The Persian lime is a small, green citrus fruit that grows on trees in warm climates. Limes can be sweet or sour, depending on the variety. Most of the limes you’ll find in American grocery stores are a variety known as Persian limes, most of which are imported from Mexico.

While sweet limes aren’t commonly available in the United States, Americans may be familiar with the Persian lime’s smaller, tart cousin, the Key lime. Whether sweet or sour, limes have many health benefits.

Citrus latifolia is known by many common names such as Bearss Lime, Persian Lime, Seedless Lime, Tahiti Lime, Tahitian Lime, Persische Limette, Tahitilimette, and lima da Persia. The nearly-thorn fewer trees in the Rutaceae (citrus family) grow robustly to a medium-large size with a spreading form and have white blossoms. It is a tree of the citrus family that produces the most common type of lime. The plant is native to southern Iraq and Iran, although other varieties were developed in the U.S. and Florida. Persian lime is of hybrid origin. It is actually the result of a cross between key lime (Citrus aurantiifolia) with lemon (Citrus × Limon). One of the common names Bearss lime is named after John T. Bearss, who developed this seedless variety around 1895 in his nursery at Porterville, California.

Plant Description

Persian lime is a moderately vigorous, unarmed (thornless) shrub or small tree that grows about 4.5 to 6.0 m (15 to 20 ft.) tall with widespread, drooping branches. Young shoots are purplish. In contrast to many other citrus species, it is often thornless or nearly so. The plant is found growing in tropical climates, subtropical with winter rain such as in the Mediterranean, and semitropical with summer rainfall.  It prefers well-drained, sandy, or calcareous soils but will not withstand water-logged soils or heavy clays. Leaves are unifoliolate, alternate, broad-lanceolate, medium green, glabrous, pellucid dotted, with acute apex and acute base, and slightly crenulate margin. Flowers are axillary, white, fragrant, solitary, or in few-flowered clusters.  Flowers contain both the male and female organs of the plant; the male part produces pollen and the female part has the stigma or ovary.

Fruit

Flowers are followed by berry (hesperidium), oval, obovate, oblong, or short-elliptical, usually rounded at the base that is 4 to 6.25 cm (1.5 to 2.5 in) wide and 5 to 7.25 cm (2 to 3 in) long, often with nippled or elongated ends, generally seedless or few-seeded. Fruits are initially vivid green to pale yellowish-green and yellow when fully ripe. The fruit has thin, leathery skin dotted with oil glands. Pulp is pale greenish in 10 segments, tender, and acid. The pollens are not viable. The fruit has a fragrant, spicy aroma and tart flavor, but the aroma and flavor are less intense than those of key lime. The advantages of the Persian lime in commercial agriculture compared to the key lime are the larger size, absence of seeds, hardiness, and absence of thorns on the bushes, and longer fruit shelf life that have combined to make it more widely cultivated. It is also widely available dried, as it is often used this way in Persian cooking. It is larger with less intense citrus aromatics than the key lime.

History

Citrus latifolia were first grown in southern Iraq and Iran, although other varieties were developed in the U.S. and Florida. Persian lime rose to fame after southern Florida’s key lime orchards were damaged by a hurricane in 1926. Mexico is now the main grower and exporter of Persian limes for the American, European and Asian markets. Mexico is the larger producer with a total of 1.9 million tons of limes in 2011. And they are mainly distributed to 5 countries that are the largest importers of lime oil this are the US, UK, Japan, Belgium, and Ireland. But in recent years Persian lime industry has taken off in Veracruz, dominated by large-scale producers, with over 25% of limes being produced using micro-jet irrigation or other irrigation systems, year-round in micro-climates.

Types

There have been only a few named cultivars, or alleged cultivars, of the Tahiti lime:

1. ‘Bearss’ (‘Bearss Seedless’, ‘Byrum Seedless’)

This was first put forward as a new variety of Tahiti lime originating in the grove of T.J. Bearss at Porterville, California, in 1895. It was described and illustrated in 1902 and cultivated and cataloged by the Fancher Creek Nursery Company in 1905. It was grown in California, Arizona and Hawaii under the name, ‘Bearss’, at least until the late 1940s. However, comparative studies made in California led to the decision that the ‘Bearss’ did not differ sufficiently from the typical Tahiti lime to be maintained as a distinct cultivar.

2. Idemor

A limb sport was found around 1934 in a grove owned by G.L. Polk in Homestead, Florida, and patented in 1941. The fruit is smaller and more round than the typical Tahiti. A very similar sport has been reported from Morocco. This lime is no longer planted because of its susceptibility to virus diseases.

3. Pond

In 1914, budwood was obtained by Dr. H.J. Webber from a Tahiti lime tree in the Moanalua Gardens, in Honolulu. Budded trees bore fruits that were somewhat smaller than the typical Tahiti but otherwise much the same. Trees were somewhat lower growing. This cultivar seems to have vanished.

4. USDA ‘No. 1’ and ‘No. 2’

Selections from many seedlings grown by Dr. James Childs of the United States Department of Agriculture at the Horticultural Field Station, Orlando, Florida. They are free of exocytic and xyloporosis viruses and are available to growers through Florida’s Budwood Registration Program. The fruit does not differ considerably in character from the typical Tahiti lime. The development of these virus-free clones has been a great boon to Florida’s lime industry.

Health benefits of Persian lime

The plants consist of a food amount of Vitamin C and bioflavonoids and thus help to prevent cancer and fight cold. Listed below are a few of the popular health benefits of consuming Persian lime

• Heart health – Vitamin C is related to a reduced risk of dying from cardiovascular issues, though other nutrients common in fruit and vegetables, such as fiber content, are also thought to play a role. In scientific research, lime juice and peel were shown to decrease fatty streaks found in coronary arteries. These streaks are actually indicators of plaque buildup and cardiovascular disease. The research concluded that low vitamin C levels are related to an increased risk of stroke. Thus include vitamin C-rich Persian lime in your regular diet to get benefits.
• Help prevent the formation of kidney stones – Fresh or concentrated lime juice consists of more citric acid compared to orange or grapefruit juice. Citric acid is a natural inhibitor of kidney stones made of crystallized calcium. Go for fresh lime juice squeezed into water, as opposed to commercial limeades, for maximal benefits.
• Healthy skin – A natural form of vitamin C, when consumed from fresh produce rather than in supplements, has a number of cosmetic benefits. It can help fight skin damage caused by the sun and pollution, reduce wrinkles, and improve the overall texture of the skin. Sufficient intake of vitamin C is also needed for building and maintaining the collagen that provides structure to skin and hair.
• Boosting the immune system – Foods that are high in vitamin C and other antioxidants can help the immune system battle germs that cause a cold or flu. Vitamin C helps the immune system to produce more cells and also improves those cells’ ability to kill microbes and protect the body against disease. Maintaining a diet high in fruits and vegetables is particularly important during the winter months. During this time, physical activity levels tend to decrease and seasonal diseases, such as the flu, gain momentum.
• Digestion – Persian lime is a very common home remedy for digestive problems. Flavonoids present in lime help to stimulate the digestive system. Lime juice increases the secretion of digestive juices, which in turn encourages the peristaltic motion. Lime can also cure digestive problems like constipation, and helps in cleaning the excretory system. Rinds of lime consist of volatile oils which aid digestion and prevent stomach gases. Once digested, limes are said to have an alkalizing effect and help to treat peptic ulcers.
• Treats Arthritis – Arthritis is caused due to the accumulation of excess uric acid in the body. This uric acid is a waste product that is normally removed through urination. But when excess uric acid builds up, it worsens the pain and inflammation of arthritis. The citric acid found in citrus fruits like limes dissolves the uric acid, causing the elimination of greater amounts through urine. Lime also possesses anti-inflammatory properties that can help ease pain and inflammation.
• Treats Gout – Gout is caused by the accumulation of free radicals or toxins in the body, primarily uric acid. Being a wonderful source of antioxidants and detoxifiers like Vitamin C and flavonoids, lime can help reduce the number of free radicals and detoxify your body, preventing gout.
• Treats Piles – Piles can be defined as an uncomfortable condition that occurs in the anal region, causing bleeding and discomfort during excretion and general activity. When left uncured, piles can even lead to certain forms of cancer. Limes can help heal ulcers and wounds in the digestive and excretory systems, thus providing relief from constipation, which is the root cause of piles.
• Treatment of Fever – Lime and lime juice possess natural fever reducing qualities. In case of high to moderate fever, the patient should be given lime juice and water along with other fruit juices to bring down the temperature to manageable levels. The high concentrations of Vitamin C in citrus fruits help lower the temperature naturally.
• Treatment of Common Cold – The high amount of vitamin C in limes not only treats the common cold but also increases the resistance of the body towards the common cold.
• Aids Digestion – The refreshing fragrance of lime can make your mouth water even before consuming it. The acids present in this fruit facilitate smoother digestion by breaking the macromolecules of food. Flavonoids are compounds found in the fragrant oil extracted from lime. These compounds stimulate the digestive system by increasing the secretion of digestive juices, bile, and acids.
• Treats Dehydration – Lime juice is a refreshing drink that provides quick hydration and rejuvenation, besides being rich in Vitamin C. It also helps to cure fatigue and vomiting bouts.
• Treats Cystitis – Cystitis, also known as urinary tract infection, is an inflammation of the urinary bladder caused due to a lack of hygiene or an allergic reaction to drugs or radiation therapy. Limes have a high content of potassium, which helps eliminate the toxic substances and precipitates that get accumulated in the kidneys and the urinary bladder. Limes also possess disinfectant properties that can help cure infections in the urinary system. Besides, they prevent prostate growth and prevent blockage of urine caused by calcium deposits in the urinary tract. In case of urinary tract infection, lime juice boiled in water should be taken every couple of hours to get relief.
• Treats Peptic Ulcers – Peptic ulcers generally develop in the inner lining of your stomach, esophagus, and upper small intestines, leading to a lot of abdominal pain. The acids in lime help reduce gastric acidity by causing an alkaline reaction in the digestive system. Besides Vitamin C, limes contain flavonoids, such as limonoids like Limonin Glucoside that possess antioxidant, antibiotic, anti-carcinogenic, and detoxifying properties that facilitate the quick healing of peptic and oral ulcers.
• Beneficial For The Heart – Limes are rich in soluble fiber that can lower blood pressure levels as well as LDL or ‘bad cholesterol. This soluble fiber also cures the inflammation of the blood vessels, providing protection against heart attack, strokes, and heart disease
• Lowers Cholesterol – Limes contain a flavonoid called hesperidin, which has been shown to lower cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the body. If you are suffering from increased cholesterol levels, it is advisable to boost your hesperidin levels by consuming more limes.
• Aids Weight Loss – Lime benefits weight loss. Lime juice has been traditionally used in several weight reduction programs and is a great refresher and antioxidant drink. Lime juice is naturally sweet but extremely low in calories. It contains citric acid, which is an excellent fat burner. To lose weight, add 1-2 teaspoons of raw, organic honey and the juice of fresh lime to 8 ounces of warm water. Drink it early in the morning on empty stomach to get beneficial results within a week.
• Good For Women’s Health – This citrus fruit contains calcium and folate, two vital nutrients for post-menopausal women as well as those in the child-bearing age. One fresh medium-sized lime contains 22 milligrams of calcium and five micrograms of folate. Women in these phases should make lime a part of their diet to get some relief.
• Treats Respiratory Disorders – The flavonoid-rich oil contained in lime extracts is used as an ingredient in anti-congestive medicines like vaporizers, balms, and inhalers due to the presence of kaempferol. Scratching the peel of a lime and inhaling it provides relief from congestion and nausea.
• Beneficial For Diabetics – According to the American Diabetes Association, citrus fruits like lime are beneficial for diabetics due to several reasons. Firstly, the high levels of soluble fiber in limes help regulate the body’s absorption of sugar into the bloodstream. This prevents the occurrence of a blood sugar spike, which is risky for diabetic patients. Secondly, like most citrus fruits, limes have a low glycemic index. They do not cause unexpected spikes in the glucose levels, thus adding to the benefits for diabetic patients.
• Prevents Cholera – Though now eradicated in many parts of the world, cholera continues to be a fatal disease in some places. Fortunately, limes and other citrus fruits can help prevent the occurrence of cholera. Lime juice, when added to potentially infected water, can prove to be an effective disinfectant. This juice, when consumed regularly by the patient who has been exposed to cholera-infected water, can reduce the ill effects of this deadly disease.
• Anti-Cancer Properties – The limonoid compounds present in limes have been shown to possess anti-carcinogenic properties that help prevent cancers of the colon, blood, and stomach. Though the exact effect is yet to be known, scientists have observed through research that the antioxidant limonoids can cause the death of cancer cells. Besides, they stay active in your blood cells for longer and can fight more free radicals than green tea or dark chocolate.
• Antiviral Properties – Lime helps to fight and protect against viral infections that cause the common cold, mumps, measles, pox, and other similar diseases. It is effective in curing throat, mouth, stomach, intestines, colon, and urinary infections. It is also an effective cure for infections of the respiratory system, such as coughs and chest congestion, bronchitis, sinusitis, and asthma.
• Works As An Antiseptic – Lime contains antiseptic properties and is used to cure infections of the skin and external wounds, like insect bites and cuts. It is also effective in curing sores, gangrene, ulcers, rashes, carbuncles, and other similar problems. When consumed, it can cure the infection in the colon, urinary tract, and kidneys.
• Bactericidal Properties – Lime in oral form can be used in the treatment of illnesses caused by bacteria, such as diarrhea, food poisoning, cholera, and typhoid. As mentioned previously, it also is an effective cure for bacterial infections of the intestines, colon, stomach, and urinary tract.
• As An Astringent – Because of its astringent properties, lime helps in curing toothaches and strengthens gums. It also tightens loose muscles. It is extremely beneficial to those who are recovering from injury and is helpful in relieving pain in muscles and joints.
• Other Benefits – Lime helps rejuvenate your skin and protects it from infections, thanks to its antioxidant, disinfectant, and antibiotic properties. The presence of a large amount of Vitamin C and flavonoids in lime juice helps reduce body odor and sweat. For this purpose, you can mix some lime juice in your bath water to get a rejuvenating bath experience. When applied externally on your skin, it helps treat bruises and rashes.

Traditional uses and benefits of Persian Lime

• Leaves or an infusion of crushed leaves may be applied to relieve headaches.
• Lime juice, administered quickly, was found to be an effective antidote for the painful oral irritation and inflammation that result from biting into aroids such as Dieffenbachia spp., Xanthosoma spp., Philodendron spp., and their allies.
• Lime juice has also been applied to relieve the effects of stinging corals.
• Excessive exposure to the peel oil of the Tahiti lime may cause dermatitis.

Ayurvedic health benefits of Persian lime Juice

• Indigestion & Acidity: A tsp of fresh lime juice mixed with a tsp of honey is a very effective home remedy for indigestion and burning in the chest due to acidity. Lime juice is also useful when there is excessive accumulation of saliva in the mouth.
• Hiccups: Take a tsp each of ginger juice, honey, lime juice, and a pinch of pepper. Mix together and lick a tiny bit from a spoon.
• Earache: Dilute a few drops of fresh lime juice with an equal quantity of water. Using 2 drops of this twice a day as ear drops is a very effective home remedy for earache.
• Constipation: Drinking a glass of fresh lime juice in warm water in the morning is a good home remedy for constipation.
• Colic or cramps in the abdomen: Mix a tsp of fresh ginger juice with a tsp of fresh lime juice and a pinch of rock salt and a little sugar. This mixture can be eaten by itself, or with a little warm water.
• Pimples: Grind a tsp of dried onion seeds with a little milk. Add half a tsp of fresh lime juice and apply it to the pimples. Leave overnight and wash off in the morning. This is a good home remedy for Acne.
• Anti-bacterial: A paste of fresh tender leaves of lime with a pinch of turmeric makes an effective anti-bacterial face pack.
• Head Lice: To get rid of lice, mix garlic paste and fresh lime juice and apply at night to hair and wash off in the morning.
• The acidity of the skin: To a cup of unheated fresh milk, add a tsp of fresh lime juice and let it stand for a couple of hours. At bedtime, wash your face well with water and pat dry. Apply the above mix and leave it on overnight and wash in the morning. Do this once a week for a few weeks. This ensures that the acidity of the skin is maintained at a healthy pH which dissuades bacterial growth.
• Bleeding piles: Halve a lime and apply rock salt powder on them. Keep this lime in your mouth and let the juice be taken in slowly. Lime juice has anti-hemorrhagic properties and rock salt which is rich in magnesium sulfate, checks to bleed, helps good bowel movements, and slowly shrinks the pile masses.
• Swollen gums: A cup of diluted fresh lime juice mixed with a pinch of rock salt should be consumed. Lime rind can also be rubbed over the gums for relief.

Culinary Uses

• Fresh fruit is used as a garnish for meats and drinks.
• Fruit is also processed into marmalade and candied peels.
• Fresh juice is used in beverages especially limeade, cordials, marinating fish and meats, and seasoning many foods.
• Juice is frequently used as an alternative to vinegar in dressings and sauces.
• Frozen and canned juice is used in similar ways.
• Tahiti lime is a great accompaniment with avocado served in the form of wedges.
• It is utilized for enhancing lime juice and for most of the other purposes for which Mexican lime peel oil is employed.
• Flowers petals are edible.
• Juice is used as a substitute for vinegar.

Other facts

• Tahitian lime juice can be used as a rinse after shampooing the hair or used as a fresh face lotion.
• Juice can be used for cleaning the inside of coffee pots and tea kettles.
• The diluted lime juice will dissolve calcium deposits overnight.
• Whole lime can be ground in the electric garbage disposal to eliminate unpleasant odor.
• Lime juice has been applied to the face as a freshening lotion.
• Dilute lime juice will dissolve, overnight, calcium deposits in teakettles.
• Some Florida housewives use lime juice for cleaning the inside of coffeepots and grinding a whole lime in the electric garbage disposal to eliminate unpleasant odor.
• Persian Lime trees grow at a rate of 13 to 24 inches each year from the seedling stage.

Precautions

• Wash the peels of limes even if you are not planning on using them. Bacteria from the peel can transfer to the inside of the fruit during the process of cutting via the knife.
• When zesting a lime, use organic limes if possible.
• The sap of the tree and scratched by the thorns may cause a rash in sensitive individuals.
• Excessive exposure to the essential oil in the peel of the fruit may cause dermatitis.

Recipe

Persian Lime Pie

Ingredients for one 9-inch pie

• 3 eggs yolks, at room temperature
• 1 14-oz can sweeten condensed milk
• The zest and juice of 3 Persian limes
• 1 Pate Brisee Sucree crust, pre-baked in a 9-inch removable-bottom tart pan
• 1 cup heavy cream
• 2 tablespoons sugar

Directions

1. Preheat oven to 350°F, with the rack at the center position
2. Using an electric hand-held mixer or a standing mixer outfitted with the whisk attachment beat the egg yolks at medium speed until pale and thick — about 2 minutes. Then, with the mixer running, beat in the condensed milk, followed by the lime juice and zest. Pour the custard into the pre-baked pastry shell.
3. Bake until the filling is set (it shouldn’t jiggle if bumped) — about 15 minutes.
4. Transfer the pie to a wire rack to cool. When completely cool, refrigerate for at least 2 hours. (The pie can be wrapped in plastic, and refrigerated for up to 2 days.)
5. To decorate, beat the cream and sugar until thick and firm. Scoop the cream into a pastry bag outfitted with a star tip.
6. Place a slice of lime in the center of the pie, piping little stars between the round of lime and the crust.

References

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