutaneous, superficial, and deep parts	Torso, Perineum	–	–	inferior rectal artery	S4 and twigs from inferior anal nerves of pudendal nerve	keeps anal canal and anus closed, aids in expulsion of feces	–	1	1
superficial transverse perineal	Torso, Perineum, Superficial perineal pouch	anterior surface of ischial tuberosity	central point of perineum	perineal artery	pudendal nerve	constricts urethra (maintains urinary continence), constricts vagina (women)		2	1
bulbospongiosus	Torso, Perineum, Superficial perineal pouch	perineal raphe	–	perineal artery	pudendal nerve	empties urethra (men), clenches vagina (women)		2	1
ischiocavernosus	Torso, Perineum, Superficial perineal pouch	ischial tuberosity	crus of penis (men), crus of clitoris (women)	perineal artery	pudendal nerve	assists bulbospongiosus		2	1
Deep transverse perineal	Torso, Perineum, Deep perineal pouch	inferior ramus of ischium	its fellow of opposite side		pudendal nerve	constricts urethra (maintains urinary continence), constricts vagina (women)		0-2(M)	1
compressor urethrae	Torso, Perineum, Deep perineal pouch	?	?	?	?	?	?	0-1(F)	1
sphincter urethrovaginalis	Torso, Perineum, Deep perineal pouch	?	?	?	?	?	?	0-1(F)	1
external urethral sphincter	Torso, Perineum, Deep perineal pouch	junction of inferior rami of pubis and ischium about 1.25 – 2 cm, and from neighboring fascia	its fellow of opposite side		perineal branch of pudendal nerve (S2, S3, S4)	constricts urethra, maintains urinary continence		2	1
trapezius, descending part	Upper limb, Vertebral column, Right/Left	down midline, external occipital protuberance, nuchal ligament, medial part of superior nuchal line, spinous processes of vertebrae C7-T12	at shoulders, lateral third of clavicle, acromion of scapula, spine of scapula	transverse cervical artery	motor: accessory nerve [CNXI]sensory: cervical nerves C3 and C4	retracts and assists in rotating scapula(lower fibers depress scapula, upper fibers elevate it and middle fibers adduct )	serratus anterior	2	3
trapezius, transverse part	Upper limb, Vertebral column, Right/Left	down midline, external occipital protuberance, nuchal ligament, medial part of superior nuchal line, spinous processes of vertebrae C7-T12	at shoulders, lateral third of clavicle, acromion of scapula, spine of scapula	transverse cervical artery	motor: accessory nerve [CNXI]sensory: cervical nerves C3 and C4	retracts and elevates scapula	serratus anterior	2	3
trapezius, ascending part	Upper limb, Vertebral column, Right/Left	down midline, external occipital protuberance, nuchal ligament, medial part of superior nuchal line, spinous processes of vertebrae C7-T12	at shoulders, lateral third of clavicle, acromion of scapula, spine of scapula	transverse cervical artery	motor: accessory nerve [CNXI]sensory: cervical nerves C3 and C4	retracts and elevates scapula	serratus anterior	2	3
transversus nuchae	Upper limb, Vertebral column, Right/Left	?	?	?	?	?	?	0	1
rhomboid major	Upper limb, Vertebral column, Right?/Left?	spinous processes of T2 to T5 vertebrae	medial border of scapula, inferior to insertion of rhomboid minor	dorsal scapular artery	dorsal scapular nerve (C4 and C5)	retracts scapula and rotates it to depress glenoid cavity, fixes scapula to thoracic wall	serratus anterior	2	1
rhomboid minor	Upper limb, Vertebral column, Right?/Left?	nuchal ligaments and spinous processes of C7- to T1 vertebrae	medial border of scapula, superior to insertion of rhomboid major	dorsal scapular artery	dorsal scapular nerve (C4 and C5)	retracts (adducts) scapula and rotates it to depress glenoid cavity, fixes scapula to thoracic wall	serratus anterior	2	1
sternalis	Upper limb,Thoracic walls, Right?/Left?	manubrium of sternum or clavicle	xiphoid process, pectoral fascia, lower ribs, costal cartilages or rectus sheath	?	various	?	?	0	1
pectoralis major	Upper limb,Thoracic walls, Right?/Left?	clavicular head: anterior surface of medial half of clavicle sternocostal head: anterior surface of sternum, superior six costal cartilages	intertubercular groove of humerus	pectoral branch of thoracoacromial artery	lateral pectoral nerve, medial pectoral nerve clavicular head: C5 and C6 sternocostal head: C7, C8 and T1	adducts and medially rotates humerus, draws scapula anteriorly and inferiorly clavicular head: flexes humerus sternocostal head: extends humerus		2	1
pectoralis major, abdominal part	Upper limb,Thoracic walls, Right?/Left?	clavicular head: anterior surface of medial half of clavicle sternocostal head: anterior surface of sternum, superior six costal cartilages	intertubercular groove of humerus	pectoral branch of thoracoacromial artery	lateral pectoral nerve, medial pectoral nerve clavicular head: C5 and C6 sternocostal head: C7, C8 and T1	adducts and medially rotates humerus, draws scapula anteriorly and inferiorly clavicular head: flexes humerus sternocostal head: extends humerus		0	0
pectoralis minor	Upper limb,Thoracic walls, Right?/Left?	3rd to 5th ribs, near their costal cartilages	medial border and superior surface of coracoid process of scapula	pectoral branch of thoracoacromial artery	medial pectoral nerve (C8, T1)	stabilizes scapula by drawing it inferiorly and anteriorly against thoracic wall		2	1
subclavius	Upper limb,Thoracic walls, Right?/Left?	first rib	subclavian groove of clavicle	thoracoacromial artery, clavicular branch	subclavian nerve	depresses clavicle		2	1
serratus anterior	Upper limb,Thoracic walls, Right?/Left?	fleshy slips from outer surface of upper 8 or 9 ribs	costal surface of medial margin of scapula	lateral thoracic artery (upper part), thoracodorsal artery (lower part)	long thoracic nerve (from roots of brachial plexus C5, C6, C7)	protracts and stabilises scapula, assists in upward rotation	rhomboid major, rhomboid minor, trapezius	2	1
deltoid, clavicular/acromial/scapular spinal parts	Upper limb, Shoulder, Right/left	clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula	deltoid tuberosity of humerus	primarily posterior circumflex humeral artery	axillary nerve	abducts, flexes, and extends shoulder	latissimus dorsi	2	1
teres major	Upper limb, Shoulder, Right/left	posterior surface of inferior angle of scapula	medial lip of intertubercular sulcus of humerus	subscapular artery, circumflex scapular artery	lower subscapular nerve (segmental levels C5 and C6)	internally rotates humerus		2	1
supraspinatus	Upper limb, Shoulder, rotator cuff, Right/left	supraspinous fossa of scapula	superior facet of greater tubercle of humerus	suprascapular artery	suprascapular nerve	abducts and stabilises humerus	infraspinatus, teres minor, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi	2	1
infraspinatus	Upper limb, Shoulder, rotator cuff, Right/left	infraspinous fossa of scapula	middle facet of greater tubercle of humerus	suprascapular artery, circumflex scapular artery	suprascapular nerve	laterally rotates, adducts, and stabilises humerus	subscapularis, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi	2	1
teres minor	Upper limb, Shoulder, rotator cuff, Right/left	lateral border of scapula	inferior facet of greater tubercle of humerus	posterior circumflex humeral artery, circumflex scapular artery	axillary nerve	laterally rotates and adducts humerus	subscapularis, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi	2	1
subscapularis	Upper limb, Shoulder, rotator cuff, Right/left	subscapular fossa of scapula	lesser tubercle of humerus	subscapular artery	upper subscapular nerve, lower subscapular nerve (C5, C6)	medially rotates humerus, stabilizes shoulder	infraspinatus, teres minor	2	1
coracobrachialis	Upper Limb, Arm, Anterior compartment, right/left	coracoid process of scapula	medial surface of humerus	brachial artery	musculocutaneous nerve	flexes and adducts shoulder		2	1
biceps brachii	Upper Limb, Arm, Anterior compartment, right/left	short head: coracoid process of scapula long head: supraglenoid tubercle	radial tuberosity, bicipital aponeurosis	brachial artery	musculocutaneous nerve (lateral cord: C5, C6, C7)	flexes elbow, supinates forearm	triceps brachii	2	1
brachialis	Upper Limb, Arm, Anterior compartment, right/left	anterior surface of humerus (mainly distal half)	coronoid process of ulna, tuberosity of ulna	radial recurrent artery	musculocutaneous nerve	flexes elbow	triceps brachii	2	1
triceps brachii	Upper Limb, Arm, Posterior compartment, right/left	long head: infraglenoid tubercle of scapula lateral head: posterior humerus (above radial sulcus) medial head: posterior humerus – (below radial sulcus)	olecranon of ulna	deep artery of arm	radial nerve	extends forearm, adducts shoulder (long head).medial head does not function at shoulder.	biceps brachii, brachialis	2	1
articularis cubiti	Upper Limb, Arm, Posterior compartment, right/left	deep distal surface of medial head of triceps	posterior capsule of elbow joint	deep artery of arm	radial nerve	lifts capsule away from joint	?	2	1
anconeus	Upper Limb, Arm, Posterior compartment, right/left	lateral epicondyle of humerus	lateral surface of olecranon, superior part of posterior ulna	deep artery of arm, interosseous recurrent artery	radial nerve (C7, C8, and T1)	partly blended with triceps, extends forearm, stabilises elbow, abducts ulna during pronation		2	1
pronator teres	Upper limb, Forearm, Anterior compartment, Superficial, Right/left	humeral head: medial epicondyle of humerus (common flexor tendon) ulnar head: coronoid process of ulna	pronator tuberosity of radius	ulnar artery, radial artery	median nerve	pronates forearm, flexes elbow	supinator	2	1
flexor carpi radialis	Upper limb, Forearm, Anterior compartment, Superficial, Right/left	medial epicondyle of humerus (common flexor tendon)	bases of second metacarpal, base of third metacarpal	radial artery	median nerve	flexes and abducts wrist	extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor carpi radialis longus	2	1
palmaris longus	Upper limb, Forearm, Anterior compartment, Superficial, Right/left	medial epicondyle of humerus (common flexor tendon)	palmar aponeurosis	ulnar artery	median nerve	flexes wrist	extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi ulnaris	2	1
flexor carpi ulnaris	Upper limb, Forearm, Anterior compartment, Superficial, Right/left	medial epicondyle of humerus (common flexor tendon)	pisiform, hook of hamate, base of fifth metacarpal	ulnar artery	muscular branches of ulnar nerve	flexes and adducts wrist	extensor carpi ulnaris	2	1
flexor digitorum superficialis	Upper limb, Forearm, Anterior compartment, Superficial, Right/left	medial epicondyle of humerus (common flexor tendon), parts of radius and ulna	bases of middle phalanges 2, 3, 4, and 5	ulnar artery	median nerve	flexes fingers (primarily at proximal interphalangeal joints)	extensor digitorum	2	1
pronator quadratus	Upper limb, Forearm, Anterior compartment, Deep, Right/left	medial anterior surface of ulna	lateral anterior surface of radius	anterior interosseous artery	anterior interosseous nerve (median nerve)	weakly pronates forearm	supinator	2	1
flexor digitorum profundus	Upper limb, Forearm, Anterior compartment, Deep, Right/left	ulna	distal phalanges	anterior interosseous artery	lateral belly: anterior interosseous nerve (median nerve)medial belly: muscular branches of ulnar nerve	flexes wrist, flexes interphalangeal joints	extensor digitorum	2	1
flexor pollicis longus	Upper limb, Forearm, Anterior compartment, Deep, Right/left	middle half of volar surface of radius, interosseus membrane	base of distal phalanx of thumb	anterior interosseous artery	anterior interosseous nerve (median nerve) (C8, T1)	flexes thumb	extensor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis	2	1
extensor digitorum	Upper limb, Forearm, Posterior compartment, Superficial, Right/left	lateral epicondyle of humerus (common extensor tendon)	2nd–5th phalanges	posterior interosseous artery	posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8)	extends hand, extends fingers	flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus	2	1
extensor digiti minimi	Upper limb, Forearm, Posterior compartment, Superficial, Right/left	anterior surface of lateral epicondyle of humerus (common extensor tendon)	extensor expansion, located at base of proximal phalanx on dorsal side	posterior interosseous artery	posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8)	extends little finger at all joints	flexor digiti minimi brevis (hand)	2	1
extensor carpi ulnaris	Upper limb, Forearm, Posterior compartment, Superficial, Right/left	lateral epicondyle of humerus (common extensor tendon), ulna	5th metacarpal	ulnar artery	posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8)	extends and adducts wrist	flexor carpi ulnaris	2	1
brachioradialis	Upper limb, Forearm, mobile wad, Right/left	lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus	radial styloid process (distal radius)	radial recurrent artery	radial nerve	flexes forearm, pronates forearm when supine, supinates forearm when prone		2	1
extensor carpi radialis longus	Upper limb, Forearm, mobile wad, Right/left	lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus	2nd metacarpal	radial artery	radial nerve	extends wrist joint, abducts hand at wrist	flexor carpi radialis	2	1
extensor carpi radialis brevis	Upper limb, Forearm, mobile wad, Right/left	anterior surface of lateral epicondyle of humerus (common extensor tendon)	base of 3rd metacarpal	radial artery	posterior interosseus nerve	extends wrist joint, abducts hand at wrist	flexor carpi radialis	2	1
supinator	Upper limb, Forearm, Posterior compartment, Deep, Right/left	lateral epicondyle of humerus, supinator crest of ulna, radial collateral ligament, annular ligament	lateral proximal shaft of radius	radial recurrent artery	posterior interosseus nerve (C7, C8)	supinates forearm	pronator teres, pronator quadratus	2	1
extensor indicis	Upper limb, Forearm, Posterior compartment, Deep, Right/left	ulna	index finger (extensor hood)		posterior interosseus nerve (C7, C8)	extends index finger, wrist		2	1
abductor pollicis longus	Upper limb, Forearm, anatomical snuffbox, Right/left	ulna	first metacarpal	posterior interosseous artery	posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8)	abducts and extends thumb	adductor pollicis	2	1
extensor pollicis brevis	Upper limb, Forearm, anatomical snuffbox, Right/left	radius, interosseous membrane of forearm	proximal phalanx of thumb	posterior interosseous artery	posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8)	extends thumb at metacarpophalangeal joint	flexor pollicis longus, flexor pollicis brevis	2	1
extensor pollicis longus	Upper limb, Forearm, anatomical snuffbox, Right/left	ulna, interosseous membrane of forearm	distal phalanx of thumb	posterior interosseous artery	posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8)	extends thumb (metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal)	flexor pollicis longus, flexor pollicis brevis	2	1
opponens pollicis	Upper limb, Hand, Lateral volar, Thenar	trapezium, transverse carpal ligament	metacarpal bone of thumb on its radial side	superficial palmar arch	median nerve	opposes thumb		2	1
flexor pollicis brevis	Upper limb, Hand, Lateral volar, Thenar	trapezoid, flexor retinaculum	thumb, proximal phalanx	superficial palmar arch	median nerve, deep branch of ulnar nerve (medial head)	flexes thumb	extensor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis	2	1
abductor pollicis brevis	Upper limb, Hand, Lateral volar, Thenar	flexor retinaculum of hand, scaphoid and trapezium	radial base of proximal phalanx of thumb and thumb extensors	superficial palmar arch	median nerve	abducts thumb	adductor pollicis	2	1
adductor pollicis	Upper limb, Hand, Lateral volar, Thenar	transverse head: anterior body of third metacarpal oblique head: bases of second and third metacarpals and adjacent trapezoid and capitate bones	medial side of base of proximal phalanx of thumb and ulnar sesamoid	deep palmar arch	deep branch of ulnar nerve (T1)	adducts thumb at carpometacarpal joint	abductor pollicis longus, abductor pollicis brevis	2	1
palmaris brevis	Upper limb, Hand, Medial volar	flexor retinaculum (medial), palmar aponeurosis	palm	palmar metacarpal artery	superficial branch of ulnar nerve	wrinkle skin of palm		2	1
abductor digiti minimi (hand)	Upper limb, Hand, Medial volar, hypothenar	pisiform	base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit on ulnar or medial side	ulnar artery	deep branch of ulnar nerve	abducts little finger		2	1
flexor digiti minimi (hand)	Upper limb, Hand, Medial volar, hypothenar	hamate bone	little finger	ulnar artery	deep branch of ulnar nerve	flexes little finger	extensor digiti minimi	2	1
opponens digiti minimi (hand)	Upper limb, Hand, Medial volar, hypothenar	hook of hamate, flexor retinaculum	medial border of 5th metacarpal	ulnar artery	deep branch of ulnar nerve (C8 and T1)	draws 5th metacarpal anteriorly and rotates it, bringing little finger (5th digit) into opposition with thumb		2	1
lumbricals of the hand 1-4	Upper limb, Hand, Intermediate	flexor digitorum profundus	extensor expansion	superficial palmar arch, common palmar digital arteries, deep palmar arch, dorsal digital artery	deep branch of ulnar nerve, median nerve	flex metacarpophalangeal joints, extend interphalangeal joints		8	1
dorsal interossei (hand) 1-4	Upper limb, Hand, Intermediate	metacarpals	proximal phalanges	dorsal metacarpal artery, palmar metacarpal artery	deep branch of ulnar nerve	abduct fingers	palmar interossei	8	1
palmar interossei 1-3	Upper limb, Hand, Intermediate	metacarpals	proximal phalanges	palmar metacarpal artery	deep branch of ulnar nerve	adduct fingers	dorsal interossei	6	1
pollical palmar interosseus	Upper limb, Hand, Intermediate	metacarpals	proximal phalanges	palmar metacarpal artery	deep branch of ulnar nerve	adduct fingers	dorsal interossei	1.6	1
psoas major	Lower Limb, Iliac region, iliopsoas	transverse processes, bodies and intervertebral discs of T12-L5 vertebrae	lesser trochanter of femur	iliolumbar artery	lumbar plexus via anterior branches of L1, L2, L3^[8]	flexes and rotates laterally thigh	gluteus maximus	2	1
psoas minor	Lower Limb, Iliac region, iliopsoas	side of T11+L1 and IV intervertebral disc	Pectineal line and iliopectineal eminence	iliolumbar artery, lumbar arteries	L1	weakly flexes trunk flexor	gluteus maximus	0.8	1
iliacus	Lower Limb, Iliac region, iliopsoas	iliac fossa	lesser trochanter of femur	medial femoral circumflex artery, Iliolumbar artery	femoral nerve (L2, L3^[8])	flexes hip^[9]	gluteus maximus	2	1
tensor fasciae latae	Lower limb, Gluteal, Left/right	iliac crest	iliotibial tract	primarily lateral circumflex femoral artery, superior gluteal artery	superior gluteal nerve (L4, L5)	flexes thigh, medially rotates thigh, stabilises torso		2	1
gluteus maximus	Lower limb, gluteal, Left/right	gluteal surface of ilium, lumbar fascia, sacrum, sacrotuberous ligament	gluteal tuberosity of femur, iliotibial tract	superior gluteal artery, inferior gluteal artery	inferior gluteal nerve (L5, S1, S2 nerve roots)	externally rotates and extends hip joint, supports extended knee through iliotibial tract, chief antigravity muscle in sitting	Iliacus, psoas major, psoas minor	2	1
gluteus medius	Lower limb, gluteal, Left/right	gluteal surface of ilium, under gluteus maximus	greater trochanter of femur	superior gluteal artery	superior gluteal nerve (L4, L5, S1 nerve roots)	abduction of hip; preventing adduction of hip Medial rotation of thigh	lateral rotator group	2	1
gluteus minimus	Lower limb, gluteal, Left/right	gluteal surface of ilium, under gluteus medius	greater trochanter of femur	superior gluteal artery	superior gluteal nerve (L4, L5, S1 nerve roots)	abduction of hip; preventing adduction of hip Medial rotation of thigh	lateral rotator group	2	1
piriformis	Lower limb, gluteal, lateral rotator group, Left/right	sacrum	greater trochanter	inferior gluteal artery, lateral sacral artery, superior gluteal artery	piriformis nerve (S1 and S2 nerve roots)^[10]	laterally rotates (outward) thigh		2	1
obturator externus	Lower limb, gluteal, lateral rotator group, Left/right	obturator foramen and obturatory membrane	medial surface of greater trochanter of femur	obturator artery	posterior branch of obturator nerve (L3, L4)	adduct thigh, rotate laterally thigh		2	1
superior gemellus	Lower limb, gluteal, lateral rotator group, Left/right	ischial spine			nerve to obturator internus (L5, S1, S2)			2	1
obturator internus	Lower limb, gluteal, lateral rotator group, Left/right	ischiopubic ramus, obturator membrane	medial surface of greater trochanter of femur		nerve to obturator internus (L5, S1, S2)	abducts & rotates laterally thigh, stabilises hip during walking		2	1
inferior gemellus	Lower limb, gluteal, lateral rotator group, Left/right	ischial tuberosity	obturator internus tendon		nerve to quadratus femoris (L4, L5, S1)	laterally rotates thigh		2	1
quadratus femoris	Lower limb, gluteal, lateral rotator group, Left/right	ischial tuberosity	intertrochanteric crest	inferior gluteal artery	nerve to quadratus femoris (L4, L5, S1)			2	1
articularis genus	Lower limb, Thigh, Anterior compartment	femur	suprapatellar bursa	femoral artery	femoral nerve	pulls suprapatellar bursa during extension of knee		2	1
sartorius	Lower limb, Thigh, Anterior compartment	superior to anterior superior iliac spine	medial side of upper tibia in pes anserinus	femoral artery	femoral nerve	flexes, laterally rotates, and abducts thigh, flexes and medially rotates leg		2	1
rectus femoris	Lower limb, Thigh, Anterior compartment	anterior inferior iliac spine and exterior surface of bony ridge which forms iliac portion of acetabulum	patella and tibial tuberosity via patellar tendon	femoral artery	femoral nerve	knee extension; hip flexion	hamstring	2	1
vastus lateralis	Lower limb, Thigh, Anterior compartment	greater trochanter, intertrochanteric line, and linea aspera of femur	patella and tibial tuberosity via patellar tendon	femoral artery	femoral nerve	extends knee	hamstring	2	1
vastus intermedius	Lower limb, Thigh, Anterior compartment	anterior surface of femur	patella and tibial tuberosity via patellar tendon	femoral artery	femoral nerve	extends knee	hamstring	2	1
vastus medialis	Lower limb, Thigh, Anterior compartment	anteromedial surface of femur	patella and tibial tuberosity via patellar tendon	femoral artery	femoral nerve	extends knee	hamstring	2	1
biceps femoris	Lower limb, Thigh, Posterior compartment/hamstring	ischial tuberosity (long head), linea aspera of femur (short head)^[11]	head of fibula^[11] articulating with back of lateral tibial condyle	inferior gluteal artery, perforating arteries, popliteal artery	medial (tibial) part of sciatic nerve (long head), lateral (common fibular) part of sciatic nerve (short head)^[11]	flexes knee joint, laterally rotates leg at knee (when knee is flexed), extends hip joint (long head only)^[11]	quadriceps femoris	2	1
semitendinosus	Lower limb, Thigh, Posterior compartment/hamstring	ischial tuberosity^[11]	pes anserinus	inferior gluteal artery, perforating arteries	sciatic nerve^[11] (tibial, L5, S1, S2)	flexes knee, extends hip, medially rotates leg at knee^[11]	quadriceps femoris	2	1
semimembranosus	Lower limb, Thigh, Posterior compartment/hamstring	ischial tuberosity^[11]	medial surface of tibia^[11]	profunda femoris, gluteal artery	sciatic nerve^[11]	flexes knee, extends hip, medially rotates leg at knee^[11]	quadriceps femoris	2	1
gracilis	Lower limb, Thigh/Hip, Medial compartment (adductor muscles)	inferior pubic ramus^[12]	tibia (pes anserinus)	obturator artery	anterior branch of obturator nerve^[12]	adducts hip, flexes hip, medially rotates knee^[12]	gluteus medius, gluteus minimus	2	1
pectineus	Lower limb, Thigh/Hip, Medial compartment (adductor muscles)	superior pubic ramus^[12]	lesser trochanter, linea aspera	obturator artery	femoral nerve and obturator nerve (medial compartment)^[12]	adducts and flexes hip^[12]	gluteus medius, gluteus minimus	2	1
adductor brevis	Lower limb, Thigh/Hip, Medial compartment (adductor muscles)	anterior surface of inferior pubic ramus^[12]	lesser trochanter and linea aspera of femur	obturator artery	anterior branch of obturator nerve^[12]	adducts hip^[12]	gluteus medius, gluteus minimus	2	1
adductor longus	Lower limb, Thigh/Hip, Medial compartment (adductor muscles)	pubic body just below pubic crest	middle third of linea aspera	obturator artery	anterior branch of obturator nerve^[12]	adducts and medially rotates hip^[12]	gluteus medius, gluteus minimus	2	1
adductor magnus, adductor part	Lower limb, Thigh/Hip, Medial compartment (adductor muscles)	pubis^[12]	femur, adductor tubercle of femur	obturator artery	posterior branch of obturator nerve (adductor) and tibial part of sciatic nerve (vertical head)^[12]	adducts hip^[12]	gluteus medius, gluteus minimus	2	3
adductor minimus	Lower limb, Thigh/Hip, Medial compartment (adductor muscles), part of adductor magnus	Inferior ramus	Linea aspera of the femur	Obturator artery and the medial circumflex femoral artery of the femoral artery.	Obturator and tibial nerves	Adduction and lateral rotation of thigh	gluteus medius, gluteus minimus	2	3
adductor magnus, ischiocondylar part	Lower limb, Thigh/Hip, Medial compartment (adductor muscles)	pubis^[12]	femur, adductor tubercle of femur	obturator artery	posterior branch of obturator nerve (adductor) and tibial part of sciatic nerve (vertical head)^[12]	adducts hip^[12]	gluteus medius, gluteus minimus	2	3
tibialis anterior	Lower limb, Leg, Anterior Compartment	body of tibia	medial cuneiform and first metatarsal bones of foot	anterior tibial artery	deep fibular nerve	dorsiflexes and inverts foot	fibularis longus, gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris, tibialis posterior	2	1
extensor hallucis longus	Lower limb, Leg, Anterior Compartment	middle portion of anterior surface of fibula, anterior surface of interosseous membrane	dorsal side of base of distal phalanx of hallux	anterior tibial artery	deep fibular nerve	extends big toe, assists in dorsiflexion of foot at ankle, weakly inverts foot	flexor hallucis longus, flexor hallucis brevis	2	1
extensor digitorum longus	Lower limb, Leg, Anterior Compartment	lateral condyle of tibia, superior ¾ of interosseous membrane	middle and distal phalanges of lateral four digits	anterior tibial artery	deep fibular nerve	extension of toes and ankle	flexor digitorum longus, flexor digitorum brevis	2	1
fibularis tertius	Lower limb, Leg, Anterior Compartment	distal anterior surface of fibula	dorsal surface of fifth metatarsal	anterior tibial artery	deep fibular nerve	dorsi flexes and everts foot		2	1
gastrocnemius	Lower Limb, Leg, Calf	medial condyle and lateral condyle of femur	calcaneus	sural arteries	tibial nerve from sciatic nerve, specifically, nerve roots S1, S2	plantarflexes ankle, flexes knee (minor)	tibialis anterior	2	1
soleus	Lower Limb, Leg, Calf	fibula, medial border of tibia (soleal line)	tendo calcaneus	sural arteries	tibial nerve, specifically, nerve roots L₅–S₂	plantarflexes ankle	tibialis anterior	2	1
plantaris	Lower Limb, Leg, Posterior compartment, Superficial	lateral supracondylar ridge of femur above lateral head of gastrocnemius	calcaneal tendon (medial side, deep to gastrocnemius tendon)	sural arteries	tibial nerve	plantarflexes ankle, flexes knee	tibialis anterior	2	1
popliteus	Lower Limb, Leg, Posterior compartment, Deep	middle facet of lateral surface of lateral femoral condyle	posterior tibia under tibial condyles	popliteal artery	tibial nerve	medially rotates and flexes knee		2	1
flexor hallucis longus	Lower Limb, Leg, Posterior compartment, Deep, tarsal tunnel	posterior surface of upper 1/3 of fibula	base of distal phalanx of hallux	fibular artery (peroneal branch of posterior tibial artery	tibial nerve, S1, S2 nerve roots	flexes all joints of big toe, plantarflexes ankle	extensor hallucis longus	2	1
flexor digitorum longus	Lower Limb, Leg, Posterior compartment, Deep, tarsal tunnel	medial tibia	distal phalanges of lateral four digits	posterior tibial artery	tibial nerve	flexes toes	extensor digitorum longus, extensor digitorum brevis	2	1
tibialis posterior	Lower Limb, Leg, Posterior compartment, Deep, tarsal tunnel	tibia, fibula	navicular, medial cuneiform	posterior tibial artery	tibial nerve	inverts foot, plantarflexes foot at ankle	tibialis anterior	2	1
fibularis longus	Lower Limb, Leg, Lateral compartment	fibula	first metatarsal, medial cuneiform	fibular artery	superficial fibular nerve	plantarflexes and everts ankle	tibialis anterior	2	1
fibularis brevis	Lower Limb, Leg, Lateral compartment	fibula	fifth metatarsal	fibular artery	superficial fibular nerve	plantarflexes and everts ankle	tibialis posterior	2	1
extensor digitorum brevis	Lower limb, Foot, Dorsal, left/right	calcaneus	toes		deep fibular nerve	extends digits 2, 3, and 4	flexor digitorum longus, flexor digitorum brevis	2	1
extensor hallucis brevis	Lower limb, Foot, Dorsal, left/right	calcaneus	base of proximal phalanx of big toe		deep fibular nerve	extends big toe	flexor hallucis brevis	2	1
dorsal interossei (foot) 1-4	Lower limb, Foot, Dorsal / Fourth layer, left/right	metatarsals	proximal phalanges		lateral plantar nerve(fourth interosseous space: superficial branch others: deep branch), first and second interossei: lateral branch of deep fibular nerve	abducts toes	plantar interossei	8	1
abductor hallucis	Lower limb, plantar, first layer, left/right	medial process of calcaneus, flexor retinaculum, plantar aponeurosis	medial side of base of proximal phalanx of first digit		medial plantar nerve	abducts hallux	adductor hallucis	2	1
flexor digitorum brevis	Lower limb, plantar, first layer, left/right	medial process of calcaneus, plantar aponeurosis, intermuscular septa	middle phalanges of digits 2–5		medial plantar nerve	flexes lateral four toes	extensor digitorum longus, extensor digitorum brevis	2	1
abductor digiti minimi (foot)	Lower limb, plantar, first layer, left/right	plantar aponeurosis	phalanges of fifth toe	lateral plantar artery	lateral plantar nerve (S1, S2)	flexes and abducts fifth toe	flexor digiti minimi brevis (foot)	2	1
Abductor of fifth metatarsal abductor ossis metatarsi quinti (foot)	Lower limb, plantar, first layer, left/right	calcaneus	fifth toe	lateral plantar artery	lateral plantar nerve (S1, S2)	abducts fifth toe	flexor digiti minimi brevis (foot)	0	1
quadratus plantae	Lower limb, plantar, second layer, left/right	calcaneus	tendons of flexor digitorum longus		lateral plantar nerve (S1, S2)	flexes distal interphalangeal joints (assists flexor digitorum longus)		2	1
lumbricals of the foot 1-4	Lower limb, plantar, second layer, left/right	tendons of flexor digitorum longus	medial surface of extensor expansion of proximal phalanges of lateral four toes	lateral plantar artery, plantar arch, four plantar metatarsal arteries	lateral plantar nerve (lateral three lumbricals) and medial plantar nerve (first lumbrical)	maintain extension of digits at interphalangeal joints		8	1
flexor hallucis brevis	Lower limb, plantar, Third layer, left/right	plantar surface of cuneiforms, plantar calcaneocuboid ligament, long plantar ligament	medial head: medial sesamoid bone of metatarsophalangeal joint, proximal phalanx of great toelateral head: lateral sesamoid bone of metatarsophalangeal joint, proximal phalanx of great toe		medial plantar nerve	flexes big toe	extensor hallucis longus	2	1
adductor hallucis	Lower limb, plantar, Third layer, left/right	oblique head: proximal ends of middle 3 metatarsalstransverse head: metatarsophalangeal joints, ligaments of lateral 3 toes	lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of big toe, sesamoid		lateral plantar nerve	adducts big toe	abductor hallucis	2	1
flexor digiti minimi brevis (foot)	Lower limb, plantar, Third layer, left/right	fifth metatarsal bone	phalanx of fifth toe		lateral plantar nerve (superficial branch)	extends and adducts fifth toe	abductor digiti minimi	2	1
opponens digiti minimi muscle of foot (opponens digiti quinti)	Lower limb, plantar, first layer, left/right	?	middle phalanges of digit 5		?	?	?	0	1
plantar interossei 1-3	Lower limb, plantar, Fourth layer, left/right	tendons of plantar Interossei	proximal phalanges III-V – muscles cross the metatarsophalangeal joint of toes III-V so the insertions correspond with the origin and there is no crossing between toes	plantar arch, dorsal metatarsal artery	lateral plantar nerve	adducts toes 3 – 5, strengthens transverse arch	dorsal interossei	6

Muscles of the Lower Limb – Types, Functions, Movement

Gluteal Group

Lateral Rotator Group

Adductor Group

Other Muscles

Muscles that Cause Movement at the Knee Joint

Anterior Muscles of the Thigh

Posterior Muscles of the Thigh

Other Muscles

Muscles that Cause Movement at the Ankle

Anterior Compartment

Posterior Compartment

Superficial Muscles

Deep Muscles

Lateral Compartment

Dorsal Compartment

Plantar Compartment

Key Points

Key Movement

Key Points

More About The Muscles of Foot

Foot and Ankle

Plantar 1st layer

2nd Layer

3rd layer

4th layer

Table

References

Is it OK to wear running shoes for walking?

Trunk Muscles; Types, Classifications, Functions