Oral and Dental Diseases

Oral and dental diseases include tooth decay (cavities), gum disease (periodontal disease), tooth loss, and oral cancer, which are largely preventable through good oral hygiene like brushing and flossing and professional dental care. These conditions can cause pain, difficulty eating and speaking, and can even affect overall health, being linked to heart disease, diabetes, and respiratory issues.

Oral and Dental diseases refers to various conditions affecting teeth and gums, primarily tooth decay (cavities) and periodontal (gum) disease, both often beginning with plaque buildup from bacteria in the mouth. Other common issues include oral cancer, tooth loss, dry mouth, and oral thrush, which can impact speaking, eating, and overall well-being. Good oral hygiene, regular dental care, and managing systemic conditions like diabetes are crucial for prevention and treatment.

Most oral health conditions are largely preventable and can be treated in their early stages. Most cases are dental caries (tooth decay), periodontal diseases, tooth loss and oral cancers. Other oral conditions of public health importance are orofacial clefts, noma (severe gangrenous disease starting in the mouth mostly affecting children) and oro-dental trauma.

Prevalence of the main oral diseases continues to increase globally with growing urbanization and changes in living conditions. This is primarily due to inadequate exposure to fluoride (in the water supply and oral hygiene products such as toothpaste), availability and affordability of food with high sugar content and poor access to oral health care services in the community. Marketing of food and beverages high in sugar, as well as tobacco and alcohol, have led to a growing consumption of products that contribute to oral health conditions and other NCDs.

Common Dental Diseases

Oral and maxillofacial diseases

Lip

Cheilitis
- Actinic
- Angular
- Plasma cell
Cleft lip
Congenital lip pit
Eclabium
Herpes labialis
Macrocheilia
Microcheilia
Nasolabial cyst
Sun poisoning
Trumpeter’s wart

Tongue

Ankyloglossia
Black hairy tongue
Caviar tongue
Crenated tongue
Cunnilingus tongue
Fissured tongue
Foliate papillitis
Glossitis
- Geographic tongue
- Median rhomboid glossitis
- Transient lingual papillitis
Glossoptosis
Hypoglossia
Lingual thyroid
Macroglossia
Microglossia
Rhabdomyoma

Palate

Bednar’s aphthae
Cleft palate
High-arched palate
Palatal cysts of the newborn
Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia
Stomatitis nicotina
Torus palatinus

Oral mucosa – Lining of mouth

Amalgam tattoo
Angina bullosa haemorrhagica
Behçet’s disease
Bohn’s nodules
Burning mouth syndrome
Candidiasis
Condyloma acuminatum
Darier’s disease
Epulis fissuratum
Erythema multiforme
Erythroplakia
Fibroma
- Giant-cell
Focal epithelial hyperplasia
Fordyce spots
Hairy leukoplakia
Hand, foot and mouth disease
Hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis
Herpangina
Herpes zoster
Intraoral dental sinus
Irritation fibroma
Leukoedema
Leukoplakia
Lichen planus
Linea alba
Lupus erythematosus
Melanocytic nevus
Melanocytic oral lesion
Molluscum contagiosum
Morsicatio buccarum
Oral cancer
- Benign: Squamous cell papilloma
- Keratoacanthoma
- Malignant: Adenosquamous carcinoma
- Basaloid squamous carcinoma
- Mucosal melanoma
- Spindle cell carcinoma
- Squamous cell carcinoma
- Verrucous carcinoma
Oral florid papillomatosis
Oral melanosis
- Smoker’s melanosis
Pemphigoid
- Benign mucous membrane
Pemphigus
Plasmoacanthoma
Stomatitis
- Aphthous
- Denture-related
- Herpetic
Smokeless tobacco keratosis
Submucous fibrosis
Ulceration
- Riga–Fede disease
Verruca vulgaris
Verruciform xanthoma
White sponge nevus

Teeth (pulp, dentin, enamel)

Amelogenesis imperfecta
Ankylosis
Anodontia
Caries
- Early childhood caries
Concrescence
Failure of eruption of teeth
Dens evaginatus
- Talon cusp
Dentin dysplasia
Dentin hypersensitivity
Dentinogenesis imperfecta
Dilaceration
Discoloration
Ectopic enamel
Enamel hypocalcification
Enamel hypoplasia
- Turner’s hypoplasia
Enamel pearl
Fluorosis
Fusion
Gemination
Hyperdontia
Hypodontia
- Maxillary lateral incisor agenesis
Impaction
- Wisdom tooth impaction
Macrodontia
Meth mouth
Microdontia
Odontogenic tumors
- Keratocystic odontogenic tumour
Odontoma
- Dens in dente
Open contact
Premature eruption
- Neonatal teeth
Pulp calcification
- Pulp stone
Pulp canal obliteration
Pulp necrosis
Pulp polyp
Pulpitis
Regional odontodysplasia
Resorption
Shovel-shaped incisors
Supernumerary root
Taurodontism
Trauma
- Avulsion
- Cracked tooth syndrome
- Vertical root fracture
- Occlusal
Tooth loss
- Edentulism
Tooth wear
- Abrasion
- Abfraction
- Acid erosion
- Attrition

Periodontium (gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum, alveolus) – Gums and tooth-supporting structures

Cementicle
Cementoblastoma
- Gigantiform
Cementoma
Eruption cyst
Epulis
- Pyogenic granuloma
- Congenital epulis
Gingival enlargement
Gingival cyst of the adult
Gingival cyst of the newborn
Gingivitis
- Desquamative
- Granulomatous
- Plasma cell
Hereditary gingival fibromatosis
Hypercementosis
Hypocementosis
Linear gingival erythema
Necrotizing periodontal diseases
- Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
Pericoronitis
Peri-implantitis
Periodontal abscess
Periodontal trauma
Periodontitis
- Aggressive
- As a manifestation of systemic disease
- Chronic
Perio-endo lesion
Teething

Periapical, mandibular and maxillary hard tissues – Bones of jaws

Agnathia
Alveolar osteitis
Buccal exostosis
Cherubism
Idiopathic osteosclerosis
Mandibular fracture
Microgenia
Micrognathia
Intraosseous cysts
- Odontogenic: periapical
- Dentigerous
- Buccal bifurcation
- Lateral periodontal
- Globulomaxillary
- Calcifying odontogenic
- Glandular odontogenic
- Non-odontogenic: Nasopalatine duct
- Median mandibular
- Median palatal
- Traumatic bone
Osteoma
Osteomyelitis
Osteonecrosis
- Bisphosphonate-associated
- Neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis
- Osteoradionecrosis
Osteoporotic bone marrow defect
Paget’s disease of bone
Periapical abscess
- Phoenix abscess
Periapical periodontitis
Stafne defect
Torus mandibularis

Temporomandibular joints, muscles of mastication and malocclusions

– Jaw joints, chewing muscles and bite abnormalities

Bruxism
Condylar resorption
Mandibular dislocation
Malocclusion
- Crossbite
- Open bite
- Overbite
- Overeruption
- Overjet
- Prognathia
- Retrognathia
- Scissor bite
Maxillary hypoplasia
Temporomandibular joint dysfunction
- Condylar hypoplasia
- Condylar hyperplasia

Salivary glands

Benign lymphoepithelial lesion
Ectopic salivary gland tissue
Frey’s syndrome
HIV salivary gland disease
Necrotizing sialometaplasia
Mucocele
- Ranula
Pneumoparotitis
Salivary duct stricture
Salivary gland aplasia
Salivary gland atresia
Salivary gland diverticulum
Salivary gland fistula
Salivary gland hyperplasia
Salivary gland hypoplasia
Salivary gland neoplasms
- Benign: Basal cell adenoma
- Canalicular adenoma
- Ductal papilloma
- Monomorphic adenoma
- Myoepithelioma
- Oncocytoma
- Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum
- Pleomorphic adenoma
- Sebaceous adenoma
- Malignant: Acinic cell carcinoma
- Adenocarcinoma
- Adenoid cystic carcinoma
- Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma
- Lymphoma
- Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
Sclerosing polycystic adenosis
Sialadenitis
- Parotitis
- Chronic sclerosing sialadenitis
Sialectasis
Sialocele
Sialodochitis
Sialosis
Sialolithiasis
Sjögren’s syndrome

Stomatognathic system – Teeth, jaws, tongue and associated soft tissues

Bruxism
Mouth breathing
Sleep apnea
- Catathrenia
- Central hypoventilation syndrome
- Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
- Obstructive sleep apnea
- Periodic breathing
Snoring

Orofacial soft tissues – Soft tissues around the mouth

Actinomycosis
Angioedema
Basal cell carcinoma
Cutaneous sinus of dental origin
Cystic hygroma
Gnathophyma
Ludwig’s angina
Macrostomia
Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome
Microstomia
Noma
Oral Crohn’s disease
Orofacial granulomatosis
Perioral dermatitis
Pyostomatitis vegetans
Eagle syndrome
Hemifacial hypertrophy
Facial hemiatrophy
Oral manifestations of systemic disease

Dentistry involving supporting structures of teeth (Periodontology)

Chronic periodontitis
Localized aggressive periodontitis
Generalized aggressive periodontitis
Periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic disease
Periodontosis
Necrotizing periodontal diseases
Abscesses of the periodontium
Combined periodontic-endodontic lesions
A. actinomycetemcomitans
Capnocytophaga sp.
F. nucleatum
P. gingivalis
P. intermedia
T. forsythia
T. denticola
Red complex
Entamoeba gingivalis (amoebic)
Trichomonas tenax
Calculus
Clinical attachment loss
Edentulism
Fremitus
Furcation defect
Gingival enlargement
Gingival pocket
Gingival recession
Gingivitis
Horizontal bony defect
Linear gingival erythema
Occlusal trauma
Periodontal pocket
Periodontal disease
Periodontitis
Plaque
Vertical bony defect

Periodontal health, gingivitis, and gingival diseases and conditions

The 2018 Disease Classification for periodontal health, gingivitis, and gingival diseases and conditions are outlined

Periodontal health and gingival health
1. Clinical gingival health on an intact periodontium
2. Clinical gingival health on a reduced periodontium
  - Stable periodontitis patient
  - Non-periodontitis patient
Gingivitis—dental biofilm-induced
1. Associated with dental biofilm alone
2. Medicated by systemic or local risk factors
3. Drug-influenced gingival enlargement
Gingival diseases—nondental biofilm-induced
1. Genetic or developmental disorders
2. Specific infections
3. Inflammatory and immune conditions
4. Reactive processes
5. Neoplasms
6. Endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases
7. Traumatic lesions
8. Gingival pigmentation

Disease classification for the three major forms of periodontitis

The 2018 Disease Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions breaks down the category of periodontitis into three forms and each of these forms are further broken down into two or more subcategories.

Necrotizing periodontal diseases
1. Necrotizing gingivitis
2. Necrotizing periodontitis
3. Necrotizing stomatitis
Periodontitis as manifestation of systemic diseases – Classification of these conditions should be based on the primary systemic disease according to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) codes
Periodontitis
1. Stages: Based on severity^[a] and complexity of management^[b]
  - Stage I: Initial periodontitis
  - Stage II: Moderate periodontitis
  - Stage III: Severe periodontitis with potential for additional tooth loss
  - Stage IV: Severe periodontitis with potential for loss of the dentition
2. Extent and distribution:^[c] Localized, generalized; molar-incisor distribution
3. Grades: Evidence or risk of rapid progression,^[d] anticipated treatment response^[e]
  - Grade A: Slow rate of disease progression
  - Grade B: Moderate rate of disease progression
  - Grade C: Rapid rate of disease progression

Other conditions affecting the periodontium

The 2018 Disease Classification of Periodontal Disease and Conditions contains a category for other conditions that may have an effect upon the health of the periodontium.

Systemic diseases or conditions affecting the periodontal supporting tissues
Other periodontal conditions
1. Periodontal abscesses
2. Endodontic periodontal lesions
Mucogingival deformities and conditions around teeth
1. Gingival phenotype
2. Gingival/soft tissue recession
3. Lack of gingiva
4. Decreased vestibular depth
5. Aberrant frenum or muscle position
6. Gingival excess
7. Abnormal colour
8. Condition of exposed root surface
Traumatic occlusal forces
1. Primary occlusal trauma
2. Secondary occlusal trauma
3. Orthodontic forces
Prostheses and tooth-related factors that modify or predispose to plaque-induced gingival diseases/periodontitis
1. Localized tooth-related factors
2. Localized dental prostheses-related factors

Peri-implant diseases and conditions

The 2018 Disease Classification of Periodontal Disease and Conditions divides this category into four subcategories

Peri-implant health
Peri-implant mucositis
Peri-implantitis
Peri-implant soft and hard tissue deficiencies

Autoimmune Teeth Diseases

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