Sterculia foetida is a soft wooded tree that can grow up to 35 meters (115 ft.) tall. It was described in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus. Common names for the plant are the bastard poon tree, java olive tree, hazel sterculia, wild almond tree, and skunk tree.[rx][rx][rx] This is the type species of the genus Sterculia and both names mean bad-smelling: the name Sterculia comes from Sterquilinus, the Roman god of fertilizer or manure.
The branches of Sterculia foetida are arranged in whorls; they spread horizontally. The tree’s bark is smooth and grey. The leaves are placed at the end of branchlets; they have 125–230 mm long petioles; the blades are palmately compound, containing 7-9 leaflets. The leaflets are elliptical, 100–170 mm long, and shortly petiolule The petioles are the source of the foul smell of the plant. [rx] The flowers are arranged in panicles, 100–150 mm long. The green or purple flowers are large and unisexual as the tree is dioecious (male and female flowers are found on different trees). The pollens are oval in shape, approximately 40 microns in length. The calyx is dull orange and is divided into five sepals, each one 10-13 mm long. The fruit consists of four to five follicles, each follicle generally containing 10-15 seeds. The follicles are scarlet when ripe.[rx] In India, flowers appear in March, and the leaves appear between March and April. At Hyderabad (India), flowering was observed in September-October (2015) with ripened fruits on the top part and young green fruits at the lower branches. The fruit is ripe in February (11 months after the flowers appeared).[rx]
| Java Almond Quick Facts | |
|---|---|
| Name: | Java Almond |
| Scientific Name: | Canarium vulgare |
| Origin | Eastern Malaysia, Papua, Papua New Guinea (Morobe) and Indonesia – Alor, Nusa Tenggara Timor (Eastern Lesser Sunda Islands) and Maluku (Moluccas). |
| Colors | Purplish black |
| Shapes | Ovoid-oblong |
Other common names include Java Almond, Kenari Nut, Chinese Olive, Wild Almond, and Kenari Nut tree. It is an evergreen, dioecious and perennial tree that is inherent to Eastern Malaysia, Papua, Papua New Guinea (Morobe), and Indonesia – Alor, Nusa Tenggara Timor (Eastern Lesser Sunda Islands), and Maluku (Moluccas). It is introduced to India, Sri Lanka, and the tropics. The tree grows to the height of 4 meters with greyish-brown bark and spirally arranged, imparipinnate leaves. The fruits are purplish-black, ovoid-oblong in shape, and measure 3.5–5 cm long and 1.5–3 cm wide. The seed inside the fruit measures 1–3 cm long by 1–1.5 cm across.
Traditional uses
It is used to treat cold, gonorrhea, gastritis, immunodepression, rheumatism, ulcer, and sores.
The oil of Sterculia foetida has been found to be comparable to sunflower, soybean, and grapeseed oils for the use of biofuels. Sterculia foetida oil contains cyclopropene fatty acids (CPFA) such as 8,9 methylene-heptad-8-enoic acid (malvalic acid) and 9,10-methylene-academic-9-enoic acid (sterculic acid). The flashpoint, iodine value, free fatty acid count, phosphorus content, cloud point, pour point, viscosity at 40 °C, oxidative stability at 110 °C, density, and trace metal count are all within ASTM and EN specifications.[rx]
Evidence suggests that the seeds of Sterculia foetida are edible, but purgative,[rx] and should be roasted prior to eating.[rx] At least one review indicates that CPFA such as sterculic acid are carcinogenic, co-carcinogenic, and have medical and other effects on animals;[rx] according to this review, “CPFA in food is dangerous to human health”.
Culinary uses
- Kernels are consumed raw, baked, roasted or smoked.
- In Sri Lanka, kernels are consumed as dessert nuts and made into bread in Celebes.
- In Malaysia, crushed nuts are sprinkled over cakes.
- Kernel oil is used as emulsion as an artificial milk for feeding infants.
References
