Large Intestine Disorders

The large intestine is part of the digestive tract. The digestive tract includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum. The large intestine is approximately 5 feet long, making up one-fifth of the length of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The large intestine is responsible for processing indigestible food material (chyme) after most nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine. The large intestine is composed of 4 parts. It includes the cecum and ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon. The large intestine performs an essential role by absorbing water, vitamins, and electrolytes from waste material.[rx][rx][rx][rc]

Function

The large intestine has 3 primary functions: absorbing water and electrolytes, producing and absorbing vitamins, and forming and propelling feces toward the rectum for elimination. By the time indigestible materials have reached the colon, most nutrients and up to 90% of the water has been absorbed by the small intestine. The role of the ascending colon is to absorb the remaining water and other key nutrients from the indigestible material, solidifying it to form stool. The descending colon stores feces that will eventually be emptied into the rectum. The sigmoid colon contracts to increase the pressure inside the colon, causing the stool to move into the rectum. The rectum holds the feces awaiting elimination by defecation.

Mechanism

Motility

The intestinal wall is made up of multiple layers. The 4 layers of the large intestine from the lumen outward are the mucosa, submucosa, muscular layer, and serosa. The muscular layer is made up of 2 layers of smooth muscle, the inner, circular layer, and the outer, longitudinal layer. These layers contribute to the motility of the large intestine. There are 2 types of motility present in the colon, haustral contraction and mass movement. Haustra are saccules in the colon that give it its segmented appearance. Haustral contraction is activated by the presence of chyme and serves to move food slowly to the next haustra, along with mixing the chyme to help with water absorption. Mass movements are stronger and serve to move the chyme to the rectum quickly.

Absorption of Water and Electrolytes

Absorption of water occurs by osmosis. Water diffuses in response to an osmotic gradient established by the absorption of electrolytes. Sodium is actively absorbed in the colon by sodium channels. Potassium is either absorbed or secreted depending on the concentration in the lumen. The electrochemical gradient created by the active absorption of sodium allows for this. Chloride ions are exchanged for bicarbonate ions across an electrochemical gradient.

Production/Absorption of Vitamins

The colon also plays a role in providing required vitamins through an environment that is conducive for bacterial cultivation. The colon houses trillions of bacteria that protect our gut and produce vitamins. The bacteria in the colon produce substantial amounts of vitamins by fermentation. Vitamin K and B vitamins, including biotin, are produced by the colonic bacteria. These vitamins are then absorbed into the blood. When dietary intake of these vitamins is low in an individual, the colon plays a significant role in minimizing vitamin disparity.

Types of Large Intestine Disorders

• Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): Causes abdominal pain and changes in bowel habits.
• Crohn’s Disease: A type of inflammatory bowel disease that affects the lining of the digestive tract.
• Ulcerative Colitis: Involves chronic inflammation and sores (ulcers) in the large intestine.
• Diverticulitis: Small pouches called diverticula become inflamed or infected.
• Colon Polyps: Non-cancerous growths that can develop into cancer over time.
• Colorectal Cancer: Cancer of the colon or rectum, often beginning as benign polyps.
• Constipation: Difficulty passing stools due to slow movement through the colon.
• Diarrhea: Loose, watery stools caused by irritation or infection.
• Intestinal Obstruction: A blockage that prevents food or liquid from passing.
• Ischemic Colitis: Reduced blood flow to the colon, causing inflammation.
• Hemorrhoids: Swollen veins in the lower rectum or anus.
• Colitis: Inflammation of the colon, which can be caused by infections, diseases, or poor blood flow.
• Celiac Disease: An immune reaction to eating gluten that damages the lining of the small intestine.
• Appendicitis: Inflammation of the appendix, which can cause blockage in the intestines.
• Peritonitis: A serious infection of the abdominal cavity, often linked to bowel issues.
• Fecal Incontinence: Loss of control over bowel movements.
• Megacolon: An abnormally large colon, which can cause severe constipation.
• Short Bowel Syndrome: A disorder caused by the removal of a large portion of the intestines, leading to poor nutrient absorption.
• Rectal Prolapse: When the rectum slips out of its normal place.
• Diverticulosis: Formation of small pouches in the colon wall that may cause discomfort.

Causes of Large Intestine Disorders 

1. Poor diet (low in fiber, high in fat)
2. Lack of exercise
3. Genetic factors
4. Autoimmune responses (e.g., Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis)
5. Infections (bacterial, viral, or parasitic)
6. Overuse of antibiotics
7. Long-term stress or anxiety
8. Aging (leading to weakened colon walls)
9. Smoking
10. Alcohol consumption
11. Dehydration
12. Obesity
13. Use of certain medications (like painkillers or opioids)
14. Food intolerances (e.g., lactose intolerance)
15. Inflammatory processes (e.g., appendicitis)
16. Blood vessel issues (e.g., ischemic colitis)
17. Nerve damage (e.g., megacolon)
18. Surgery or injury to the digestive system
19. Radiation therapy
20. Environmental factors (e.g., toxins, pollutants)

Symptoms of Large Intestine Disorders

1. Abdominal pain or cramping
2. Bloating or swelling in the abdomen
3. Diarrhea
4. Constipation
5. Blood in stool
6. Mucus in stool
7. Frequent need to pass stool (tenesmus)
8. Incomplete evacuation (feeling like you didn’t finish)
9. Unexplained weight loss
10. Fatigue or weakness
11. Fever (with inflammatory conditions like diverticulitis)
12. Nausea or vomiting
13. Loss of appetite
14. Changes in bowel habits (frequency or consistency)
15. Pain during bowel movements
16. Anemia (due to blood loss in stool)
17. Urgency to pass stool
18. Fecal incontinence
19. Rectal bleeding
20. Dehydration (from diarrhea)

Diagnostic Tests for Large Intestine Disorders 

1. Colonoscopy: A scope is used to look inside the colon.
2. Sigmoidoscopy: Examines the lower part of the colon.
3. CT Scan: Provides detailed images of the abdomen.
4. MRI: Magnetic imaging to view soft tissues.
5. Ultrasound: Non-invasive imaging of the abdominal organs.
6. Stool Test: Checks for infections, blood, or abnormal cells.
7. Barium Enema: X-ray of the colon after filling it with a barium solution.
8. Capsule Endoscopy: A tiny camera inside a pill is swallowed to take pictures of the intestines.
9. Flexible Sigmoidoscopy: Only looks at the lower third of the colon.
10. Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT): Tests for hidden blood in the stool.
11. Blood Test: Measures inflammation markers or infections.
12. Biopsy: Tissue samples taken during colonoscopy for examination.
13. Liver Function Test: Assesses how well the liver is functioning.
14. Complete Blood Count (CBC): Identifies infections or anemia.
15. C-reactive Protein (CRP): Measures inflammation levels.
16. Lactose Tolerance Test: Diagnoses lactose intolerance.
17. Hydrogen Breath Test: Helps identify bacterial overgrowth.
18. Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR): Checks for inflammation.
19. Rectal Exam: A doctor feels for abnormalities in the rectum.
20. Genetic Testing: Identifies inherited conditions like Lynch syndrome.

Non-Pharmacological Treatments for Large Intestine Disorders 

1. High-fiber diet
2. Probiotics (good bacteria)
3. Prebiotics (fiber-rich foods that feed probiotics)
4. Regular exercise
5. Adequate hydration
6. Stress management techniques (meditation, yoga)
7. Avoiding trigger foods (for IBS, celiac)
8. Gluten-free diet (for celiac disease)
9. Low FODMAP diet (for IBS)
10. Physical therapy (for pelvic floor disorders)
11. Heat therapy (for cramps or pain)
12. Eating smaller, more frequent meals
13. Dietary fiber supplements
14. Biofeedback therapy (for bowel incontinence)
15. Cognitive behavioral therapy (for stress-related bowel disorders)
16. Acupuncture
17. Avoiding alcohol and tobacco
18. Quitting smoking
19. Colon hydrotherapy (under medical advice)
20. Engaging in regular, moderate physical activity
21. Increasing the intake of water-rich foods like fruits and vegetables
22. Gentle abdominal massage
23. Sleeping in a comfortable position to reduce bloating
24. Avoiding processed and fried foods
25. Herbal teas (peppermint, chamomile)
26. Gradually increasing dietary fiber
27. Using a squatty potty for easier bowel movements
28. Breathing exercises
29. Omega-3 fatty acids for reducing inflammation
30. Mindfulness techniques

 Medications Used in Large Intestine Disorders 

1. Laxatives (for constipation)
2. Antidiarrheal medications (like loperamide)
3. Antibiotics (for bacterial infections like diverticulitis)
4. Aminosalicylates (for ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease)
5. Corticosteroids (to reduce inflammation)
6. Immunosuppressants (to control immune-related bowel diseases)
7. Biologics (targeted therapies for Crohn’s and ulcerative colitis)
8. Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) (to reduce acid reflux)
9. Pain relievers (e.g., acetaminophen, avoiding NSAIDs like ibuprofen)
10. Antispasmodics (to relieve abdominal cramping)
11. Antidepressants (for IBS-related anxiety or pain)
12. Iron supplements (to treat anemia from blood loss)
13. Fiber supplements (for regulating bowel movements)
14. Stool softeners (for mild constipation)
15. Probiotics (to improve gut health)
16. Mesalamine (for inflammatory bowel disease)
17. Methotrexate (an immunosuppressant for severe cases)
18. Sulfasalazine (used for Crohn’s disease)
19. Ursodiol (to dissolve gallstones)
20. Loperamide (Imodium for diarrhea

Surgical Procedures

Surgery may be necessary for severe or unmanageable large intestine disorders.

1. Colectomy:
   • Removal of part or all of the colon.
2. Resection:
   • Removes a section of the colon affected by disease.
3. Hemicolectomy:
   • Removal of the right or left side of the colon.
4. Proctocolectomy:
   • Removal of the colon and rectum, often for ulcerative colitis.
5. Colostomy:
   • Diverts stool to an opening in the abdominal wall.
6. Ileostomy:
   • Diverts stool from the ileum to the abdominal wall.
7. Polypectomy:
   • Removal of polyps during a colonoscopy.
8. Sphincteroplasty:
   • Repairs the anal sphincter muscles.
9. Laparoscopic Surgery:
   • Minimally invasive surgery using small incisions and a camera.
10. Emergency Surgery for Diverticulitis:
    • Removes damaged sections and may create a colostomy.

Prevention Tips

Preventing large intestine disorders involves lifestyle choices and regular health monitoring.

1. Maintain a High-Fiber Diet:
   • Include fruits, vegetables, and whole grains to promote regular bowel movements.
2. Stay Hydrated:
   • Drink plenty of water to prevent constipation.
3. Exercise Regularly:
   • Physical activity aids digestion and maintains healthy weight.
4. Avoid Smoking and Limit Alcohol:
   • Reduces the risk of colon cancer and inflammation.
5. Maintain a Healthy Weight:
   • Prevents strain on the colon and reduces cancer risk.
6. Regular Screenings:
   • Undergo colonoscopies as recommended, especially after age 50.
7. Limit Red and Processed Meats:
   • High intake linked to increased colon cancer risk.
8. Manage Stress:
   • Reduces the impact of stress-related bowel disorders.
9. Practice Good Hygiene:
   • Prevents infections that can affect the colon.
10. Avoid Long-term Use of NSAIDs:
    • Prevents irritation and ulcers in the colon.

When to See a Doctor

Recognizing when to seek medical attention can prevent complications.

• Persistent Abdominal Pain:
  • Lasting more than a few days or worsening over time.
• Bloody or Black Stools:
  • Indicates possible bleeding in the colon.
• Unexplained Weight Loss:
  • Losing weight without dietary changes or increased activity.
• Chronic Diarrhea or Constipation:
  • Lasting more than two weeks or accompanied by other symptoms.
• Persistent Fatigue:
  • Feeling unusually tired without a clear reason.
• Fever:
  • Especially if accompanied by other digestive symptoms.
• Changes in Bowel Habits:
  • Sudden or significant changes in frequency or consistency.
• Anemia Symptoms:
  • Such as shortness of breath, dizziness, or pale skin.
• Severe Abdominal Swelling or Bloating:
  • May indicate a blockage or other serious condition.
• Rectal Bleeding:
  • Blood during or after bowel movements.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is the difference between the large and small intestine?

The small intestine absorbs nutrients from food, while the large intestine absorbs water and forms stool for elimination.

2. What are the most common large intestine disorders?

Common disorders include Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), diverticulosis, colon cancer, constipation, and hemorrhoids.

3. Can diet affect large intestine health?

Yes, a high-fiber diet supports healthy bowel movements, while high-fat and low-fiber diets can lead to constipation and diverticulosis.

4. Is colon cancer preventable?

Regular screenings, a healthy diet, maintaining a healthy weight, and avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol can reduce the risk of colon cancer.

5. What causes Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)?

The exact cause is unknown, but factors include stress, certain foods, hormonal changes, and abnormal muscle contractions in the intestine.

6. How is diverticulitis treated?

Treatment includes antibiotics for infection, a liquid diet to rest the colon, and in severe cases, surgery to remove affected sections.

7. Can large intestine disorders be cured?

Many large intestine disorders can be managed effectively with treatment, though some, like colon cancer, may require extensive intervention.

8. What lifestyle changes can improve colon health?

Eating a balanced diet rich in fiber, staying hydrated, exercising regularly, avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol, and managing stress can improve colon health.

9. Are there any natural remedies for colon disorders?

Probiotics, herbal supplements like peppermint and turmeric, and dietary changes can help alleviate symptoms, but they should complement medical treatments.

10. When is surgery necessary for colon disorders?

Surgery may be needed for severe cases of IBD, colon cancer, diverticulitis complications, or when other treatments fail to manage symptoms.

Conclusion

Large intestine disorders encompass a range of conditions that affect the colon’s structure and function. Understanding the anatomy, recognizing symptoms, knowing the causes, and being aware of diagnostic and treatment options are essential for maintaining colon health. Adopting a healthy lifestyle, undergoing regular screenings, and seeking medical attention when necessary can significantly reduce the risk and impact of these disorders. Always consult healthcare professionals for personalized advice and treatment plans.

Disclaimer: Each person’s journey is unique, treatment plan, life style, food habit, hormonal condition, immune system, chronic disease condition, geological location, weather and previous medical  history is also unique. So always seek the best advice from a qualified medical professional or health care provider before trying any treatments to ensure to find out the best plan for you. This guide is for general information and educational purposes only. Regular check-ups and awareness can help to manage and prevent complications associated with these diseases conditions. If you or someone are suffering from this disease condition bookmark this website or share with someone who might find it useful! Boost your knowledge and stay ahead in your health journey. We always try to ensure that the content is regularly updated to reflect the latest medical research and treatment options. Thank you for giving your valuable time to read the article.