Cervical Contained Disc Compression Collapse

Dr. Lisa S. Apfel MD - Spine and Neurosurgery Dr. Lisa S. Apfel MD - Spine and Neurosurgery
8 Views
Degenerative Bones, Joints, and Spine Care (A - Z)

Cervical contained disc compression collapse is a neck condition where one of the intervertebral discs in the cervical spine (neck) loses height (collapse), bulges outward without rupturing its outer layer (contained), and presses on nearby nerves or the spinal cord (compression). This leads to neck pain, stiffness, and sometimes arm pain, numbness, or weakness. In plain English, it’s like a squashed cushion between your neck bones that’s pushing on the wires (nerves) that run down your arms.

Anatomy

Structure and Location

Each cervical disc sits between two neck bones (vertebrae) from C2–C3 down to C7–T1. It has a tough outer ring called the annulus fibrosus and a soft, gel-like center called the nucleus pulposus. The annulus keeps the nucleus in place while the nucleus acts like a shock absorber when you move, bend, or twist your neck KenhubWikipedia.

Origin and Insertion

Unlike muscles, discs don’t originate or insert but attach firmly to the cartilage endplates on the top and bottom of each vertebra. These endplates anchor the disc and help transfer pressure from the vertebrae into the disc without direct “muscle-style” attachment Deuk SpineKenhub.

Blood Supply

Intervertebral discs are almost entirely avascular (have no direct blood supply). Only the outer annulus receives tiny blood vessels; the rest relies on diffusion of nutrients through the endplates. Because of this, discs heal very slowly NCBIDeuk Spine.

Nerve Supply

Nerve fibers (mostly pain fibers) reach only the outer third of the annulus via the sinuvertebral nerves, branches of spinal nerves. The inner annulus and nucleus lack nerves, which is why small tears or lubrications inside often go unnoticed until the outer layer bulges and irritates nerves OrthobulletsDeuk Spine.

Key Functions

  1. Shock Absorption: Cushions impacts when you walk, run, or jump.

  2. Load Distribution: Spreads weight evenly across vertebrae.

  3. Spinal Flexibility: Allows bending, twisting, and tilting.

  4. Height Maintenance: Keeps normal space between vertebrae.

  5. Protecting Nerves: Maintains openings (foramina) for nerve roots.

  6. Preventing Bone‐to‐Bone Contact: Stops vertebrae from grinding KenhubDeuk Spine.

Types

Cervical disc problems fall into these main categories:

  1. Bulging Disc (Contained): The disc bulges outward but the annulus remains intact.

  2. Protrusion (Contained Herniation): A localized bulge where the nucleus pushes against a partial tear in the annulus.

  3. Extrusion (Uncontained): Disc material breaks through the annulus but stays connected to the disc.

  4. Sequestration (Free Fragment): A fragment of the nucleus separates completely and can migrate.

  5. Collapse (Degenerative Disc Collapse): Loss of disc height from degeneration leads to narrowed disc space and potential nerve compression Verywell HealthOrthobullets.

Causes

  1. Age‐Related Degeneration (wear and tear)

  2. Repetitive Neck Movements (e.g., factory work)

  3. Poor Posture (forward head slump)

  4. Heavy Lifting (improper technique)

  5. Whiplash Injury (car accidents)

  6. Genetic Predisposition

  7. Smoking (reduces disc nutrition)

  8. Obesity (extra load on discs)

  9. Vibration Exposure (e.g., truck drivers)

  10. Neck Sprain/Strain

  11. High‐Impact Sports (contact football)

  12. Osteoporosis (weaker bones alter mechanics)

  13. Rheumatoid Arthritis (inflammation around discs)

  14. Diabetes (may speed degeneration)

  15. Disc Infection (Discitis)

  16. Tumors (in or near the disc)

  17. Vitamin D Deficiency (weakens bone‐cartilage interface)

  18. Autoimmune Disorders (inflammatory damage)

  19. Metabolic Disorders (e.g., hyperthyroidism)

  20. Congenital Disc Weakness (birth defects) Spine-healthSpine-health.

Symptoms

  1. Neck Pain

  2. Stiffness

  3. Arm Pain (radiating)

  4. Numbness in Arm/Hand

  5. Tingling (Paresthesia)

  6. Muscle Weakness (in arm/hand)

  7. Loss of Grip Strength

  8. Headaches (base of skull)

  9. Reduced Range of Motion

  10. Muscle Spasms

  11. Pain on Neck Movement

  12. Shoulder Pain

  13. Pain Worsening with Cough/Sneeze

  14. Balance Difficulties (if spinal cord compressed)

  15. Fine Motor Impairment (buttons, writing)

  16. Hyperreflexia (overactive reflexes)

  17. Gait Changes (short steps)

  18. Bladder/Bowel Dysfunction (rare)

  19. Atrophy of Hand Muscles

  20. Fatigue from Chronic Pain Spine-healthWebMD.

Diagnostic Tests

  1. Patient History & Physical Exam

  2. Neurological Exam (strength, reflexes)

  3. Spurling’s Test (neck extension with rotation)

  4. Lhermitte’s Sign (electric shock sensation)

  5. X-Ray (Flexion/Extension)

  6. MRI Scan (best for soft tissues)

  7. CT Scan

  8. CT Myelogram

  9. Discography (contrast injection)

  10. EMG/Nerve Conduction Study

  11. Somatosensory Evoked Potentials

  12. Ultrasound (limited use)

  13. Bone Scan (rule out infection/tumor)

  14. Blood Tests (ESR, CRP for inflammation)

  15. Myelography

  16. Facet Joint Injections (diagnostic)

  17. Selective Nerve Root Block

  18. Plain Radiographs with Disc Height Measurement

  19. Dynamic Fluoroscopy

  20. Provocative Discography Mayo ClinicCleveland Clinic.

Non-Pharmacological Treatments

  1. Rest & Activity Modification

  2. Ice/Heat Therapy

  3. Soft Cervical Collar (short-term)

  4. Physical Therapy (stretching & strengthening)

  5. Cervical Traction

  6. Massage Therapy

  7. Chiropractic Manipulation

  8. Acupuncture

  9. TENS (Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation)

  10. Ultrasound Therapy

  11. Electrical Muscle Stimulation

  12. McKenzie Exercises

  13. Posture Correction & Ergonomics

  14. Yoga & Pilates

  15. Tai Chi

  16. Alexander Technique

  17. Myofascial Release

  18. Dry Needling

  19. Kinesiology Taping

  20. Hydrotherapy (aquatic therapy)

  21. Cervical Pillow & Ergonomic Mattress

  22. Ergonomic Workstation Setup

  23. Stress Management Techniques

  24. Weight Management

  25. Isometric Neck Exercises

  26. Soft Tissue Mobilization

  27. Biomechanical Education

  28. Spinal Mobilization (gentle mobilizations)

  29. Activity-specific Conditioning

  30. Mind-Body Therapies (e.g., meditation) Spine-healthNCBI.

Drugs

  1. NSAIDs: Ibuprofen, Naproxen, Diclofenac, Ketorolac, Celecoxib, Indomethacin MedscapeSpine-health

  2. Analgesic: Acetaminophen Patient Care at NYU Langone Health

  3. Muscle Relaxants: Cyclobenzaprine, Tizanidine, Methocarbamol Spine-health

  4. Oral Steroids: Prednisone Spine-health

  5. Neuropathic Pain Meds: Gabapentin, Pregabalin NCBI

  6. Antidepressants: Amitriptyline, Duloxetine NCBI

  7. Opioids (short-term): Tramadol, Codeine Patient Care at NYU Langone Health

  8. Epidural Steroids: Methylprednisolone, Dexamethasone Spine-health

  9. Topical Agents: Lidocaine Patch, Capsaicin Cream Cleveland Clinic.

Surgeries

  1. Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion (ACDF) Cleveland ClinicSpine-health

  2. Artificial Disc Replacement (Arthroplasty) Verywell HealthVerywell Health

  3. Posterior Cervical Foraminotomy/Laminoforaminotomy OrthoInfo

  4. Posterior Cervical Discectomy (Microendoscopic) OrthoVirginia

  5. Posterior Cervical Laminectomy Spine-healthMayo Clinic

  6. Posterior Cervical Laminectomy and Fusion Spine Surgeon – Antonio Webb, MDspinesurgery.com

  7. Posterior Laminoplasty OrthoVirginia

  8. Anterior Cervical Corpectomy and Fusion Modern Spinepeterfrelinghuysenmd.com

  9. Cervical Microdiscectomy (minimally invasive) OrthoVirginia

  10. Endoscopic Cervical Discectomy Verywell Health.

Preventive Measures

  1. Maintain Good Posture (head over shoulders) National Spine Health FoundationSri Balaji Hospital

  2. Ergonomic Workstation Setup

  3. Core Strengthening Exercises

  4. Proper Lifting Techniques (bend knees)

  5. Regular Neck Stretching

  6. Avoid Smoking

  7. Maintain Healthy Weight

  8. Use Supportive Pillows (neck support)

  9. Frequent Breaks from Static Positions

  10. Stay Hydrated & Balanced Diet (calcium, vitamin D).

When to See a Doctor

  • Severe or Worsening Pain that doesn’t improve after 4–6 weeks of self-care Cleveland ClinicSpine-health

  • Arm Weakness or Numbness affecting daily tasks

  • Loss of Bladder or Bowel Control (emergency)

  • Signs of Spinal Cord Involvement: gait disturbance, balance problems, hyperreflexia

  • Persistent Headaches and Neck Stiffness interfering with life

  • Unexplained Weight Loss or Fever (rule out infection or tumor).

Frequently Asked Questions

  1. What exactly is contained disc compression collapse?
    It’s when a neck disc loses height, bulges without bursting, and presses on nerves or the spinal cord, causing pain and other symptoms Spine-health.

  2. How is it different from a herniated disc?
    With a herniated disc, the inner core breaks through the annulus (uncontained). In compression collapse, the annulus stays intact (contained) but the disc height has dropped Spine-health.

  3. What are the main risk factors?
    Aging, smoking, obesity, poor posture, heavy lifting, and genetics all raise your risk Spine-health.

  4. Can it heal on its own?
    Mild cases often improve with non-surgical care over 6–12 weeks, though the disc may not fully restore height Spine-health.

  5. Will I always need surgery?
    No. About 90% of patients improve without surgery through physical therapy, medications, and lifestyle changes Rothman Orthopaedics.

  6. What exercises help?
    Neck stretches, isometric exercises, McKenzie protocols, and core strengthening under a therapist’s guidance can relieve pressure Verywell Health.

  7. Are injections effective?
    Epidural steroid injections can reduce inflammation around nerve roots and offer temporary relief Spine-health.

  8. What are ACDF risks?
    Possible fusion failure, adjacent segment disease, nerve injury, or persistent pain; recovery takes months Cleveland Clinic.

  9. Can I work with this condition?
    Yes—modify activities, take frequent breaks, and use ergonomic supports to reduce strain Spine-health.

  10. How can I prevent recurrence?
    Practice good posture, ergonomic adjustments, core strengthening, and avoid smoking and heavy lifting National Spine Health Foundation.

  11. Is MRI always needed?
    Not always; if physical exam and history point clearly to the condition, trial of conservative care may start before imaging Spine-health.

  12. What if I develop myelopathy?
    Signs like balance issues, hand clumsiness, or bladder issues require prompt MRI and possible surgery Spine-health.

  13. Can alternative therapies help?
    Acupuncture, massage, and yoga may ease symptoms but should complement, not replace, standard care Spine-health.

  14. How long is recovery after surgery?
    Approximately 3–6 months for fusion surgeries; shorter for minimally invasive procedures .

  15. Will this affect my lifespan?
    No—while it can lower quality of life, contained disc compression collapse itself doesn’t shorten life expectancy NCBI.

Disclaimer: Each person’s journey is unique, treatment plan, life style, food habit, hormonal condition, immune system, chronic disease condition, geological location, weather and previous medical  history is also unique. So always seek the best advice from a qualified medical professional or health care provider before trying any treatments to ensure to find out the best plan for you. This guide is for general information and educational purposes only. Regular check-ups and awareness can help to manage and prevent complications associated with these diseases conditions. If you or someone are suffering from this disease condition bookmark this website or share with someone who might find it useful! Boost your knowledge and stay ahead in your health journey. We always try to ensure that the content is regularly updated to reflect the latest medical research and treatment options. Thank you for giving your valuable time to read the article.

The article is written by Team Rxharun and reviewed by the Rx Editorial Board Members

Last Updated: May 05, 2025.

PDF Document For This Disease Conditions

  1. Spine-nomenclatures-spinal-cord
  2. Neurospine and spinal cord injury[rxharun.com]
  3. Lumbar Disc Herniation and Central Lumbar Spinal Stenosis[rxharun.com]
  4. spinal_anatomy[rxharun.com]
  5. lumbar-spine-anatomy[rxharun.com]
  6. low back pain_pathophysiology_and_mx
  7. daniels-et-al-2018-the-lateral-c1-c2-puncture-indications-technique-and-potential-complications
  8. Thoracic_Spine_Anatomy[rxharun.com]
  9. lumbarstenosis[rxharun.com]
  10. surface anatomy[rxharun.com]
  11. thorax-spine-objectives3[rxharun.com]
  12. Anatomy of spinal blood supply[rxharun.com]
  13. cervicalradiculopathy
  14. backgrounder-Spinal-Function-and-Anatomy-Fact-Sheet[rxharun.com]
  15. amandersson,+17453679309160118[rxharun.com]
  16. VERTEBRAL-CANAL-II[rxharun.com] ,
  17. anatomy_of_the_spinal_cord[rxharun.com]
  18. Vertebrae-General Anatomy[rxharun.com]
  19. Human Anatomy & Physiology[rxharun.com]
  20. Bone_Vertebrae[rxharun.com]
  21. anatomyofvertebralcolumn-170714070023[rxharun.com]
  22. Applied anatomy of the lumbar spine [rxharun.com]
  23. spine THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN[rxharun.com]
  24. Applied anatomy of the cervical spine[rxharun.com]
  25. spine-5-fh-thoracic-spine-anatomy[rxharun.com]
  26. L-Spine_spine_lumbar_anatomy [rxharun.com]
  27. Spine_Program_TMH-Insert-Spinal-Anatomy[rxharun.com]
  28. my-spine-explained[rxharun.com]
  29. Anatomy of the spine [rxharun.com]
  30. algorithm[rxharun.com]
  31. anatomy-and-physiology-of-lumbar-spine-tn6srjc8uq[rxharun.com]
  32. Boose-Degenerative-spondylolisthesis[rxharun.com]
  33. mri-lumbar-spine[rxharun.com][rxharun.com]
  34. Low_Back_Pain_Guidelines___April_2012___JOSPT[rxharun.com]
  35. l-spine-lumbar-spinal-stenosis[rxharun.com]
  36. differentiating-hip-pathology-from-lumbar-spine[rxharun.com]
  37. THEVERTEBRALCOLUMN[rxharun.com]
  38. 1403 room4 thur Holtzhausen – Examination of the lumbosacral spine[rxharun.com]
  39. low_back_pain[rxharun.com]
  40. lumbar-spine-anatomy-diagram[rxharun.com]
  41. Lumbar-Spine-Anatomy-and-Biomechanics[rxharun.com]
  42. McKenzie-Lumbar[rxharun.com]
  43. lhmc-rehab-protocol-post-op-lumbar-spinal-fusion[rxharun.com]
  44. Lumbar Spine[rxharun.com]
  45. post-op-lumbar-fusion[rxharun.com]
  46. Clinical-Biomechanics-of-spine[rxharun.com]
  47. spine2-mb-anatomy-and-biomech-of-the-tls-spine[rxharun.com]
  48. Diagnosis and Treatment of[rxharun.com]
  49. ow-back-pain-exercises[rxharun.com]
  50. Thoracic_Lumbosacral_and_Pelvic_Regions_new[rxharun.com]
  51. spine-low-back-assess-clinical-pathways[rxharun.com]
  52. Lumbar Core Strength[rxharun.com]
  53. Stability of the lumbar spine[rxharun.com]
  54. lumbar-radiofrequency-ablabtion-[rxharun.com]
  55. Clinical examination of the lumbar spine[rxharun.com]
  56. anatomy-of-the-spine Typical vertebral anatomy-lateral view[rxharun.com]
  57. Applied anatomy of the lumbar spine[rxharun.com]
  58. Lumbar Spine Range of Movement Exercise Program[rxharun.com]
  59. Morphometric Study of Lumbar Vertebrae[rxharun.com]
  60. witek2019[rxharun.com] Wilcyznski_MRI-lumbar[rxharun.com]
  61. biomechanics-of-lumbar-spine-and-lumbar-disc[rxharun.com]
  62. Lumbar Spine Muscles and Movement [rxharun.com]
  63. L-Spine_spine_lumbar_anatomy[rxharun.com]
  64. Nomenclature[rxharun.com]
  65. spine-low-back-assess-clinical-pathways[rxharun.com]
  66. Cervical-and-Thoracic-Spine-Disorders-Guideline[rxharun.com]
  67. spine-1-jk-anatomy-of-the-spine[rxharun.com]
  68. Physical Exam of the Spine[rxharun.com]
  69. degenerative pathology of the spine new[rxharun.com]
  70. Spinal-pathology-Drop-foot-Thoracic-pain-Inflammatory-Back-Pain[rxharun.com]
  71. Many Facets of Spine Pathology[rxharun.com]
  72. osteoarthritis-of-the-spine-information[rxharun.com]
  73. MRI in Lumber Disc Degenerative Diseases[rxharun.com]
  74. ARTIFICIAL INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS LUMBAR SPINE[rxharun.com]
  75. 2022985[rxharun.com]
  76. amandersson[rxharun.com]
  77. lumbardischerniation[rxharun.com]
  78. Anaesthesia-for-paediatric-dentistry[rxharun.com]
  79. Developments in intervertebral disc disease research_ pathophysiotherapy[rxharun.com]
  80. 2025.03.13.643128v1.full[rxharun.com]
  81. Lumbar_Disc_Herniation[rxharun.com]
  82. Biomechanics of the Lumbar[rxharun.com]
  83. percutaneous annular puncture[rxharun.com]
  84. The nucleus pulposus microenvironment i[rxharun.com]
  85. Intervertebral Disc Stress [rxharun.com]
  86. degenerative changes of the intervertebral disc[rxharun.com]
  87. Dixon_AR, Mechanical Engineering, PhD, 2022[rxharun.com]
  88. INTERVERTEBRAL DISC DEGENERATION [rxharun.com]
  89. Intervertebral disc degeneration rx[rxharun.com]
  90. Biological Therapeutic Modalities for Intervertebral[rxharun.com]
  91. intervertebral-disc-mechanics-[rxharun.com]
  92. Intervertebral Disc Damage & Repair[rxharun.com]
  93. disc_prolapse_pathology_2016[rxharun.com]
  94. Strontium Ranelate Ameliorates Intervertebral Disc[rxharun.com]
  95. faysal_bas_it,+841_221-223[rxharun.com]
  96. LUMBAR PROLAPSED INTERVERTEBRAL[rxharun.com]
  97. nrrheum.2014-disc-nutrient-review[rxharun.com]
  98. Intervertebral Disc Degeneration[rxharun.com]
  99. Structure and Biology of the Intervertebral Disk in Health and Disease[rxharun.com]
  100. amandersson,+17453679309160104[rxharun.com]
  101. Ligamentum Flavum at L4-5[rxharun.com]
  102. Bone_Vertebrae[rxharun.com]
  103. Anatomy of the spine[rxharun.com]
  104. lab manual_spinal cord and spinal nerves_a+p[rxharun.com]
  105. Spinal Cord Functions & Reflexes[rxharun.com]
  106. Nervous System Lect Notes[rxharun.com]
  107. Central nervous system[rxharun.com]
  108. Nervous System.BD[rxharun.com]
  109. SAJAA(V26N6)+p40-44+09+2535+Spinal+cord+pathways[rxharun.com]
  110. Spinal-cord[rxharun.com]
  111. spinalcord[rxharun.com]
  112. Management of[rxharun.com]
  113. integrated-care-pathway-spinal-cord-injury[rxharun.com]
  114. Spinal Cord Spinal Nerve Anatomy[rxharun.com]
  115. 1st-Professional-MBBS-Chapter-wise-Questions[rxharun.com]
  116. Key_Sensory_Points[rxharun.com]
  117. Spinal-cord-slides[rxharun.com]
  118. Range_of_Motion[rxharun.com]
  119. yes-you-can_digital[rxharun.com]
  120. Motor_Exam_Guide[rxharun.com]
  121. Living-with-a-Spinal-Cord-Injury[rxharun.com]
  122. The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves[rxharun.com]
  123. Spinal cord nerves [rxharun.com]
  124. anatomy-of-the-circulation-of-the-brain-and-spinal-cord[rxharun.com]
  125. Spinal_cord_Tracts[rxharun.com]
  126. Spinal Cord Injury[rxharun.com]
  127. spinal cord[rxharun.com]
  128. SpinalCord34[rxharun.com]
  129. Spinal_Cord_Anatomy_and_Localization.-compressed[rxharun.com]
  130. Functions of the Spinal Cord[rxharun.com]
  131. Spinal Cord Organization[rxharun.com]
  132. Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves[rxharun.com]
  133. AnatomyBackSpinalCord-StatPearls-NCBIBookshelf[rxharun.com]
  134. SpinalCord nerve, reflexes, coloumn[rxharun.com]
  135. Spinal Cord, nerve, reflexes[rxharun.com]
  136. Anatomy of the Spinal Cord [rxharun.com]
  137. Spinal+cord+pathways[rxharun.com]
  138. L2-Anatomy of Spinal cord[rxharun.com]
  139. fnhum-11-00343[rxharun.com]
  140. spine_injury_guidelines[rxharun.com]
  141. spine-care-for-the-therapist[rxharun.com]
  142. thoracic spine based on graphical images[rxharun.com]
  143. Spine-biomechanics[rxharun.com]
  144. ajnr_1_1_009[rxharun.com]
  145. Ultrasonography of the Adult Thoracic and Lumbar Spine for Central Neuraxial Blockade [rxharun.com]
  146. thoracic-spine[rxharun.com]
  147. JAAOS_Management_of_Thoracic_and_lumbar_metastases[rxharun.com]
  148. THEVERTEBRALCOLUMN[rxharun.com]
  149. Spine7 Treatment of Fractures of the Thoracic and Lumbar Spine[rxharun.com]
  150. Thoracic_spine_mobility_an_essential_link_in_upper_limb_kinetic_chains_a_systematic_review_v2[rxharun.com]
  151. Disorders of the thoracic spine pathology treatment[rxharun.com]
  152. Thoracoscopy-A-Minimally-Invasive-Approach-to-the-Anterior-Thoracic-Spine[rxharun.com]
  153. Thoracic-Spine-Anatomy-and-Biomechanics[rxharun.com]
  154. thoracic-mobility-and-athletic-performance[rxharun.com]
  155. Thoracic_Lumbosacral_and_Pelvic_Regions_new[rxharun.com]
  156. Thoracic Home Exercise Program[rxharun.com]
  157. Thoracic Posture and Mobility in Mechanical Neck[rxharun.com]
  158. Thoracic_and_Lumbar_Spine_ROM_exercise_programme_done_2019[rxharun.com]
  159. spine-5-fh-thoracic-spine-anatomy[rxharun.com]
  160. Clinical examination of the thoracic spine[rxharun.com]
  161. TIMS-Managing-Thoracic-Back-Pain-July-2024[rxharun.com]
  162. Cervical-and-Thoracic-Spine-Disorders-[rxharun.com]

References

  1. https://rxharun.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Nomenclature.pdf
  2. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27887750/
  3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537139/
  4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537236/
  5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537140/
  6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30335291/
  7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30725921/
  8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30725824/
  9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559006/
  10. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30725825/
  11. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle
  12. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_skeletal_muscles_of_the_human_body
  13. https://medlineplus.gov/ency/imagepages/19841.htm
  14. https://www.britannica.com/science/human-muscle-system
  15. https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/muscular/types.html
  16. https://www.britannica.com/science/human-muscle-system
  17. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/skeletal-muscle
  18. https://academic.oup.com/nar/article/32/5/1792/2380623
  19. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10974598
  20. https://medlineplus.gov/skinconditions.html
  21. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Kidney_diseases
  22. https://kidney.org.au/your-kidneys/what-is-kidney-disease/types-of-kidney-disease
  23. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease
  24. https://www.kidney.org/kidney-topics/chronic-kidney-disease-ckd
  25. https://www.kidneyfund.org/all-about-kidneys/types-kidney-diseases
  26. https://www.aad.org/about/burden-of-skin-disease
  27. https://www.usa.gov/federal-agencies/national-institute-of-arthritis-musculoskeletal-and-skin-diseases
  28. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/skin/default.html
  29. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/brain-tumor/symptoms-causes/syc-20350084
  30. https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Understanding-Sleep
  31. https://www.cdc.gov/traumaticbraininjury/index.html
  32. https://www.skincancer.org/
  33. https://illnesshacker.com/
  34. https://endinglines.com/
  35. https://www.jaad.org/
  36. https://www.psoriasis.org/about-psoriasis/
  37. https://books.google.com/books?
  38. https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/skin-diseases
  39. https://cms.centerwatch.com/directories/1067-fda-approved-drugs/topic/292-skin-infections-disorders
  40. https://www.fda.gov/files/drugs/published/Acute-Bacterial-Skin-and-Skin-Structure-Infections—Developing-Drugs-for-Treatment.pdf
  41. https://dermnetnz.org/topics
  42. https://www.aaaai.org/conditions-treatments/allergies/skin-allergy
  43. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/occupational-skin-disease
  44. https://aafa.org/allergies/allergy-symptoms/skin-allergies/
  45. https://www.nibib.nih.gov/
  46. https://www.nei.nih.gov/
  47. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_skin_conditions
  48. https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=List_of_skin_diseases&redirect=no
  49. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_condition
  50. https://oxfordtreatment.com/
  51. https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
  52. https://consumer.ftc.gov/articles/w
  53. https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health
  54. https://catalog.ninds.nih.gov/
  55. https://www.aarda.org/diseaselist/
  56. https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets
  57. https://www.nibib.nih.gov/
  58. https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/topics
  59. https://www.nichd.nih.gov/
  60. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics
  61. https://www.nichd.nih.gov/
  62. https://www.niehs.nih.gov
  63. https://www.nimhd.nih.gov/
  64. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics
  65. https://obssr.od.nih.gov/
  66. https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics
  67. https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases
  68. https://beta.rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases
  69. https://orwh.od.nih.gov/

Related Articles
      To Get Daily Health Newsletter

      We don’t spam! Read our privacy policy for more info.

      Terms and Conditions of Use
      Privacy Policy
      Cookie Policy
      Editorial Policy
      Advertising Policy
      EU User Consent Policy
      Correction Policy
      Citation Policy
      Ethics and Logical Policies
      About Us
      Contact Us
      Newsletter
      Career
      Sitemap
      Advertise with us
      Editorial Board Members
      Review Board Member
      Team RxHarun
      Web Developers Team
      Guest Posts and Sponsored Posts
      Request for Board Member
      Women Writers
      Download Mobile Apps
      Follow us on Social Media
      © 2012 - 2025; All rights reserved by authors. Powered by Mediarx International LTD, a subsidiary company of Rx Foundation.
      RxHarun
      Logo
      Register New Account